Kasafi jiki: sifa da aiki. Excretory gabobin a dabbobi: description, darajar

Rike da wata al'ada matakin na metabolism a cikin jiki, da ake kira homeostasis, ta hanyar neurohumoral tsari tafiyar matakai na numfasawa, narkewa, Sistem warewa da kuma kiwo. Wannan labarin za a yi la'akari da tsarin Gabar kasafi na mutum da dabbobi, da sifa da aiki, kazalika da darajar da rayuwa a cikin halayen rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.

A akanta na allocating gabobin

A sakamakon metabolism da ke faruwa a kowane cell na wani rai gabar accumulates yawa guba abubuwa, carbon dioxide, ammonia salts. Don cire su, kana bukatar wani tsarin abin da gusar da gubobi a cikin muhalli. Tsarin da kuma aiki na excretory tsarin karatu Anatomy da kuma Physiology.

Domin da farko lokacin da ya zama ruwan dare Gabar kasafi bayyana a invertebrate dabbobi tare da hadin fasali. A ganuwar jikinsu an hada da uku yadudduka: da exo meso da indodem. Wadannan kwayoyin suna lebur da zagaye tsutsotsi, kuma ta excretory tsarin da suka wakilci protonephridia.

Yadda za a yi aiki da excretory gabobin a flatworms kuma nematodes

Protonephridia wakiltar wani tsarin na tubular tsarin tsawaita daga babban tsaye tashar. Suna kafa daga m jam Layer - exoderm. Gubobi da wuce haddi da ions an nuna a kan surface na jiki da tsutsotsi, ta hanyar pores.

A ciki karshen da aka bayar tare da wani rukuni na matakai protonephridia - cilia ko flagella. Undulating su motsi zuga da intercellular ruwa, wanda na taimaka wa tacewa aiki na excretory ducts.

Progressive rikitaccen kasafi na gabobin daga annelids

Annelids, kamar earthworm, Nereis, lobworm cire daga jikin rayuwa kayayyakin amfani metanephridia - excretory gabobin tsutsotsi. Bã su da wani nau'i na shambura, daya karshen abin da leykovidno kumbura kuma bayar da cilia, da kuma sauran ke da dabba murfin kuma an bude - lokaci. Wahala daga sashin jiki kasafi a earthworm ne saboda zargin da sakandare jiki rami - coelom.

Features na tsarin da kuma ayyuka na Malpighian tubules

A wakilan arthropod kamar Gabar kasafi daukan nau'i na sashe tubules, a cikin abin da daga hemolymph - intracavitary ruwa - tunawa da narkar da metabolism da kuma wuce haddi ruwa kayayyakin. Suna da ake kira da Malpighian tubules kuma suna da hankula wakilan da aji na arachnids da kuma kwari. A karshen, a Bugu da kari ga excretory ducts, akwai wani jiki dabam - kitsen jiki, wanda tara na rayuwa kayayyakin. Malpighian tasoshin, wanda ya shiga guba abubuwa daga ƙarƙashinsu a cikin raya sashe na hanji. Daga can metabolites ake excreted ta dubura.

kasafi jiki a crustaceans - crayfish, lobster, lobster, - wakilta kore gland wanda aka modified metanephridia. Suna located a kan cephalothorax dabba, raya tushe na antennae. A karkashin kore gland located in crustaceans mafitsara, excretory bude sau.

Organ kasafi na kifi

Da wakilan da aji na fitar kasusuwan jikinsu kifi ne a kara wahala na excretory tsarin. Yana yana da wani nau'i na duhu-ja kintinkiri-dimbin yawa gawarwaki - akwati koda located sama da iska mafitsara. Daga kowane daga cikinsu ya fita daga ureter ta hanyar abin da fitsari gudana daga cikin mafitsara, da kuma riga daga shi - a cikin urogenital bude. Da wakilan da aji na cartilaginous kifi (sharks, haskoki), da ureters komai a cikin cloaca da kuma mafitsara ne mãsu fakowa ba.

Bisa ga tsarin da excretory tsarin, duk fitar kasusuwan jikinsu kifi ya kasu kashi uku kungiyoyin: zaune a sabo ruwa, gishiri da ruwa, kuma wani rukuni da ake kira yawo-ta hanyar rai a duka biyu gishiri da kuma sabo ruwa dangane da fasali na spawning.

Ruwa tare kifi (bass, bream, irin kifi, bream) don kauce wa wuce kima tarawa su jiki na ruwa da muke da su cire babban adadin ruwa ta hanyar da Malpighian tubules kuma koda glomeruli. Saboda haka, irin kifi ya'ya zuwa 120 ml ruwa da 1 kg na nauyi, kuma catfish - har zuwa 380-400 ml. Don jiki ba ya fuskanci wata rashin gishiri, ruwa tare kifi gills yi aiki a matsayin farashinsa, ruwa yana pumped daga sodium ions da chlorine. Marine rayuwa - cod, zurfin, mackerel, - a kan m, sha daga wani rashin ruwa a jiki. Don hana dehydration kuma ya kula da al'ada osmotic matsa lamba a cikin jiki, su suna tilasta su sha ruwa ruwa, wanda ake tace a cikin koda, tsarkake daga salts. Rarar sodium chloride an cire ta cikin gills da tumbi.

Shin migratory kifi, kamar Turai bano, shi ne "canji" dabaru osmoregulation za'ayi da kodan da kuma gills, dangane da inda a cikin ruwa sun kasance a cikin.

A excretory tsarin a halittar dabba mai kafafuwa

Kamar yadda sanyi-mazaunan ƙasa-ruwa yanayi, amphibian kamar kifi cire cutarwa rayuwa kayayyakin fadin danda fata da kuma mesonephros. A kwaɗi, newts, Ceylon rybozmeya kasafi jiki ne wakilta guda biyu kodan, located a kan ko dai gefen kashin baya, tare da shaye daga ureters suna gudana a cikin cloaca. Part na gaseous kayayyakin da metabolism aka kuranye musu ta hanyar da haske segments cewa yin excretory aiki, tare da fata.

Pelvic kodan - babban gabobin tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa kasafi

A kan aiwatar da juyin mesonephros mutate cikin wani mafi m nau'i na excretory gabobin - koda kafafuwa. Suna located zurfi a cikin pelvic rami, kusan gaba ga cloaca a dabbobi masu rarrafe da tsuntsaye, da kuma kusa da gonads (testes da ovaries) - dabbobi masu shayarwa. Weight da kuma girma da kodan sun ragu, amma tace iyawa na koda, nephron Kwayoyin ne ƙwarai ya karu, kuma wannan take kaiwa zuwa gaskiya cewa kasafi na gabobin daga dabbobi na zuwa aji na tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa, da nagarta sosai tsarkake jinin tarkace da kuma kare jiki daga dehydration.

Bugu da kari, da tsuntsaye, da bambanci ga duk sauran terrestrial vertabrate, babu mafitsara, saboda haka fitsari ba ya tara a gare su, kuma daga ureter shiga nan da nan a cikin cloaca, sa'an nan daga. Wannan shi ne wani na'ura da ta rage jiki nauyi daga tsuntsãye, wanda yana da muhimmanci, ba su ikon tashi.

Tacewa da kuma adsorption ayyuka na mutum kodan

A cikin mutane, excretory gabobin - kodan - ya kai ta qarshe ci gaba da kuma specialization. Yana za a iya daukarsa a matsayin sosai m (nauyi duka biyu adult koda ba ya wuce 300 g) a nazarin halittu tace, wanda watsa Kwayoyin ta hanyar da - nephrons zuwa 1,500 lita na jini da rana. A Physiology da magani, da al'ada aiki na jiki hašawa musamman muhimmancin. A kasar Sin, tsarin na kiwon lafiya U-Shin kodan ne babban rai-riƙe kashi.

Koda parenchyma ƙunshi game da 2 miliyan nephrons, kunsha na wani kwantena na Bowman-Shymlanskaya a cikin abin da aiwatar da tace da jini da kuma samuwar farko fitsari, da kuma convoluted tubules (madauki na Henle), samar da reabsorption - zabe hakar glucose, bitamin da kuma low kwayoyin nauyi sunadarai daga primary fitsari, da kuma mayar da su zuwa ga jini rafi. A sakamakon haka, reabsorption kafa sakandare fitsari. Ya ƙunshi wani wuce haddi na ruwa, salts, urea. Yana drains cikin koda kafafuwa, kuma daga gare su - a cikin ureters kuma a cikin mafitsara. Wannan shi ne a kusa 2 l / rana. Daga wannan an cire ta hanyar mafitsara m.

Kamar haka ba a yarda jari na ruwa a cikin kogo viscera da jiki maye da aka hana.

Don ƙarin excretory gabobin na na rayuwa kayayyakin

Bugu da ƙari kuma koda yin babban rawa a osmoregulation da kuma cire da suka wuce haddi salts da gubobi, partially excretory aiki a jikin mutum aiki huhu, fata, sunadarin gumi da kuma narkewa kamar. Saboda haka, a sakamakon gas musayar, aiwatar Alveoli na wanda hasken segments auku kawar da carbon dioxide, tururi, mai guba abubuwa, kamar bazuwar kayayyakin na ethanol. By tukar tumbi da sunadarin gumi cire urea, haddi salts da kuma ruwa. Hanta, kuma da rawar da haddasa a cikin narkewa kamar tsari, inactivates mai guba fashewa kayayyakin sunadarai, kwayoyi, barasa, salts da cadmium da gubar dauke a cikin venous jini.

The aiki na duk gabobin (koda, huhu, fata, kuma kayan hanji da sunadarin gumi), wanda shi ne muhimmi excretory aiki na samar da al'ada hanya na rayuwa da kuma halayen homeostasis.