Ancient mulkokin Tmutarakan: description, tarihi da kuma ƙasa

Ancient mulkokin Tmutarakan - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi enigmatic da kadan-san tsarin, kusassari, wanda ya zama gida ga Eastern Slavs. Yana wanzu a kan Taman sashin.

Overview

Tmutarakan sarauta wanzu a lokacin da X-XI ƙarni. Yana da aka located 'yan dari kilomita daga babban yankin Kievan Rus. Wadannan kasashe suka rabu da Black Sea steppes, sanaki makiyaya.

sarauta babban birnin kasar ya Tmutarakan. Madaidaici bayanai game da kwanan watan da Accession ga Kievan jihar ba. Kila, da sansanin soja da aka ci nasarar da Sviatoslav Igorevich a lokacin da yake gabashin kamfen a kan Khazars. Sa'an nan, ya halakar da makiya babban birnin kasar Sarkel a kan bankunan na Don, kuma mai yiwuwa ya ziyarci Taman Larabawa.

Commercial tashar jiragen ruwa janyo hankalin da yawa 'yan kasuwa daga wasu kasashe. Saboda wannan sarauta da aka fi manyan Tmutarakan tsakanin Rasha larduna. Ga rayu da Khazars, Helenawa, Yahudawa, kazalika da mutane da yawa daga cikin Caucasus Ossetians, Alans, da dai sauransu ...

Accession zuwa Kiev

Saboda ta ɓangaren da tashar jiragen ruwa ya zama wata gada a tsakanin Rasha da kuma Rum. Grand Duke Vladimir Svyatoslavich aika zuwa yankin na dansa Mstislav da Brave, wanda ya yi mulki a nan a cikin shekaru 990-1036. Wata kila wannan shi ne mai Baftisma na Rus Tmutarakan a haɗe zuwa hãlãyensu. Gaskiyar ita ce, a lokacin yaki da Rum, sai ya tafi tare da sojoji a cikin Crimea, wanda aka rabu da tashar jiragen ruwa kananan matsatsiyar. Kafin cewa Tmutarakan mallakar Rum. Sarakuna na Konstantinoful a lokacin crises iya ba sarrafa m kusurwa ta iko da arewacin Black Sea Coast. Lokacin da Rassi aka yi masa baftisma, Vladimir iya samun Tmutarakan kamar yadda ta kare da barazana da steppe.

Mstislav

Dansa Mstislav a kai a kai kulla wars tare da makwabta. Saboda haka, a cikin 1022 ya shirya wani gangamin da hakar ma'adinai Alan. A cikin yaki Mstislav ya ally na Byzantine Empire, wanda kuma suka yi jihãdi a cikin yankin kan Jojiyanci mulkin. Wannan rikici ya zama sananne saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin almara zauna a cikin memory daga cikin dueling wasan Rasha kwamandan kuma Rededi. Yana da aka Prince Kasogs gida kabilar. Kamar yadda al'ada, da rikice-rikice tsakanin dakarun da za a iya zaunar bayan da duel tsakanin shugabanninsu. Saboda haka, da lashe duel tsakanin Rededi da Mstislav iya samun abin da ya mallakar abokin gābansa. Rasha yarima ga gaci Kasogs. Mstislav bayyana sakamakon da cewa Our Lady interceded ga shi.

Bayan lashe Tmutarakan m ya ɗauki matarsa da yara Rededi. Bugu da kari, ya aza wani haraji ga duk Kasogs. Duel bayyana a cikin da dama tsoho tarihin da aka ambata a cikin "Lay", kuma haka ya zama yadu da aka sani. Shahararren mai zane-zane Nikolay Rerih wanda aka nuna da wannan batu a kan zane, a 1943, a lokacin da Mai girma Patriotic War, wucewa ta cikin matsananci danniya na fama da tsinkaya nasara a kan ƙi maƙiyi.

The yaki tare da Kiev

Mstislav burinsu ba a daina a yanzu Tmutarakan sarauta. Ya so ya samu Kiev. A 'yan shekaru bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, Vladimir Mstislav Svyatoslavich ayyana yaki kan ɗan'uwansa, Yaroslav Mai hikima. Ya gaza samun Kiev, amma ya kama Chernigov, wanda ya sa gidansa. Duk da haka, Mstislav manta game Tmutarakan. Ya shirya da dama tafiye-tafiye zuwa ga duwãtsu. A 1029 da ya yi yaƙi da yasami. A 'yan shekarun baya da Rasha rundunar ta bayyana a cikin Caspian Sea, da kuma Slavic sojojin ko da tafi zuwa Caucasus, a zamanin da yankin na Arran. A wannan lokaci Tmutarakan goyon Alan. A garin ne zuwa gida da dama adventurers da sojojin haya daga ko'ina cikin duniya.

Mstislav da Bold wani chikin Kirista. Bayan fatattakar Rededi ya aza na farko da dutse a Tmutarakan Haikali. Bayan da kufai na birnin, ya rushe - ta kango, an gano zamani ta archaeologists. Bayan rasuwar Mstislav nemi a 1036 da sarauta Tmutarakan sake tashi zuwa Kiev sarakuna.

sarakuna dan damfara

Wadannan Mstislav Vladimirovich da nisa gefen mulki dan damfara sarakunan da suke aka aiko a nan ko dai a karkashin shekaru ko saboda girma yanayi. Alal misali, a 1064, akwai mallakar jikan Yaroslava Mudrogo - Gleb Svyatoslavich, wanda aka hambarar da ta dan uwansa Rostislav Vladimirovich. Karkara daga Kiev yi Tmutarakan dace fage don m yakin basasa. Shugabannin amince a nan sau da yawa saboda sojojin haya daga Polovtsian makiyaya. Shi ne ba abin mamaki bane cewa 'yan gwamnonin sun amince su yi sarauta a cikin irin wannan m gefen biyu Tmutarakan sarauta. Tuddai da steppe kasance m barazana ga mazauna yankin.

A 1069-1079 gg. a dokokin baht Gleb - Roman. Ya aka kashe Polovtsi a lokacin wani yaki. Sa'an nan ya jũya up a nan karshe inganci Tmutarakan Prince Oleg Svyatoslavich. Ya iya zama masaraucin Chernigov, amma saboda lalace dangantakar da Kiev karaga, ya gudu zuwa cikin iyakar duniya. Ya kasance a kusa da Roman a lokacin da na karshe m yaƙin neman zaɓe. Idan Roman kashe, sa'an nan Oleg aka dauka fursuna kuma an ba da Rumawa domin fansa. A wannan lokaci, Sarki na Konstantinoful, ya ally na Prince of Kiev - maƙiyi ga Svyatoslav. Saboda haka, shekaru da dama, Oleg ya gudun hijira a tsibirin Rhodes. A wannan lokaci a Tmutarakan rinjaye ya'yan sarakuna rikici. Ga takaicce kunshe cikin zuriyar Yaroslava Mudrogo - hakiman dan damfara David I. kuma Volodar Rostislavich. A ƙasa na sarauta Tmutarakan ta'ada da Polovtsian hordes. Helenawa yi imani da cewa ƙasar su da kuma gida Rasha sarakuna suna bi a matsayin gajere, sãshensu waliyyai da vassals.

Oleg Svyatoslavich

Saboda looting Polovtsian sabon sarki Aleksey Komnin a 1081 yanke shawarar janye daga wulãkancin Oleg. A wannan lokaci, Chernigov hijira iya aure a Greek yarinya aurayya da sanannen aristocratic iyalan Konstantinoful. A 1083, godiya ga goyon bayan da sarki ya ya iya lashe Tmutarakan tsohon Rasha sarauta. Oleg samu title of archon (watau fadar gwamnan). Wannan Jihar harkokin tsawon shekaru goma, a lokacin da lardin dadin zaman lafiya da riba ciniki.

Duk da haka, a cikin 1094, Oleg yanke shawarar komawa gida. Ya tattara rundunar Polovtsy kuma ya tafi ya yi nasara da Chernigov, wanda aka sau mulki ta hanyar mahaifinsa. Tun lokacin da yaki ya fara, Oleg da Vladimirom Monomahom. Saboda gaskiya cewa Tmutarakan jẽfaffe kawo Rasha ta rundunar 'makiyaya da kuma fara wani tausayi yaki, ya sanã'anta da sunan barkwanci Gorislavich. A 1097 Oleg karshe samu Novgorod-Seversky. Kafin rasuwarsa, ya bai kõma ba, to yanzu Tmutarakan.

karshen Tmutarakani

Ta ƙarshe lokacin da sarauta Tmutarakan da aka ambata a Rasha tarihin da aka a 1094. Bayan da cewa, gefen da ake rufe daga cikin hedkwatarsu da kasa. Rasha yawan hankali iri na tafi. A XII karni ikon da Taman sashin da aka canjawa wuri zuwa Rum. Da zarar a 1204, Western Salibiyya kama da Konstantinoful a cikin Black Sea mazauna mulki karshe hargitsi da na karshe vestiges na jihar bar ƙasar. Ga fara da ikon da na steppe. Amma duk da haka, a cikin marigayi tsakiyar zamanai a kan bankunan bayyana Taman ciniki mallaka na Genoa, wadda fatakenta kawota Yammacin Turai m Oriental kaya daga Crimea da Kuban.

Nazarin tarihin na sarauta

Tmutarakan tsohon Rasha sarauta da kuma ta fasali, da kuma a yau janyo hankalin hankalin da yawa kwararru: masana tarihi, archaeologists da archivists. A site na Rasha mazauna tono ne a yau, don taimaka dauke da labulen halin asiri a kan rayuwa na jihar. Coins Tmutarakan Duchy na musamman sha'awa. Kowane sabon gwamnan ya fara minting da kansa kudin. Amfaninsa ilmi game da na da kudi bayar Tmutarakani, ba ka damar ƙarin koyo game da nan gwamnatin da oda.

Daga mai bygone zamanin, mu ma sun kango na Kirista majami'u. Daya daga cikin Soviet expeditions kuma sami wani necropolis. Bugu da kari, kusa da garin ya Kirista sufi.

Rayuwar yau da kullum Tmutarakani

Tmutarakan wani sansanin soja da tsaron gida katangu. Da wani ɓaɓɓake daga wasu daga cikinsu ma na tsira. A garin da aka gina sau da yawa. A X karni, shi ya kafa wani sabon shirin, wanda corresponded zuwa Cardinal. Tmutarakan sarauta Kuban mallaki ƙasar, bada wani Ma'abũcin falala girbi. A babban birnin kasar, kusa da kowane gidan da su granaries ko cellars ga irin wannan manufar.

Tarihi Tmutarakan sarauta ne ma ake karatu don iyali abubuwa samu a lokacin archaeological expeditions. Ba kamar sauran mulkoki na Kievan Rus, a nan a yalwace amfani glassware Byzantine samar. Wannan ne evidenced da babban adadin samu tukwane (jugs, amphora da t. D.). Ba abin mamaki ba cewa wasu daga cikin rubuce kayayyakin gargajiya samu a Tmutarakan, rubuta a Greek. Slavic sami a wannan sansanin soja ne, yafi hade da abubuwa shugabanninmu, masu gadi, bãyinSa, kuma Orthodox sufaye. Tmutarakan - mai tsaron ɗakunan ajiya na m rarities ta hanyar brisk cinikayya, wanda aka za'ayi a cikin gida tashar jiragen ruwa. M harbor janyo hankalin 'yan kasuwa daga kasashe daban-daban.