Grand Dukes a Rasha. Rulers of Ancient Russia

Kievan Rus wata kasa ce da ta tashi a 9th c. Shugabannin farko sun sanya wurin zama a birnin Kiev, wanda bisa ga labari ya kafa a cikin VI. 'Yan uwa uku - Cue, kunnen kunnen da Horeb. Jihar nan da nan ya shiga lokaci mai kyau kuma yana da matsayi mai muhimmanci a duniya. Wannan ya taimakawa ta hanyar kafa dangantakar siyasa da cinikayya tare da maƙwabta masu karfi kamar Byzantium da Khazar Khaganate.

The Board of Askold

An ba da sunan "ƙasar Rasha" a jihar tare da babban birnin jihar Kiev lokacin mulkin Askold (IX). A cikin "Tale of Years Bygone Years" an ambaci sunansa kusa da Deere, ɗan'uwan ɗan'uwa. Har zuwa yau, babu wani bayani game da mulkinsa. Wannan yana ba da dama ga masana tarihi (alal misali, Rybakov BA) don haɗa sunan Dir tare da wani sunan lakabi na Askold. Bugu da ƙari, tambayar da aka samo asalin shugaban Kiev na farko bai sake warwarewa ba. Wasu masu bincike yi imani da su Varangian gwamnoni, wasu samu asalin Askold da Dir daga filin (Kiya zuriyarsa).

"Tale of Years Bygone Years" ya ba da wasu muhimman bayanai game da mulkin Askold. A cikin 860, ya yi tafiya ta hanyar tafiya ta hanyar Byzantium, har ma har kusan mako guda ya ci Constantinople cikin bautar. A cewar labarin, shi ne wanda ya tilasta magoya bayan Byzantine ya gane cewa Rasha ta kasance mai zaman kanta. Amma a 882 Oleg ya kashe Askold wanda ya zauna a kan kursiyin Kiev.

Gudanarwa na Oleg

Oleg - Grand Duke na Kiev, wanda ya yi mulki a 882-912. A cewar labarin, ya karbi iko a Novgorod daga Rurik a 879 a matsayin mai mulki na dansa, sannan kuma ya koma wurin Kiev. A cikin 885, Oleg ya haɗa wa mulkinsa Radimich, Slavian da Krivichs, bayan haka ya yi tafiya a kan ulitsa da Tivertsev. A 907, ya yi tsayayya da ikon Byzantium. Nestor yayi cikakken bayani a cikin aikinsa. Yaƙin neman nasarar Grand Duke ba kawai ya ba da gudummawa wajen ƙarfafa matsayin Rasha a fagen duniya ba, amma har ya bude damar shiga cinikin ba tare da izini ba tare da Daular Byzantine. Sabuwar nasara na Oleg a Constantinople a cikin 911 ya tabbatar da matsayin masu sayar da 'yan Rasha.

Daidai ne da waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru cewa mataki na kafa sabuwar jihar tare da cibiyar a Kiev ƙare kuma lokacin da ya fara girma farawa.

Hukumar Igor da Olga

Bayan rasuwar Oleg, dan Rurik ya zo mulki - Igor (912-945). Kamar yadda magajinsa ya kasance, Igor ya fuskanci rashin biyayya da shugabanni na kungiyoyi na kasa. Mulkinsa ya fara ne da gwagwarmaya da Drevlyane, da hanyoyi da Tivertsy, wanda Grand Duke ya zuba jari tare da haraji marar karɓa. Irin wannan manufar kuma ya ƙaddamar da mutuwarsa a kusa da Drevlyans masu tawaye. A cewar labarin, lokacin da Igor ya dawo ya karbi haraji, sai suka tayar da baka biyu, suka daura kafafunsu a saman su kuma su bar su.

Bayan mutuwar yarima, matarsa Olga (945-964) ta hau kursiyin. Manufar manufofinta ita ce fansa ga mutuwar mijinta. Ta kwantar da dukkan abubuwan da suka shafi anti-Durian da Drevlyans kuma daga bisani suka mika su ga ikon su. Bugu da kari, tare da sunan Olga mai girma, an yi ƙoƙari na farko don yin baftisma Kievan Rus, wanda ya zama ba shi da nasara. Manufofin da ake nufi da shelar Kristanci a matsayin addini na addini ya ci gaba da 'yan majalisa masu girma.

Hukumar Svyatoslav

Svyatoslav - dan Igor da Olga - sun yi mulki a 964-980. Ya jagoranci wata matsala mai banƙyama na kasashen waje kuma kusan bai damu da matsalolin da ke cikin gida ba. Da farko, a lokacin rashi, gwamnatin ta shiga Olga, bayan rasuwarta, manyan manyan rukunin kasar (Kiev, Drevlyan da Novgorod) sunyi jagorancin manyan 'yan kasar Rasha Yaropolk, Oleg da Vladimir.

Svyatoslav ya yi nasarar yaki da Khazar Khaganate. Kafin 'yan wasansa ba su iya tsayayya da irin wadannan makamai masu karfi kamar Semender, Sarkel, Itil. A 967, ya fara yakin Balkan. Svyatoslav ya mallaki yankuna a ƙananan Danube, ya kama Pereyaslav ya dasa mataimakinsa a can. A cikin yakin neman gaba na Balkans ya gudanar da mulki a kusan dukkanin Bulgaria. Amma a kan hanya zuwa gida, Pechenegs ya ci nasara da tawagar Svyatoslav, wadanda suke cikin rikici tare da Emperor of Byzantium. Grand Duke ya mutu a cikin jigilar.

Mulkin Vladimir mai Girma

Vladimir shi ne dan asalin Svyatoslav, tun da an haife shi ne daga Malusha, mai kula da gida na Princess Olga. Uba ya dasa mai girma mai mulki a kan kursiyin a Novgorod, amma a cikin rikice-rikice na jama'a ya gudanar ya kama kursiyin Kiev. Da yake ya zo da iko, Vladimir ya kaddamar da kula da yankuna kuma ya kori duk wani alamomin da ke cikin yankuna a ƙasashen masu kabilu. Ya kasance a ƙarƙashinsa cewa ƙungiyar ta Kievan Rus ta kasance a yankin.

A cikin ƙasashen da Vladimir suka haɗu sun kasance da yawa daga kabilu da kuma mutane. A karkashin irin wannan yanayi, yana da wahala ga mai mulki ya ci gaba da kasancewa mutuncin yankuna na jihar, ko da taimakon makamai. Wannan ya haifar da buƙatar yin nazari na akidar ilimin Vladimir don sarrafa dukan kabilan. Saboda haka, yarima ya yanke shawarar gyara fasikanci, sanya a Kiev, ba da nisa da wurin da manyan masarauta suke ba, gumakan da suka fi girmama Slavic.

Baftisma na Rus

Ƙoƙarin sake gyara fasikanci bai yi nasara ba. Bayan haka, Vladimir ya kira kansa shugabanni na kungiyoyi daban-daban na kabilanci, furta Islama, addinin Yahudanci, Kristanci, da dai sauransu. Bayan sun saurari shawarwarin da suke da su game da sabon addini, sarki ya tafi Byzantine Chersonese. Bayan yaƙin neman nasara, Vladimir ya sanar da nufinsa ya auri marigayi Dokta Byzantine, amma tun da yake ba zai yiwu ba, yayin da yake yin bautar gumaka, an yi masa baftisma. Komawa Kiev, gwamnan ya aika da manzanni a cikin birnin tare da umurni ga dukan mazauna a rana mai zuwa zuwa Dnieper. Ranar 19 ga watan Janairu, mutane 988 suka shiga kogi, inda suka yi musu baftisma da firistoci ta Byzantine. A gaskiya ma, baftismar da Rus ya tilasta.

Sabuwar bangaskiya ba ta zama kasa ɗaya ba. Na farko, Kiristanci ya kasance tare da mazauna manyan garuruwa, da kuma cikin majami'u har zuwa karni na XII. Akwai wurare na musamman don baftisma na manya.

Muhimmancin shelar Kristanci a matsayin addini na jihar

A tallafi na Kiristanci da babban tasiri a kan m ci gaban jihar. Da farko, wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa manyan 'yan Rasha sun ƙarfafa ikon su a kan kabilu da mutane. Abu na biyu, muhimmancin jihar a fagen duniya ya karu. Tsarin Kiristanci ya sa ya yiwu ya kafa dangantaka ta kusa da Daular Byzantine, Czech Republic, Poland, Gidan Jamus, Bulgaria da Roma. Har ila yau, ya ba da gudummawa ga cewa, Grand Dukes na Rus bai yi amfani da yakin basasa ba, a matsayin babbar hanya ta aiwatar da tsare-tsare na manufofin kasashen waje.

Mulkin Yaroslav Mai hikima

Yaroslav mai hikima ya haɗa Kievan Rus ƙarƙashin ikonsa a cikin 1036. Bayan shekaru da yawa na rikice-rikicen rikice-rikice, sabon mai mulki ya sake komawa a waɗannan ƙasashe. Ya yi nasara a sake dawo da biranen Cherven, ya kafa birnin Yuryev a Peipsi kuma daga bisani ya hallaka Pechenegs a 1037. Don girmama nasarar wannan ƙungiyar, Yaroslav ya umarci kafa babban haikalin - Sophia na Kiev.

Bugu da ƙari, shi ne na farko da ya tattaro tarin dokokin jihar - Pravda Yaroslav. Ya kamata a lura cewa a gaba gare shi shugabannin sarakuna na Rasha (Grand Dukes na Igor, Svyatoslav, Vladimir) sun tabbatar da ikon su tare da taimakon karfi, ba bisa doka da doka ba. Yaroslav ya shiga aikin gine-ginen (St. George's Monastery, St. Sophia Cathedral, Kiev-Pecherky Monastery) kuma ya goyi bayan ikon ikon shugabanci har yanzu rashin kungiyoyin coci. A shekara ta 1051, ya nada sahun farko na Rusich - Hilarion. A cikin iko, Grand Duke ya kasance shekara 37 da haihuwa kuma ya rasu a 1054.

Hukumar Yaroslavich

Bayan mutuwar Yaroslav mai hikima, manyan ƙasashe sun kasance a hannun 'ya'yansa na fari - Izyaslav, Svyatoslav da Vsevolod. Da farko, Grand Dukes ya yi mulki sosai a jihar. Sun samu nasarar yaki da ƙasashen Turkkan, amma a 1068 a kan kogin Alta sun sami nasara a yakin basasa tare da Polovtsians. Wannan ya haifar da cewa an fitar Izyaslav daga Kiev kuma ya gudu zuwa Sarkin Poland na Boleslaw II. A 1069, tare da taimakon sojojin Allied, ya sake zama babban birnin.

A cikin 1072, Grand Dukes Rus ya taru a Vechegorod Veche, inda aka yarda da shahararren sanannun dokokin Rasha "Pravda Yaroslavichy". Bayan haka, tsawon lokaci na yaƙe-yaƙe na gidacine ya fara. A cikin shekara ta 1078, Vsevolod ya zauna kursiyin Kiev. Bayan mutuwarsa a 1093, ya zo iko Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, da kuma 'ya'ya biyu maza, Vsevolod - Vladimir Monomakh da Rostislav - ya fara sarauta a Chernihiv da Pereyaslav.

Kwamitin Vladimir Monomakh

Bayan mutuwar Svyatopolk a 1113, Kievites sun gayyaci Vladimir Monomakh zuwa kursiyin. Ya ga babban manufar manufofinsa a cikin haɓaka ikon mulki da kuma ƙarfafa haɗin Rus. Don kafa dangantakar zaman lafiya tare da wasu manyan sarakuna, ya yi amfani da auren dadi. Ya yi godiya ga wannan manufar da aka yi a cikin gida inda ya gudanar da nasarar gudanar da mulkin kasar Rasha tsawon shekaru 12. Bugu da kari, auren daskararru ya haɗu da Kiev jihar da Byzantium, Norway, Ingila, Danmark, Gidan Jamus, Sweden da Hungary.

A karkashin Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh, babban birnin Rasha ya zauna, musamman ma an gina gada tsakanin Dnieper. Mai mulkin ya mutu a shekara ta 1125, bayan haka ya fara tsawon lokaci da ragowar jihar.

Grand Dukes na Tsohon Rus a cikin lokacin fragmentation

Menene ya faru gaba? A lokacin rikice-rikice na sararin samaniya, sarakunan zamanin Rasha sun canza kowane shekaru 6-8. The Grand Dukes (Kiev, Chernigov, Novgorod, Pereyaslav, Rostov-Suzdal, Smolensk) sun yi yaƙi domin babban kursiyin tare da makamai a hannunsu. Gwamnatin da ta fi tsayi a jihar shine Svyatoslav da Rurik, wanda ya kasance daga cikin dangi mafi rinjaye na Olgovichi da Rostislavovich.

A cikin Chernigov-Seversky mulki, ikon yana cikin hannun daular Olegovichy da Davidovich. Tun da yake waɗannan ƙasashe sun fi damuwa ga fadada masu aikin Polovtsians, shugabannin sun gudanar da yakin basasa ta hanyar kammala auren dadi.

Pereyaslavl sarauta , ko da a cikin tsawon fragmentation shi gaba daya dogara a kan Kiev. Mafi girma irin wadannan wurare an hade da sunan Vladimir Glebovich.

Ƙarfafa ikon mulkin Moscow

Bayan Kiev ki karbar babban rawa ke da Moscow sarauta. Shugabanninsa sun ba da lakabi, wadda aka yi wa tsohuwar Dukes na Rasha.

Ƙarfafa tsarin mulkin Moscow yana haɗuwa da sunan Daniyel (ɗan ƙarami na Alexander Nevsky). Ya mallaki garin Kolomna, Pereyaslavl da kuma Mozhaisk. A sakamakon yaduwar wannan karshen, wata hanya mai mahimmanciyar cinikayya da ruwa na kogi. Moscow yana cikin yankin Daniel.

Hukumar Ivan Kalita

A shekara ta 1325, Yarima Ivan Danilovich Kalita ya karbi iko. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Tver kuma ya mamaye ta, ta haka ne ya kawar da abokin gaba mai karfi. A shekara ta 1328 ya sami lambar yabo daga Mongol khan don sunan shugabancin Vladimir. A cikin mulkinsa, Moscow ya karfafa matsayinta a cikin yankin gabashin gabas. Bugu da ƙari, a wannan lokacin akwai wata ƙaƙƙarƙanci tsakanin Grand Duke da Ikilisiyar, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa wani yanki na tsakiya. Bitrus ya gina gidansa daga Vladimir zuwa Moscow, wanda ya zama cibiyar addini mafi muhimmanci.

A cikin dangantakarsa tare da Mongolian khans, Ivan Kalita ya bi da manufofin yin gyare-gyare da kuma dace da biya haraji. Tattalin kuɗi daga yawan jama'a an gudanar da shi sosai, wanda ya haifar da haɗakar dukiya a hannun mai mulki. A lokacin mulkin Kalita ne aka kafa tushen mulkin Moscow. Dansa Semyon ya riga ya dauki lakabin "Grand Duke na Rasha".

Ƙungiyar ƙasashe kusa da Moscow

A lokacin mulkin Kalita, Moscow ta sami damar farfadowa daga rikice-rikice na fadace-fadace na gida da kuma kafa harsashin ginin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki. Wannan iko ya goyi bayan da aka gina a 1367 na Kremlin, wanda shine sansanin soja na tsaro.

A tsakiyar karni na XIV. A cikin gwagwarmaya na rinjaye a cikin ƙasar Rasha, shugabannin kasashen Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod da Ryazan sun hada. Amma Tver ya kasance babban abokin gaba na Moscow. Masu adawa da manyan masu mulki suna neman taimako daga Mongol khan ko Lithuania.

Ƙungiyar ƙasashen Rasha da ke kusa da Moscow tana hade da sunan Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy, wanda ya kewaye Tver kuma ya sami karfin ikonsa.

Yakin Kulikovo

A rabi na biyu na karni na XIV. Shugabannin Rasha sun jagoranci dukkan sojojin su don yaki da Mongolian Khan Mamai. A lokacin rani na 1380 shi da dakarunsa sun kai kusa da iyakokin kudancin Ryazan. Ya bambanta, Dmitry Ivanovich ya kafa ƙungiya 120,000, wanda ya koma cikin jagorancin Don.
Ranar 8 ga watan Satumba, 1380, sojojin Rasha sun dauki matsayi a Kulikovo Field, kuma a wannan rana ne yaƙin yakin basasa ya faru - daya daga cikin manyan fadace-fadace a tarihi.

Rashin rinjaye na Mongol ya ci gaba da ragowar Golden Horde kuma ya karfafa muhimmancin Moscow a matsayin cibiyar cibiyar hadin kan ƙasashen Rasha.