Lissafi Perelman Yakubu: taimako ga kimiyya. Sanannun Rasha lissafi Grigory Perelman

Lissafi Perelman - mai matukar shahara mutum, duk da cewa ya kaiwa wani Kadaitaccen rayuwa, kuma a kowane yiwu hanya ta latsa. A hujja daga cikin Poincare zato, sanya su sanya shi a kan daidai da mafi girma da masana kimiyya a tarihin duniya. Lissafi Perelman ƙi yawa awards bayar da kimiyya al'umma. Wannan ya rayu a suna fadin da kuma gaba ɗaya duqufar zuwa kimiyya. Hakika, game da shi da kuma bude shi wajibi ne don gaya daki-daki.

Uba Grigory Perelman

Yuni 13, 1966 An haife Grigoriy Yakovlevich Perelman, a lissafi. Hoto da shi a cikin jama'a yankin a bit, amma mafi shahara aka gabatar a wannan labarin. An haife shi a Birnin Leningrad, - da al'adu babban birnin kasar mu. Mahaifinsa injiniyan kayan lantarki. Bai yi tare da kimiyya, kamar yadda da yawa suka yi ĩmãni.

Yakov Perelman

Popular imani cewa Gregory - dan Yakov Perelman sani popularizer na kimiyya. Duk da haka, wannan shi ne m, domin ya mutu a yaƙi na Birnin Leningrad, a watan Maris 1942, don haka ba zai iya ba ka zama uba na babban lissafi. Wannan mutumin da aka haife shi a Bialystok, wani birnin da ya da mallakar Rasha Empire, kuma a yanzu na Poland. Yakov Isidorovich aka haife shi a 1882.

Yakov Perelman, wanda shi ne mai ban sha'awa, kuma janyo hankalin lissafi. Bugu da kari, yana sha'awar ilmin taurari, kimiyyar lissafi. Wannan mutumin yana dauke da kafa nishadi kimiyya da kuma daya daga cikin na farko da suka rubuta ayyukansu a cikin Genre na rare kimiyya wallafe-wallafe. Shi ne mahaliccin "Live LISSAFI" littattafai. Perelman ya rubuta wasu littattafai. Bugu da kari, ya bibliography hada da fiye da dubu articles. Amma a littafin kamar "Live LISSAFI", Perelman ne a ta daban-daban wasanin gwada ilimi alaka da wannan kimiyya. Da yawa daga cikinsu dauki wani nau'i na gajeren labaru. Wannan littafin ne aka yi nufi da farko ga matasa.

A daya girmama shi ne musamman ban sha'awa ma littafin, wanda marubucin - Yakov Perelman ( "nishadi lissafi"). Trilliard - Kada ka san abin da wannan lamba? Wannan ²¹ ga watan ^Oktoba. A cikin Tarayyar Soviet na dogon lokaci, biyu a layi daya Sikeli wanzu - "short" da "dogon". A cewar Perelman, "short" da ake amfani a kudi lissafin da kuma yau da kullum abubuwa, da kuma "dogon" - a cikin ilimi da rubuce-rubucen a kan kimiyyar lissafi da kuma ilmin taurari. Saboda haka, trilliarda for "short" sikelin ba ya wanzu. 10 ²¹ shi ne ake kira sextillions. Wadannan ma'aunan kada bambanta da yawa.

Duk da haka, za mu ba fadada a kan wannan dakatar da matsa wa labarin da taimako ga kimiyya, da sanya shi Gregory maimakon Isidorovich Yakubu, wanda nasarori sun kasance kasa da fadin. Af, soyayya na kimiyya Gregory shuka ba ya shahara takwara.

Uwar Perelman da kuma tasirin da take da a kan Gregory

Uwar nan gaba masanin kimiyyar lissafi sanar a wata sana'a makaranta. Bugu da kari, ta kasance mai talented violin. Kila son na lissafi, kazalika da na gargajiya music Gregory ya hau kan shi daga gare ta. Dukansu suna daidai da janyo hankalin Perelman. A lokacin da fuskantar da zabi na inda a yi - a cikin kide ko a cikin fasaha high school, ba ya iya shirya. Wanda ya san abin da zai yi zama Grigoriy Perelman, na yanke shawarar samun wani m ilimi.

Ƙananan yara, nan gaba masanin kimiyya

Riga a wani matasa shekaru Gregory daban-daban da ilimi magana, duka biyu rubuta da kuma baka. Ya sau da yawa buga da malamai a makaranta. Af, har zuwa 9th sa Perelman karatu a makarantar sakandare, a fili da hankula, wanda suke sosai a gefen. Kuma a sa'an nan malamin da Palace na Pioneers lura da wani talented saurayi. Ya aka dauka zuwa darussa ga hazaka yara. Wannan ya taimaka wajen ci na musamman, talanti Perelman.

Lashe a gasar Olympics, samun digiri

Tun daga nan ya fara a milestone nasara ga Gregory. A shekarar 1982 ya samu wata lambar zinariya a Budapest International Ilmin Lissafi gasar wasannin Olympic. Yana Perelman halarci tare da wata tawagar da Soviet makaranta. Ya samu cikakken ci, yankan shawara duk da ayyuka daidai. Sha sa a St. Gregory ya kammala karatunsa a wannan shekara. Gaskiyar sa hannu a cikin wannan babbar gasar bude masa kofofin da mafi kyau makarantu na kasar mu. Amma Grigoriy Perelman ba kawai a cikin shi, amma kuma lashe kyautar zinare.

Ba mamaki, ya aka dauke shi aikin ba tare da jarrabawa a Birnin Leningrad, Jami'ar Jihar, makanikai da kuma lissafi Faculty. Af, da ta samu lambar zinariya a cikin makaranta Gregory, Oddly isa, bai karɓi. Wannan ya hana kima na ilimin motsa jiki. Bar wasanni dokoki a lokacin da aka wajabta ga kowa da kowa, gami da wadanda suke da wuya su yi tunanin kaina a iyakacin duniya na tsalle-tsalle, ko a hana. A wasu batutuwa da ya yi karatu a biyar.

Binciken a LSU

Kan gaba 'yan shekaru, nan gaba masanin kimiyyar ya ci gaba da ilimi a LSU. Ya halarci tare da babban rabo mai girma a cikin daban-daban ilmin lissafi gasa. Perelman ya iya ko da samun babbar Lenin malanta. Tun da ya zama ma'abũcin 120 rubles - kudi mai yawa a cikin waɗannan kwanaki. Ya kamata ya zama, yayin da ya rayu da kyau.

Dole ne in ce cewa lissafi da kuma makanikai da University, wanda a yanzu ake kira St. Petersburg, ya a cikin shekaru Soviet, daya daga cikin mafi kyau a Rasha. A 1924, misali, ya sauke karatu daga V. Leontyev. Kusan nan da nan bayan kammala horo, ya karbi Nobel Prize a tattalin arziki. Wannan masanin kimiyyar ko kira da mahaifin na American tattalin arzikin. Leonid Kantorovich, kawai m lashe wannan lambar yabo, ya karbi shi domin su taimaka ga wannan kimiyya, wani farfesa matmeha.

Ci gaba da ilimi, da rayuwa a cikin Amurka

Bayan kammala karatu daga LSU Grigoriy Perelman shiga Steklov Ilmin Lissafi Institute, su ci gaba da ilimi a digiri na biyu makaranta. Ba da da ewa, ya tashi zuwa Amurka domin gabatar da wannan ilimi ma'aikata. Wannan kasar ta ko da yaushe aka dauke Jihar Unlimited 'yanci, musamman a Soviet sau tsakanin mazaunan kasar mu. Don ganin ta mafarki na da yawa, amma da lissafi Perelman ya ba daya daga cikin su. Da alama cewa da jaraba sun tafi kada a gane shi da West gare shi. Scientist har yanzu ya jagoranci wani suna fadin salon, ko da kadan mai gintsẽwa. Ya ci cuku sandwiches cewa an wanke saukar da yogurt ko madara. Kuma ba shakka, da lissafi Perelman yi aiki tukuru. A takaice, ya yi ta koyarwa. Scientist gana da 'yan'uwanmu lissafi. America 6 shekaru ya aka gundura.

Koma zuwa Rasha

Gregory koma zuwa Rasha a 'yan qasar institute. A nan sai ya yi aiki domin 9 shekaru. Sai a wannan lokaci, ya kamata, kuma ya fara fahimtar cewa hanya zuwa "tsarki art" shi ne ta hanyar da kadaici, kadaici daga al'umma. Gregory yanke shawarar raba su dangantakar da co-ma'aikata. The masanin kimiyya yanke shawarar kulle kansa a Birnin Leningrad, ya Apartment da kuma fara da babban aiki ...

topology

Yana ba da sauki bayyana cewa Perelman tabbatar a lissafi. Kawai girma masoya na wannan kimiyya iya cikakken gane muhimmancin da ya samu. Za mu yi kokarin m harshe magana game da jarrabawa cewa ya Perelman. Gregory kusantar topology. Yana da wani reshe na lissafi, sau da yawa ma kira lissafi a kan roba takardar. Topology nazarin da lissafi siffofi da cewa an kiyaye su a lokacin da nau'i ne lankwasa, juya, ko miƙa. A wasu kalmomin, idan yana da cikakken elastically maras kyau - ba tare da splices, cuts da kuma karya. A topology da matukar muhimmanci ga irin wannan tarbiyya kamar yadda ilmin lissafi kimiyyar lissafi. Yana bada wani ra'ayin da kaddarorin sarari. Muna magana ne a wannan yanayin game da iyaka sarari, wanda aka kullum fadada, cewa shi ne talikai.

A Poincaré Alhali kuwa kintatawa

Babban Faransa likita, lissafi da kuma Falsafa zh. A. Puankare kawo farko jarrabawa a wannan batun. Wannan ya faru a farkon karni na 20th. Amma ya kamata a lura da cewa ya aka yi wani zato, kuma ba a kawo hujja. Perelman sanya shi na manufa don tabbatar da wannan jarrabawa, kacokan a karni daga baya, wani ilmin lissafi bayani, Azancin sulhu.

Lokacin da mutane magana game da asalinta, kullum fara kamar haka. Dauki roba Disc. Ya kamata ja a kan ball. Saboda haka, za ka sami wani biyu-girma Sphere. Yana da muhimmanci cewa karkara na Disc da aka tattara a wata guda batu. Alal misali, za ka iya yi da shi tare da wani rucksack by ja da tying da igiya. Sai dai Sphere. Hakika, domin mu shi ne wani mai hawa uku, amma shi ne mai biyu-girma ra'ayi na lissafi.

Sa'an nan za a fara riga dimbin yawa tsinkaya da kuma tattaunawa, wanda da wuya a ga wani mutum bai gogu da duniya. Yanzu ya kamata samar da wani uku-girma Sphere, wani ball, ya miƙa a kan wani abu da ke bãya zuwa wani girma. Uku-girma Sphere, bisa ga jarrabawa - kadai data kasance uku-girma abu, wanda za a iya ƙulla wani misali "gipershnurom" a daya batu. The hujja da wannan Theorem taimaka mana mu fahimci abin da nau'i ne talikai. Bugu da kari, godiya ga shi za mu iya basira zaton cewa duniya da akwai wani mai hawa uku Sphere.

Poincaré zato da kuma Big Bang Theory

Ya kamata a lura cewa wannan jarrabawa ne a tabbatar da ka'idar Big Bang. Idan sararin duniya wata guda "adadi", da hallmark na wanda - da ikon cire shi a daya batu, wanda ke nufin cewa shi ne zai yiwu da kuma mikewa a cikin wannan hanya. The tambaya: idan da shi ne a Sphere, abin da yake a waje da duniya? Iya mutumin da ke da sakandare samfurin na zuwa daya kawai duniyarmu da kuma ba har ma da dukan halittu, ya san wannan asiri? Wadanda suke da sha'awar, za ka iya bayar da su duba ayyukan da wani duniya-sanannen lissafi - Stephen Hawking. Duk da haka, zai iya ba tukuna da za a ce a kan wannan ci wani abu kankare. Bari mu fatan cewa wani Perelman kuma ya za su iya warware wannan wuyar warwarewa zai bayyana a nan gaba, wanda azabar da tunanin mutane da yawa. Wa ya sani, watakila ma kanka Grigoriyu Yakovlevichu har yanzu su iya yi da shi.

The Nobel Prize a ilmin lissafi

Perelman bai lashe wannan babbar kyauta ga babban rabo mai girma. M, ko ba haka ba? A gaskiya, shi yana iya bayyana idan muka yi la'akari da cewa wannan lambar yabo ba ya wanzu. dukan labari daga cikin dalilan da ya sa Nobel hana wakilan wannan muhimmanci kimiyya da aka halitta. Don wannan rana, ba bayar da Nobel Prize a lissafi. Perelman yiwuwa dã sun samu da shi idan ta wanzu. Akwai wani labari cewa, dalilin kin amincewa Nobel lissafi ne da wadannan: shi ne wakilin kimiyya bar shi a amarya. Kamar shi ko ba, amma kawai tare da zuwan 21st karni gaskiya karshe rinjaye. Just to, akwai wani bonus na lissafi. Gaya mana a takaice game da tarihi.

Yadda ya yi da Prize na Cibiyar Clay?

David Hilbert a International Congress of Masana lissafi, da aka gudanar a shekarar 1900 a birnin Paris, ya miƙa a jerin da ya hada da 23 matsalolin da za'a warwaresu a cikin sabon karni na 20th. Don kwanan yarda for 21 daga cikinsu. Af, mai digiri na biyu daga cikin LSU matmeha YV Matiyasevich a 1970 kammala shawarar da 10th of wadannan matsaloli. A farkon 21st karni kamar shi a jerin aka kõma sama a American Institute of Clay, kunsha na bakwai matsaloli a lissafi. Su shirya a cikin 21st karni. Award da dala miliyan aka sanar da hukuncin kowane daga cikinsu. Back a 1904, ya tsara da Poincaré daya daga wadannan ayyuka. Ya sa a gaba da suke cewa da hudu-girma sarari duk uku-girma surface, homotypic m Sphere ne homeomorphic zuwa gare shi. A sauki kalmomi, idan uku-girma surface ne irin wannan a wasu hanyoyi da Sphere, yana yiwuwa ya shimfiɗa shi a cikin wani Sphere. Wannan sanarwa na masanin kimiyya ne, wani lokacin kira da dabara na sararin samaniya saboda da babban muhimmanci a cikin fahimtar hadaddun jiki matakai, kazalika saboda gaskiyar cewa amsar shi ne tambaya na siffar talikai. Ya kamata a ce cewa wannan samu taka wata muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban da nanotechnology.

Saboda haka, Clay LISSAFI Institute ya yanke shawarar ya zabi 7 mafi wuya ayyuka. Da hukuncin kowane daga cikinsu da aka yi wa'adi da dala miliyan. Kuma a nan ya zo daga samu ta wurinsa ta Grigoriy Perelman. Prize for lissafi, ba shakka, ke zuwa da shi. Ya aka lura fairly da sauri, tun da ya a 2002 da aka buga kyaututukan da ya samu a kasashen waje Internet albarkatu.

Perelman aka bayar da Clay Prize

Saboda haka, a watan Maris 2010, sai aka bayar da wata da suka cancanta lambar yabo Perelman. Prize a ilmin lissafi yana nufin samun m jihar, da adadin abin da yake $ 1 da miliyan. Gregory ya samu ta ga gwaji na Poincare ta Theorem. Duk da haka, a watan Yuni 2010, za'ayi da masanin kimiyyar watsi a Paris ilimin lissafi taro a wanda ya kasance ya dauki wuri da gabatar da wannan lambar yabo. A 1 Yuli, 2010, Perelman ya sanar da ƙi, mai bayyanãwa. Bugu da ƙari, cikin kudi sa zuwa gare shi, ya taba dauki, duk da duk buƙatun.

Me lissafi Perelman ki kyautar ci?

Gregory ya bayyana da cewa lamiri ba da damar da shi don samun miliyan, sa da dama sauran lissafi. The masanin kimiyya ce cewa ya yi dalilai da yawa kamar ya dauki kudi, da kuma bai yi su. Ya ba su iya yanke hukunci. Babban dalilin da gazawar da lambobin yabo Grigori Perelman, wani lissafi kira rashin jituwa da kimiyya al'umma. Ya lura da cewa, ya gan shi ya yanke shawarar m. Gregory ya ce ya yi imanin cewa, gudunmawar Hamilton, da Jamus lissafi, a cikin bayani da wannan matsala, babu kasa da nasa.

Af, daga baya har ma ya bayyana magana, a kan batun: lissafi dole ne sau da yawa ware miliyoyin, watakila wani har yanzu kuskure ya dauki su. A shekara bayan da gazawar da Perelman Demetrios Christodoulou da kuma Richard Hamilton aka bayar da Shaw Prize. Girman wannan lambar yabo a ilmin lissafi shi ne daya da dala miliyan. Wannan lambar yabo da aka wani lokacin ake magana a kai a matsayin Nobel Prize na Gabas. Hamilton samu shi ga halittar wani ilmin lissafi ka'idar. Yana nan ɓullo da ta Rasha lissafi Perelman a cikin ayyukansu kishin hujja daga cikin Poincaré zato. Richard samu wannan lambar yabo.

Sauran lambobin yabo, wanda ya ki Grigoriy Perelman

Af, a 1996, Grigoriyu Yakovlevichu aka bayar da babbar kyauta ga matasa lissafi daga Turai ilmin lissafi al'umma. Duk da haka, ya ƙi sami shi.

10 Bayan shekaru, a cikin 2006, da masanin kimiyyar aka bayar da Fields mindar domin warware Poincare zato. Gregory ƙi, kuma daga gare ta.

Mujallar Science a 2006 da ake kira hujja daga cikin zato, halitta da Poincare, da kimiyya nasara na shekara. Ya kamata a lura cewa wannan shi ne na farko da aikin a ilmin lissafi, wanda ya sanã'anta irin wannan suna.

David Gruber da Sylvia Nasar a 2006 da aka buga wata kasida mai suna da yawa Kaddara. Ya ce Perelman, ya yanke shawara Poincare matsala. Bugu da kari, da labarin ya bayyana ilmin lissafi al'umma, da kuma a kan data kasance kimiyya na da'a mizanan. Yana da aka gabatar da kuma rare da ganawa da Perelman. A yawa da aka ce game da zargi Shintana Yau, Sin lissafi. Tare da dalibai, ya yi kokarin kalubalanci cikawa na da hujjar Grigoriem Yakovlevichem. A wata hira, Perelman ce, "Baƙi ba ka ga waɗanda suka karya halayyarsu, a kimiyya Mutane kamar ni - cewa wani ne a kadaici.".

A watan Satumba na shekarar 2011, ya ƙi, kuma daga membobinsu a cikin Rasha Academy of Sciences, da lissafi Perelman. Tarihinsa da aka gabatar a wani littafin da aka buga a wannan shekara. Daga shi za ka iya ƙarin koyo game da makomar lissafi, ko da yake bayanai tattara dogara ne a kan shaidar da wasu kamfanoni. Its marubucin - Masha Gessen. A littafin da aka wallafa a kan tushen da tambayoyi tare da takwarorinsu, malamai, abokan aiki da kuma co-ma'aikata Perelman. Sergei Rukshin, Uchitel Grigoriya Yakovlevicha, ya ce game da ita manufa.

Grigoriy Perelman yau

Yau ya kaiwa wani Kadaitaccen rayuwa. Karfi da manema watsi lissafi Perelman. Inda ya rayu? Har kwanan nan, Gregory ya rayu tare da mahaifiyarta a Kupchino. Kuma a shekarar 2014, sanannen Rasha lissafi Grigori Perelman ne a Sweden.