Royal na Moscow Kremlin a cikin 17th karni. Abin da ya sarki rayuwa: photo da kuma bayanin irin Romanov Chambers

A tarihin na Rasha jihar ne cike da abubuwan daban-daban iri iri. A mafi muhimmanci bar su da alãmarsu, ba kawai a littafin tarihin, amma kuma a cikin Monuments na gine-gine da kuma art, koyon cewa za ka iya tafi, ta hanyar duk turakun na ci gaba da Mahaifa, mahaifiyata. Har yau iya karawa mutane ta amfani a rayuwa da kuma rayuwar sarakuna da sarakunan Romanov daular. A lokacin da suka sarautar da aka kewaye da alatu, girmamãwa daga manyan gidãje da kyau ga gõnaki, kuma m marẽmari. The aka yi harsãshinsa a XVII karni, a lõkacin da matasa Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov koma ya zauna a cikin fadar sarki na Moscow Kremlin. Sun kasance ba kamar yadda mai girma kamar yadda yake a yau, kuma bã ya kasance wani wuri na ainihin wurin zama lashe shugabannin, amma a yanzu mataki ne da wani abin tunawa da girman Rasha shugabanni.

A Romanovs

Lokaci na matsaloli Rasha kawo da yawa tunkaro da cũta, ba tare da wani m hannun monarch mulki kasar ya tsage ta saba wa juna. Tarihi na Romanov kamar yadda sarakunan fara da 1613, shi ne to da cewa Zemsky Sobor kiwata mafi dace dan takarar kursiyin. Mihail Fedorovich Romanov, daga ra'ayi na da yawa daga cikin Sahaban, ya fi dace dan takarar. Ya zo daga wani m boyars, shi ne wani dangi na karshe Sarkin irin Rurik, ba wanda ya bar kai tsaye magada, kuma ya kasance wani mutum wanda bai dauki bangare a tseren ga ikon, t. E. ya rike neutrality. Account an karɓa kuma yana da shekaru nan gaba sarki, wanda a yarda sauki isa ya yi amfani da siyasa dalilai. A gaskiya, da matasa, sarki yana baka tsoro da zalunci da wulakanci Boris Godunov, ya yake cikin shekaru 16, ya kasance mai sickly da kuma raunana-so mutum wanda ya yi biyayya da nufinsa na uwa da uba wassu sharudda. Tun da zaben na Mikhail Fedorovich mayar da su cikin sarauta da bẽnãye, wanda a lokacin mulkinsa gina kusan daga karce. Mutane da yawa daga cikin gine-gine gina don Ivan III, a wancan lokaci, an zahiri hallaka. A XVII karni Moscow Kremlin - a fādar sarki, wanda ya zama da mai da hankali aya daga cikin dukan siyasa da tattalin rayuwa na jihar.

fādar

Kowane daban-daban ya fahimci da kuma wakiltar rayuwar da rai daga gidan sararta. All Rasha mutãne suka yi ĩmãni cewa, kasar Jam'iyyar People tafii da sarki jam'iyya. Ma'anar kalmar da ta definition ne ko da yaushe a superlatives. Wannan ba kawai a gidan ga wani rukuni na mutane - wannan shi ne mafi girma, high, da kyau ado dakin inda sarki ya aiki da kuma hutawa. Wannan gaskiya ne: fādar kamata gani da girma na daukacin jihar, ta zama tasa katin kira, tun da shi ne ya ke hidima a matsayin wurin liyafar na waje wakilan. A XVII karni Moscow Kremlin ne a birnin a cikin birnin. Akwai daruruwan mutane zama da kuma aiki, akwai da yawa gidajen kotu nobility, majami'u, gidajen ibada, ma'aikata. Saboda haka mutane da yawa dole ne a bayar da duk dole goyon baya da kuma wata babbar administrative na'ura a aiki yanayin, sabili da haka, da sarauta da bẽnãye ake hada da nazarinsa, kitchens, stables, cellars kuma ko da gõnaki da gonaki. Hakika, da Kremlin ta kewaye da aka tsare tare da mai kula, kawai passerby bai wuce, kamar yadda da petitioners wanda zo daga ko'ina a cikin ƙasar, da haquri jiran su bi da bi a waje da ganuwar. Idan muka fara daga na zahiri translation, da na zama, high (2-3 benaye), da na dutse gine-gine da aka kira a matsayin sarki jam'iyya. Da kalmar a cikin harshen Rashanci, dangane da ƙasa na Moscow Kremlin, maida hankali ne akan fiye da daya daki, kuma wani babban yankin da inganta ayyuka, wanda aka raba raba sassa, amfani ga manufar da aka nufa. Alal misali, Terem Palace aiki a matsayin wani ɗakin kwananka, patronal dakin, tafiya-ta hanyar daban-daban outbuildings kuma yana da wata coci da kuma haikalin. Kowane irin gabatarwa da da sunan da kuma manufar: da faceted bẽne, da patriarchal, da dai sauransu ...

Terem Palace

Rasha gine-ginen da XVII karni. (Konstantinov, cucumbers, Ushakov, Shaturin) halitta na musamman da ainihi na da dutse mai daraja a cikin gungu na duk Moscow Kremlin. Terem Palace aka gina tare da yin amfani da tsira jẽfo wani ɓaɓɓake daga baya tsarin, wanda ya bayyana gudun da gini tsarin. A nan gaba, wannan salon ne sau da yawa amfani a cikin tarihi na Rasha gine. Wajen fada ya dubi mai girma gama: fari dutse datsa, masu launin tiles da abubuwa heraldic zane, na ado pilasters, musamman da hankali janyo hankalin da musamman ado sassaka. Hawa na biyu da aka tanada domin Terem Palace sarauta bẽnãye. Photos zamani (sāke gina) ciki ba su iya isar da richness na ado na da dakuna. A ganuwar da arches daga kowane gidan tsara a cikin wannan launi da kuma fentin ado ado. A 1636, aikin gine-gine a cikin Terem Palace karshen, amma daga baya da shi da ake kammala sauran dakuna da cewa ba ganimar da overall look na ginin. A cikin shekara ta kammala aikin a kan namiji da rabi na fada halitta Church na mai ceto ba a sanya ta Hands (Upper mai ceto Cathedral), rabu da Terem Palace gilded sanduna. Cikin tsofaffin gini na hadaddun ne coci da Nativity na Our Lady (da Seni), dating daga XIV karni. Ya sāke gina sau da yawa, amma na tsira ga kwana. Duk da coci - a Tãshin ¡iyãma, Crucifixion da Catherine - daidai rubũtacce a cikin gungu na Terem Palace. Musamman icons sanya siliki yadudduka, da kuma musamman murals ba addini gine-gine a rarrabe look.

Michael ta Mansion

A mafi girman ɓangare na Terem Palace, wanda yayi ban mamaki views na Moscow, aka gina domin yara na Mikhail Fedorovich - inda su kasance sunã aikatãwa. Mansion aka located a kan Al'arshi majalisar sarki. A dakin fili da kuma haske, da spaced tare da bango bencina. Yana bauta ma ga Boyar Duma zaman, da kuma wani lokacin amfani da mai sarki hukuma. Mansion a kewaye da aka kewaye da bude galleries ga tafiya: daga cikin ginin karshen wannan manyan high-sa dandamali, da kuma dogon gefen ne kunkuntar wurare, wanda aka bayar kawai ta low parapets. Saboda haka, dukan gini, kazalika da dukan tsohon birnin da za a iya gani a gani ɓoyayye. Michael ta Mansion da aka gina a 1637, shi ne na musamman halittar Rasha gine-ginen. A dakin ne sosai a yalwace ado, amma shi ne jin dadi da kuma dumi, manyan windows bari a yalwa da haske, canza launin Mica duwatsu halitta mai m game da launi daban-daban. Eaves daga cikin rufi aka yi wa ado da openwork karfe grille, taga Frames an rufe tare da elaborately sassaka fari dutse (as a "adult" ɓangare na Chambers), wanda shi ne daban-daban a kowane taga. Birds, furanni, da dabbobi, da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kuma da dama dama haruffa ado da reliefs NUNA bambancin da wadata na duniya. West Portal, bude da za a duba, ado jirgin, wanda yana dauke da rubutu na data ikon mallakar ƙungiyar mawaƙa sarki yara - Prince Alexei Mikhailovich da kuma Ivan Mikhailovich. Tsakanin rubutu da kuma gefuna da taimako juna ne amfani, bayar da tasu gudunmuwar da Tarurrukan ban sha'awa a cikin wannan dakin horo da kuma wasanni. Hoton ta fuskar zamani mutum, ya dubi butulci da kuma unassuming, amma fasaha na ta halittawa da wuya a overestimate. Bayyana Michael ta Mansion iya zama iyaka, da kuma babban theses ne: mai haske, dumi, Tsayayyar, kwazazzabo.

turret

Kila, a lokacin shiri na Towers masu zanen gine-gine ne da jiki tadawa na sarki a kan asashe. Sarkin ya dube birni daga tsororuwar (idan ba a la'akari da Ivan Mai girma Bell), t. E. Was tsakanin Allah da mutane, wanda a yarda da shi a tantance halin da ake ciki da kuma yin yanke shawara m yanayi. Ga m Tsarevich Alekseya Mihaylovicha Romanova wannan tsawo kamar ta gaba daya ƙware. Saboda haka, teremu gabashin ɓangare aka kara "smotrilnaya turret." kasa matakin na wannan kananan yi daidai da tsororuwar rufin Terem Palace. Construction da aka za'ayi daga baya, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa gabashin portal hasumiyai ya samuwa ga binciken, ko da yake asali ado kamar yadda da kyau kamar yadda kasashen yamma. Tare da mafi kyau view na turret, amma tabbas, yarima na son ya zama tsayi fiye da mahaifinsa, da dukan dattawan na boyars, wanda shagaltar da su dakin ga wani ɗan gajeren lokaci. Don samun can za ka iya a hanyoyi biyu: ta hanyar Michael ta Mansion, wanda ta haɗu da fari dutse bene tare da wani shirayi hasumiya, kafa wani procession daga gabashin portal, ko kai tsaye daga cikin ƙananan bẽnãye. A wannan yanayin, da baƙo shiga cikin kananan shirayin gaba da Towers, kuma daga can kan bude sarari isa ƙofar zauren, daga wanda ya iya tashi a dauke dakin.

Sarki ta Palace

Housewarming bikin a tsakiyar 1655, dukan Romanov iyali zo gare shi. Sarki Nikon so cewa ya gabatarwa da aka tsara a cikin mafi cikakken launuka. Jam'iyya gina a wani classic, "sauki" style, amma shi ne muhimmanci biya diyya ta dũkiya da kayan ado na ginin da bore na launuka m zuwa gabas daga cikin sha biyun na coci. The uku bene ne karamin dakin da aka kammala kawai zuwa karshen na XVII karni. Da dama fari dutse matakai, kyale damar yin amfani da bude gallery, zinariya fishnet skates, m frescoes ba da sarki ta Palace kauri. Musamman saita kashe gilded ƙawa da ruwan hoda launi, wanda Nikon umurni da fenti da ganuwar ya Apartment. A zamani irin na bẽnãye taimaka ji wasu faɗi, watakila, da aikin da aka ba su cikakken kawo rai.

fun Palace

House of Romanov, da dukan da girma da kuma sararin, ba zai iya saukar da dukan iyali. Saboda haka, a cikin 1651 - a kan umarni na sabon Rasha Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich - da ƙasa na Moscow Kremlin fara gina wani sabon ginin, wanda aka yi nufi ga masauki matarsa ta uba (surukinsa) I. D. Miloslavskogo. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da ban mamaki tsarin fasalin - shi ya zama na farko Moscow "skyscraper", da cewa shi ne ya kunshi hudu benaye ... Tuni a cikin tsakiyar XVII karni, shi ya lura da rashin sarari domin raya kasa. Tu benen kasa ne ta hanyar nassi mita 30 dogon. Sama da mai rai da dakuna domin saukaka rundunar coci da aka gina Gõdiya na Virgin tare da wani belfry, da bagaden wanzuwa bayan da fada da baka. Ya rataye a kan Kremlin titi, saboda haka duk coci canons an complied tare. Miloslavsky rayu a wannan gidan shekaru 16, bayan da fada ya wuce zuwa jihar taskar. Sunan "m" ya kasance daga baya, a 1672, lokacin da Fedor Aleksandrovich Romanov, a lokacin da 'yan'uwanku mãtã koma da sarki zuwa gare shi. Mun yi amfani da dakin wasa tare da fādar sarki (a cikin izgili): na farko Theatrical wasanni da aka aiwatar a nan, Saboda haka da sunan da. Domin saukaka sarauta iyali da kuma Terem Fun Palace shiga cikin rufaffiyar wurare.

Zargin a Moscow

Daya daga cikin mafi tsoho gundumomi na Moscow, wanda gudanar tsakanin barbarous Street da kuma kogin, shi ne mai tarihi abin tunawa yana da kawai wurinta. A wannan yanki ne na musamman gine-gine na Rasha gine - majami'u, haikali da majami'u, gina a cikin XIV-XVIII ƙarni. Amma mafi mashahuri yawon shakatawa cajin a Moscow samu a matsayin wani wuri na asali na Romanovs, da Rasha tsars. The sunan ƙasa zo daga kalmar "lamba" yana nufin shopping gidan kashe ahu, wanda ya miƙa zuwa Red Square. Abin baƙin ciki, ba wani abin tunawa tsira yau a asalin siffan, ya bar kawai da bẽne. A kan wasu abubuwa na gidan da cikin yadi za a iya hukunci daga tsira kwatancin rayuwa boyar iyali. A cewar labari, da farko Rasha tsar na Romanov daular aka haife shi a wani gidan a kan Varvarka, wanda da zarar gina kakansa. A zamanin mulkin Ivana Groznogo bẽne, maharba an halaka su da umarnin sarki, a nan gaba sau da yawa ya sha wahala daga gobara da kuma daban-daban gyare-gyare a gidajen lama da majami'u. The gidan kayan gargajiya da aka kafa a kan site kawai kamar yadda directed by Alexander II, a tsakiyar XIX karni. Tarihi na Romanov fara a nan. Bisa ga tsarin da bẽne gabatarwa sun fairly misali look daga cikin gidajen da cewa lokaci. A karkashin kasa part of shagaltar da basements da ɗakunan ajiya, akwai wani bukka, ko kitchen. The rai bariki aka located sama da library, binciken dakin, da nazari, dakin mazan yara da aka nufi ga maza. The mace da rabi daga cikin gidan da aka fi fili, tare da mai haske da dakuna domin handicraft, da Knights aka tsunduma a kadi, kuma ya dinki tare da mãtã mãsu. Tsira da kayan ado, tableware, furniture, dinki, iyali abubuwa buga da sauki da kuma ladabi da ado. House of Romanov a Zaryadye kira "haihuwa sarki kotu."

Fadar sarki Gatchina

More kwanan nan gine-gine gina a kan umarni na gidan sararta, ya ci gaba da gigice tare da size da kuma girmamãwa. Kawai tare da XVIII-XIX karni suka ba da ake kira gidan sarki, da kuma manyan gidãje. Alal misali, Gatchina. Wannan fada da aka gina a kan umarni na Catherine II don ta fi so Grigory Orlov. Wannan wuri da kuma aikin na nan gaba hadaddun aka zaba ta hanyar su a hade, da yi aka hukumance kammala a 1781, ko da yake gudun hijira Earl koro shi kafin. A 1883, bayan mutuwar Orlov, Catherine sayi fada daga gãje for Paul I. Kowace daga cikin Romanov iyali kammalã da gungu ga nasu bukatun, da kuma sake gina shi a cikin hasken da sabon fasaha nasarori daga mutãne. A halin yanzu, da abin tunawa da gine-gine da kuma tarihi a Jihar sabuntawa. A fadar sha wahala ƙwarai a cikin hannãyenku daga cikin Nazis a lokacin yakin duniya na II, wasu daga cikin farfado da aka dauka zuwa Jamus.

Tsarskoye Selo

Da farko tare da Bitrus I, duk da sarakuna na Rasha sun bar su da alãmarsu, a tarihin samuwar na zamani image na birnin Pushkin, a maimakon haka, ta musamman gine-gine da kuma wurin shakatawa wurare. Kafin zuwa ga ikon da Bolsheviks wannan wuri da aka sani da Tsarskoye Selo. Alexander Palace, kazalika da Catherine, tare da kewaye yankunan da ginin gidaje, shi ne mai gaskiya aikin art! A cikin ƙasa na zamani gidan kayan gargajiya da ake samu daga dukkan fannoni da m styles - daga alatu na Rasha Baroque zuwa gargajiya da kuma more zamani yayi na XX karni. A Catherine Palace a Tsarskoye Selo ba ka damar jin da ruhun da dama a lokacin mulkinsa na Romanov daular. Ekaterina Velikaya, Elizabeth, Alexander I - duk bar su da alãmarsu a kan ci gaban da external bayyanar da ciki abun ciki na fada. Babu kasa muhimmanci ga mutuncin ji ne m zuwa wurin shakatawa yankin gungu, wanda aka halitta domin kowane makaman akayi daban-daban. A zamanin mulkin Alexander I, Nicholas II (na karshe Rasha Sarkin sarakuna) alaka da Alexander (New Tsarskoye Selo) gidan sarauta. Daga mai tarihi da kuma gine-gine da ra'ayi, wadannan abubuwa ne babu kasa muhimmanci fiye da Kremlin Palace. Photos, videos, na yau da kullum balaguro din zuwa duk wuraren zama na Romanov daular a akai bukatar biyu a cikin kasar, da kuma da yawa 'yan kasashen waje.