Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky: tarihin rayuwa, ayyuka, tarihin rayuwa da kuma ambato

Writer, falsafa da mai jarida Nikolai Chernyshevsky ya shahara a lokacin da yake rayuwa a cikin masu karatu. Da zuwan gwamnatin Soviet, aikinsa (musamman rubutun "Me za a yi?") Ya zama littafi. Yau sunansa yana daya daga cikin alamomin wallafe-wallafe na Rasha a karni na sha tara.

Yara da matasa

Nikolai Chernyshevsky, wanda labarinsa ya fara ne a Saratov, an haife shi a cikin iyalin lardin lardin. Mahaifinsa kansa yana cikin ilimin yaro. Daga gare shi Chernyshevsky aka ba da addini, wanda ya ɓace a cikin shekaru dalibansa, lokacin da samari ya tafi da shi ta hanyar juyin juya halin ra'ayoyin. Tun da yara Kolenka karanta mai yawa da kuma haɗiye littafin don littafin, wanda ya mamaye kowa da kowa.

A 1843 ya shiga makarantar sakandare na Saratov, amma bai gama ba, ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar St. Petersburg. Chernyshevsky, wanda tarihinsa ya danganta da 'yan Adam, ya zaɓi Faculty of Philosophy.

A jami'a a nan gaba marubuci kafa ra'ayin siyasa. Ya zama dan gurguzu. Wadannan mambobin Irinarkh Vvedensky ne suka rinjayi akidarsa, wanda ɗalibin ya yi magana da jayayya da yawa. A lokaci guda kuma, ya fara aikinsa. Ayyukan farko na fasaha sune horarwa kawai kuma ba a buga su ba.

Malamin kuma jarida

Bayan samun ilimi, Chernyshevsky, wanda tarihinsa yanzu ya danganta da pedagogy, ya zama malami. Ya koyar a Saratov, sa'an nan kuma ya koma babban birnin. A wannan shekarun nan ya sadu da matarsa Olga Vasilyeva. An yi bikin aure a 1853.

Chernyshevsky ya fara aiki a matsayin mai jarida tare da St. Petersburg. A shekara ta 1853 ya fara bugawa cikin jaridu "Otechestvennye Zapiski" da "St. Petersburg Vedomosti." Amma akasarin haka, Nikolai Gavrilovich an san shi a matsayin memba na hukumar jarida ta Sovremennik. Akwai wasu da'irar marubuta, kowannensu ya kare matsayinsa.

Ayyukan aiki a yau

Nikolai Chernyshevsky, wanda labarinsa ya riga ya riga ya san shi a cikin mujallu na babban birnin kasar, ya fi kusa da Dobrolyubov da Nekrasov. Wadannan marubuta suna da sha'awar ra'ayin juyin juya hali, wanda suke so su bayyana a cikin zamani.

Bayan 'yan shekarun baya, tarzomar farar hula ta faru a Yammacin Turai, wanda ya yi yunkuri a fadin Rasha. Alal misali, a cikin Louis, sai bourgeoisie ya rushe Louis Philippe. Kuma a {asar Australiya, an gurfanar da hankalin {asar Hungary ne kawai bayan Nicholas na zo ga taimakon sarki, wanda ya aiko da dama ga tsarin Budapest. Tsar, wanda mulkinsa ya fara ne tare da kawar da tashin hankali na Decembrist, ya ji tsoron juyin juya hali kuma ya karfafa aikin kiristanci a Rasha.

Wannan ya haifar da damuwa ga 'yan sada zumunta a Sovremennik. Su (Ivan Turgenev, Vasily Botkin, Alexander Druzhinin da sauransu) ba ya so ya radicalize mujallar.

Ayyukan Chernyshevsky sun jawo hankalin jihar da kuma jami'an da ke da alhakin bincike. Wani abin da ya faru shi ne kare jama'a game da rubutun da aka yi a kan fasaha, wanda marubuta ya gabatar da jawabin juyin juya hali. A matsayin alamar zanga-zangar, Ministan Ilimi na Avraham Norov bai bada kyautar ga Nikolai Gavrilovich ba. Sai kawai bayan da ya maye gurbin shi a cikin wannan matsayi ta hanyar mafi kyawun Evangel Kovalevsky, marubucin ya zama mashahuriyar wallafe-wallafen Rasha.

Da ra'ayoyi na Chernyshevsky

Yana da muhimmanci a lura da wasu siffofi na ra'ayoyi na Chernyshevsky. Wadannan makarantu sun rinjayi su kamar yadda jari-hujja ta Faransa da Hegelianism. Lokacin da yake yaro, marubucin Kirista Kirista ne mai himma, amma a lokacin da yayi girma sai ya fara razanar da addini, da kuma liberalism da kuma bourgeoisie.

Musamman ma tashin hankali, ya yi amfani da serfdom. Ko da kafin an gabatar da Manifesto a kan Emancipation na Mazauna na Alexander II, marubuta a yawancin rubutun da rubutun sun bayyana fasalin sake makomar. Ya ba da shawarar matakan da suka dace, ciki har da canja wurin ƙasar zuwa ga ƙauyuka ba tare da dalili ba. Duk da haka, Manifesto ba shi da yawa a cikin waɗannan shirye-shirye. Tun da suka kafa fansa biya, wanda ya hana manoma su zama gaba daya free, Chernyshevsky kullum azaba da wannan daftarin aiki. Yanayin mutanen kasar Rasha, ya kwatanta da rayuwar baƙi a Amurka.

Chernyshevsky ya yi imanin cewa a cikin shekaru 20 ko 30 bayan sakin 'yan kasuwa na kasar za su kawar da aikin noma na jari-hujja, kuma zamantakewa zai zo tare da tsarin zamantakewar al'umma. Nikolai Gavrilovich ya yi kira ga samar da phalanstery - wuraren da mazaunan al'ummomi na gaba za su yi aiki tare don amfanin juna. Wannan aikin da aka utopian, shi ne ba abin mamaki ba, domin marubucin shi amsa Sharl Fure. Chernyshevsky ya bayyana fom din a cikin daya daga cikin surori na littafin nan Menene Zamu Yi?

"Land da Freedom"

Furofaganda na juyin juya halin ya ci gaba. Daya daga cikin masu son sa shi ne Nikolai Chernyshevsky. Bayanan ɗan gajeren labari na marubuta a cikin kowane littafi ya ƙunshi a kalla wata sakin layi game da gaskiyar cewa shi ya zama maƙasudin motsi mai suna "Land and Freedom". Wannan shi ne ainihin haka. A rabi na biyu na 50-cies Chernyshevsky ya fara farawa da Alexander Herzen. A jarida ya tafi gudun hijira saboda gwamnatin matsa lamba. A London, ya fara buga jaridar Likitan kasar Kolokol. Ya zama bakin bakina na masu juyi da 'yan gurguzu. An aika wa asirinsa asirin Rasha, inda lambobi suka shahara sosai a tsakanin ɗalibai masu ban mamaki.

An buga shi da Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky. Tarihin marubuta ya san kowane dan jarida a Rasha. A shekara ta 1861, tare da sa hannunsa (da kuma tasirin Herzen), Duniya da Freedom sun bayyana. Wannan motsi ya haɗu da yankuna goma sha biyu a cikin manyan garuruwan kasar. Ya ƙunshi marubuta, dalibai da wasu magoya bayan ra'ayoyin juyin juya hali. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa Chernyshevsky har ma ya gudanar ya jawo jami'ai a can, tare da wanda ya haɗi tare, ta hanyar bugawa cikin jaridu na soja.

'Yan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na farfaganda da kuma zargi na tsarist hukumomi. "Yin tafiya zuwa ga mutane" a cikin shekaru ya zama tarihin tarihi. Masu tayar da hankali, suna ƙoƙari su sami harshen na kowa tare da masarauta, sun kuma bayar da 'yan sanda. A tsawon shekaru, ra'ayoyin juyin juya hali ba su sami amsa a cikin talakawa ba, har yanzu akwai matakan da ke da matukar mahimmanci na masana'antu.

Riƙe

A tsawon lokaci, tarihin Chernyshevsky, a takaice, masu sha'awar jami'in binciken bincike. A kan batun "Bell" har ma ya tafi Herzen zuwa London, wanda, ba shakka, kawai ya ja hankalinsa sosai. Tun daga watan Satumba na shekara ta 1861, marubucin ya kasance karkashin kulawar sirri. An yi zargin shi ne da tsokanar da aka yi a kan hukumomi.

A Yuni 1862, aka kama Chernyshevsky. Ko da kafin wannan girgije girgijen ya fara tattara a kusa da shi. A watan Mayu, an rufe mujallar Sovremennik. An zargi mawallafi ne da yin rubutun da ake yi wa gwamnati, wadda ta kasance a hannun masu tayar da hankali. Har ila yau, 'yan sanda sun yi nasara, wajen magance wasikar Herzen, inda mai ba} in ciki ya ba da damar sake sake wallafa littafin "Contemporary", a London.

"Me zan yi?"

An gabatar da wanda aka tuhuma a sansanin Bitrus da Paul, inda ya kasance a lokacin bincike. Shekara guda da rabi da suka gabata. Da farko mawallafin ya yi ƙoƙarin nuna rashin amincewa akan kamawar. Ya bayyana irin wannan yunwa, wanda, duk da haka, bai canza matsayinsa ba a kowane hanya. A kwanakin da mutumin da aka kama ya karu, sai ya ɗauki alkalakinsa ya fara aiki a takarda. Saboda haka, littafin "Me za a yi?" An rubuta, wanda ya zama aikin da ya fi sanannun aikin da Chernyshevsky Nikolai Gavrilovich ya wallafa. Bayanan ɗan adam na wannan adadi, wanda aka buga a kowane kundin littafi, dole ne ya ƙunshi bayani game da wannan littafi.

An wallafa littafin ne a cikin sabon dakunan Sovremennik a cikin dakuna uku na 1863. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa baza'a iya bugawa ba. Asali na ainihi ya ɓace a titin St. Petersburg a lokacin sufuri zuwa ga ofishin edita. Takarda ya sami wani mai wucewa kuma kawai a kan ransa ya sake mayar da su zuwa "Contemporary". Nikolai Nekrasov, wanda ya yi aiki a can kuma ya yi hasara tare da hasara, ya kasance tare da farin ciki, lokacin da ya mayar da littafin.

Shari'a

A ƙarshe, a shekara ta 1864, an sanar da hukuncin da aka yi wa marubuta mai wallafa. Ya tafi hidima a Nerchinsk. Har ila yau, hukuncin ya ƙunshi wani sashi wanda Nikolai Gavrilovich yayi amfani da shi har tsawon rayuwarsa a cikin gudun hijira na har abada. Alexander II ya sauya tsawon aiki na tsawon shekaru 7. Menene kuma zai iya gaya mana Chernyshevsky's biography? A takaice dai, a cikin wani bayani, bari mu faɗi shekarun da malaman falsafa suke amfani da shi a cikin bauta. Tsarin yanayi mai saurin yanayi da yanayi mai tsanani ya tsananta lafiyarsa. Duk da wannan, marubuci ya zazzaga naƙudarta. Daga bisani ya zauna a garuruwan larduna, amma ba ya koma babban birnin.

Koda a cikin aiki mai wuya, mutane masu tunani kamar sunyi kokarin saki shi, wanda ya tsara wasu shirye-shiryen tserewa. Duk da haka, ba a taɓa aiwatar da su ba. Lokaci daga 1883 zuwa 1889, Nikolai Chernyshevsky (asalinsa ya ce wannan shi ne ƙarshen rayuwar dimokuradiyyar juyin juya hali) aka gudanar a Astrakhan. Ba da daɗewa ba kafin mutuwarsa, ya koma Saratov saboda godiya ga dansa.

Mutuwa da ma'ana

Oktoba 11, 1889 a garinsu ya mutu N. G. Chernyshevsky. Tarihin marubutan ya zama batun kwaikwayo na mabiyan da magoya bayansa.

Ka'idodin Soviet sun sanya shi a cikin layi tare da siffofin karni na XIX, waɗanda suka kasance wadanda suka kasance farkon juyin juya hali. Labarin "Me za a yi?" Ya zama abu mai mahimmanci na tsarin karatun makaranta. A cikin littattafan wallafe-wallafen zamani, wannan mahimmancin ana nazarin ne, amma yana da tsayi kadan.

A cikin aikin jarida na Rasha da aikin jarida akwai jerin jerin wadanda suka kafa wadannan sassan. Ya haɗa da Herzen, Belinsky da Chernyshevsky. Tarihi, taƙaitacciyar littattafan littattafai, da kuma tasiri akan tunanin jama'a - dukkanin waɗannan batutuwan suna binciken da marubuta a yau.

Citations of Chernyshevsky

An san marubutan don yaren da ya dace kuma yana iya yin amfani da kalmomi. Anan su ne mafi shahararrun sharuddan Chernyshevsky:

• Farin rai ba zai iya yiwuwa ba tare da farin ciki na wasu ba.
• Matashi - lokacin jin dadi na jin dadi.
• Labarun kimiyya na ceton mutane daga jahilci, da kuma m - daga lalata da lalata.
• Yi la'akari da haka don rinjaye a ƙarƙashin biyayya.
• Gaskiyar ita ce ikon iyawa; Hanyar da ba daidai ba ta rushe ƙarfin basira.