Mai girma sarauta na Theodoro Crimea da ban tausayi karshen

More biyar ƙarni kafin Baftisma na Rus gari Doris, located a kudancin (duwatsu) ɓangare na Crimean Larabawa, ita ce cibiyar Kristanci a wannan sararin Black Sea yankin. Daga baya a kusa da shi, Mun halitta na musamman da na irin sarauta Theodoro, wanda ya zama na karshe ɓaɓɓake daga zarar m Byzantine Empire, da tsoho Kirista birni, canja sunansa zuwa Mangup matsayin babban birnin kasar.

Bayyanar da kudu maso yammacin sabuwar jihar na Crimea

New sarauta da aka kafa a sakamakon rabuwa da tsohon Byzantine mallaka, dake a cikin Crimea, da kuma sarrafawa da wani kananan Greek jihar kira Trebizond. By farkon XIII karni Konstantinoful sun fi mayar rasa ta soja ƙarfi daga gare sun sauri ya dauki amfani da wani ta da kyau m Genoese wanda kãma arewa maso yammacin ɓangare na Larabawa. A lokaci guda a cikin wani wuri ba sarrafawa da Genoa, kafa wani zaman kanta a jihar, a karkashin jagorancin tsohon Gwamnan Trabzon da aka mai suna da sarauta Theodoro.

Crimea The asiri rufe daga mu sunansa, amma mun san cewa wannan mutumin mallakar Feodorov daular for ƙarni biyu mulki a cikin hedkwatarsu da kuma ba da sunan ga sabuwar kafa sarauta. The kafa wannan irin - Theodore Gavras, Byzantine aristocrat na Armenian zuriya, kai da taron da iko, bayan a kasa da shekaru ashirin da ya gudanar ya single-handedly tãyar da masu dauke da makamai kuma a kwato daga Adana kama shi na Seljuk Turks, sa'an nan ya zama mai mulkinta. Power ya hereditary, yayin da a sakamakon kotu mãkirci daular aka ba tura karin nasara fafatawa a gasa, daga cikin irin Comneni.

A heyday na tsohon Byzantine mallaka

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, a farkon karni na XIII a cikin Crimea, a wani yanki ba a kula da Genoese, shi kafa mai zaman kanta sarauta Theodoro, aka mai suna bayan da mulki daular akwai. Kunno kai daga karkashi na tsohon uwa kasar da kuma nasarar nuna da hare-hare na da yawa nasara, shi tsawon qarni biyu, ya zama heyday na Orthodoxy da nationhood a kudu maso yammacin tekun na Crimean sashin.

Duchy ƙasa lullube tsakanin zamani biranen Balaclava da Alushta, sai ta zama babban birnin Mangup tsoho sansanin soja wanda aka gina da baya a V karni. Har yanzu, ta kango jawo hankalin dubban masu yawon bude ido a kowace shekara garken Crimea. An yi imani da cewa a cikin mafi m lokaci sarauta yawan kai da ɗaya da ɗari da dubu hamsin mutane, na wanda kusan duk sun Orthodox. Sarauta na Theodoro Crimea ƙabilun kunshi yafi na Girkawa, Goths, Armenian, Rasha da kuma wakilan sauran Orthodox al'ummai. Su sadarwa a tsakãninsu, yafi a Gothic Jamus yare.

Rawar da 'yan gudun hijira a cikin dutsen sarauta rai

Crimean sarauta Theodoro ya mafaka ga mutane da yawa Orthodox Kiristoci da suka nemi su cece shi daga Musulmi invaders. A musamman, da suka lura da wani gagarumin inflow bayan da kama na Seljuk Turks a Gabashin Rum. The Orthodox gidajen lama Mangup - babban birnin kasar Theodora, da sufaye koma daga dutsen gidajen lama na Kafadokiya, looting da kuma lalata abokan gaba.

An muhimmiyar rawa a cikin samuwar kuma ci gaban jihar taka leda da Armenia, da suke mazauna birnin na Ani, zaunar a Theodoro, bayan kasar su da aka ci nasarar da Seljuk Turks. Wakilai daga kasashen da wani babban matakin da al'adu, wadannan 'yan gudun hijira sun wadãtar da sarauta ta ƙarni-tsohon kwarewa a fagen cinikayya da sana'o'i.

Tare da su bayyanar, an gano da yawa parishes na Armenian Orthodox Church a feodoritskoy kuma a cikin Genoese bangare na Crimea. A tsawon lokaci, da Armenia sun zama wani muhimmin bangare ne na jama'ar na Crimea, haka ma wannan abin kwaikwaya nace ko da bayan ta ci ta Ottoman Empire.

Yunƙurin na tattalin arziki da kuma al'adu feodorites

Tsakanin XIII da XV karni ne sau da yawa ake kira da zinariya shekaru na wannan jiha. Domin shekara ɗari biyu da sarauta Theodoro gudanar hawa zuwa matakin qarshe na ma'adanin na ginin, domin kyale gwada gajeren lokaci da aka gina daukan hankali misalai na tattalin arziki, da wuri da kagararsa gine. Sun fi mayar da godiya ga gwani sana'a, ƙirƙiri impregnable kagara, Theodoret gudanar tare da mamayewa na m abokan gaba.

Crimean Theodoro sarauta domin ta shahara da aikin noma, musamman viticulture da kuma ruwan inabi samar da za a aiko tafi da nisa fiye jihar. Modern bincike excavated a cikin wannan ɓangare na Crimea nuna cewa kusan dukkanin ƙauyuka da aka samu sun ajiya na ruwan inabi, da innabi ake matse ruwan inabi. Bugu da kari, feodorites aka sani da gwani lambu da kuma horticulturists.

Communication Crimean jihar tare da Moscow

Ban sha'awa Gaskiyar - da sarauta daga Fodor da sarakunansa da sosai kusa da dangantakar da Ancient Rus. Ko an san cewa shi ne daga cikin yankunan duwatsu na Crimea fãra dama aristocratic iyalansu, wanda ya buga shahararren rawa a tarihin jihar. Alal misali, boyar iyali sauko daga Hovrina koma a cikin XIV karni daga Mangupa zuwa Moscow da dama wakilan Gavras daular hukuncin can. A Rasha da shi ga dama ƙarni da aka wakkala iko da mafi muhimmanci da yankunan jama'a rai - kudi.

A XVI karni a kan wannan iyali rabu biyu rassan, da wakilan wanda ya hada da alama a Rasha tarihi - shi ne Tretyakovs da Golovin. Amma mafi sani mu Mangupsky Princess Sofya Paleolog, wanda ya zama matar Grand Duke na Moscow Ivan III. Saboda haka, akwai kowane dalili magana game da irin rawa da sarauta Theodoro da shugabanni a Rasha tarihi.

Sauran dangantakar kasa da kasa Theodoro jihar

Baya daga zamanin d Rasha ya kuma har yanzu a yawan jihohin, wanda ya siyasa da tattalin arziki dangantaka sarauta Theodoro. A tarihin marigayi tsakiyar zamanai ya shaida ga ta kusa dynastic dangantaka da mafiya yawa daga cikin hukuncin gidajen Gabashin Turai. Alal misali, Princess Maria Mangupsky - 'yar'uwar feodorskogo m, ya zama matar Sarki Moldova Stefana Velikogo, da' yar'uwarta, da aka yi aure to magajin sarautar trapezuntskogo.

Rayuwa kẽwaye

Neman baya a tarihi, da saninsa tambaya: yadda za a iya a kananan dutsen sarauta iya dogon tsayayya irin karaya nasara kamar yadda Yedigei Tatar khans da Nogai? Duk da cewa makiya da mahara na lamba magabaci, ya ba kawai ya kasa cimma manufarta, amma, da ciwon sha wahala nauyi asarar da, aka jefa daga jihar. Kawai daga baya, wasu yankunan na kasar sun karkashin iko.

Orthodox sarauta na Theodoro Crimea, shi ne kuma daya daga cikin na karshe jẽfo wani ɓaɓɓake daga Rum, ya sa ƙiyayya da Genoese Katolika, da kuma Crimean khans. A wannan batun, da yawan jama'ar rayu a akai shiri ya tare ta'adi, amma na dogon lokaci don haka ba zai iya ci gaba. A kananan jihar kẽwaye a kan dukkan bangarorin, aka wanzuwa.

A mamayewa na sashin na Turkish invaders

Na samu makiya da wanda sarauta Theodoro ya m. A da Ottoman Empire, gaba daya kama da lokacin da Byzantine Empire da kuma kafa mu gani a kan ta mulkin mallaka. Invading da yankin Crimea, da Turks kãma ƙasar da sauƙi, mallakar Genoese da kuma gida khans sanya vassals. A jerin gwano da aka ga Theodoret.

A 1475 Mangup - babban birnin kasar da sarauta daga Theodoro, a karkashin kewaye zaba Turkish sassa, karfafa wa wannan sojojin na su vassals, Crimean khans. A shugaban wannan sojoji na dubu dubu tsaya Gedik Ahmed Pasha, wanda ya ta to, ya zama sananne ga cin nasarar yaki a kan gaba daga cikin Bosphorus. Kama a wani m zobe na makiya, babban birnin dutsen jihar su gani su mãsu alãma ga watanni biyar.

The ban tausayi denouement

A cikin tsaro na birnin fãce da mazauna, da ɗari uku da sojoji suka sashi, da nufin {asar Moldova m Stephen girma, aure zuwa Princess Maria na Mangup da haka yana a Theodora zumunta. Wannan rukuni na Moldovans gangara a tarihi a matsayin "mutum ɗari uku Spartans na Crimea." Ya, tare da goyon bayan gida mazauna gudanar ya kayar da Ottoman Elite gidaje - a rajimanti na Janissaries. Amma saboda na lamba magabaci daga cikin abokan sakamako mai foregone ƙarshe.

Bayan wani dogon tsaro Mangup har yanzu a hannun abokan gāba, Bayan kasa cimma nasara a bude yaƙi, da Turks koma ga tabbatar da dabara - rufe duk hanyar isar da abinci, da suka kwashe da birnin da sansanin soja da jin matsananciyar yunwa. Na goma sha biyar dubu mazaunan rabin na babban birnin kasar da aka zarar hallaka, da kuma sauran bayi.

zuriyar feodorites

Tuni bayan ya fadi Mangup da kafa mulkin Ottoman, har ma ga dama ƙarni zauna Orthodox al'ummomi a duniya, inda sarauta Theodoro kafin. Tashin hankalin nan, hana su, mutane da yawa na baya gina haikalin da kuma gidajen lama, amma ba tilasta watsi da addini na kakanninsu. Zuriyar waɗanda suka farko zaune shi sunk zuwa abu wulakantacce jihar gudanar ya ci gaba da lafiya hadisai na noma.

Sun ci gaba da girma alkama da yin sana'o'i. A lokacin da a XVIII karni Catherine II bayar da umarni a kan muhallinsa na dukan Kirista jama'ar na yankin Rasha, ta haka ne irreparable duka da tattalin arzikin da Crimea. Natsuwa ma a cikin sabon mahaifarsa ba Yunƙurin zuwa biyu raba kasa abokai - Don Azov Helenawa da Armenia.

manta da

Sarauta na Theodoro, tarihin abin da aka iyakance zuwa kawai da karni biyu, ya tsira da sau daya-m hedkwatarsu da Trebizond kuma ko da Konstantinoful. Zama na karshe tsattsauran Orthodoxy a Crimea, da sarauta domin watanni tsayayya da mãsu alãma daga m maƙiyi da sojojin da kuma fadi ne kawai bayan m duk yiwuwa don ci gaba da juriya.

Ana sa cizon yatsa cewa feat na m mutane kusan bai tsira a cikin memory na gaba. 'Yan mutane san ko da abin da ya sunan Crimean babban birnin kasar na sarauta na Theodoro. Modern mazauna inhabiting yankin, shi ne talauci sanar da game da jaruntakar events, taka leda a cikinsa biyar da rabi da suka wuce ƙarni. Kawai yawon bude ido ziyartar kango na wani tsoho sansanin soja, sauraron labaru game da su, Yanã shiryar da kuma karanta a takaice na samarwa a cikin m littattafansa.