Yaƙin 1812. Tasirin motsa jiki (takaice)

A yaki babu bazuwar events. Duk abin da ke faruwa yana da mummunar sakamako. Amma akwai abubuwan da zasu iya canza yanayin tarihi. Tasirin Tarutino na sojojin Rasha a yakin 1812 yana daya daga cikin irin wadannan abubuwan. Ya zama karo na biyu bayan yakin Borodino kuma ya tilasta sojojin Napoleon su janye daga burinsa.

Yaƙin 1812

Ga dukan tarihin shekaru dubu, Rasha ta kare kansa daga abokan gaba da suke so su bautar da shi fiye da sau ɗaya. Tun farkon karni na XIX ba wani bane. Babban juyin juya hali na Faransanci, sa'an nan kuma zuwan iko a kasar Napoleon Bonaparte, wanda ya yi shelar kansa sarki, ya lalata dangantakar dake tsakaninsu tsakanin kasashen biyu. Rasha hukumomi a cikin mutum na Alexander da na ji tsõronku sakamakon abin da ya faru a lokacin da Faransa juyin juya halin a kan halin da ake ciki a Rasha Empire. Amma a ƙarshe dai dangantakar ta kasance ta ɓarna ta hanyar manufofin da Napoleon na fara yi da ƙasashen Turai, musamman Ingila, wanda shine tsohuwar dan uwan Rasha.

A karshen, Faransa ta ayyuka sun jagoranci wani yaki tare da Rasha, wanda shi ne a Rasha historiography aka kira yaki na 1812 shekara.

Dalilin rikici na soja

A shekara ta 1812, dukkanin kasashen Turai, sai dai tsohuwar abokan gaba na Faransa - Ingila, sun yi nasara da sojojin Napoleon. Daga sauran duniyoyin duniya, gwamnatin Rasha kawai ta ci gaba da biyan manufofi na ƙasashen waje, wanda bai dace da Sarkin Faransa ba. Bugu da} ari, {asar Rasha ta} ir} iro magungunan nahiyar, wadda ta amince da ita game da Ingila, a matsayin babbar yarjejeniyar Tilsit, tsakanin {asar Rasha da Faransa. Harin ya haifar da mummunar lalacewar tattalin arzikin kasar, don haka Rasha ta fara kasuwanci tare da Ingila ta hanyar jihohi. Duk da haka, shi ne ba ta keta sharuddan na nahiyar kawancen. Faransa ta yi fushi, amma ba ta iya bayyana rashin amincewa ba.

Rasha, ta hanyar manufofinta, ta hana mafarkin Napoleon daga mulkin duniya. Da farawa da yakinta, ya yi shiri a karo na farko da ya magance matsalolin rukuni na rukuni na Rasha sannan kuma ya fada wa Alexander I.

Hada dangantaka da sojojin

Rundunar Rasha ta karu daga mutane 480 zuwa 500, kuma Faransa - kusan 600,000. Irin wannan lambar, kamar yadda mafi yawan masana tarihi suka ce, kasashe biyu sun iya nunawa don gudanar da aikin soja. A cikin irin wannan matsala, sanin cewa Napoleon yana fatan ya gama kashe abokin gaba daya, jagoran rukuni na Rasha sun yanke shawarar kauce wa yaki mai karfi da abokan gaba a kowane hanya. Wannan dabarar ta yarda da Alexander I.

Yaƙin Borodino

Bisa ga shirin da aka amince da shi kada ya shiga yakin basasa tare da abokan gaba, bayan da aka mamaye Yuni 1812 na sojojin Napoleon, sojojin Rasha sun fara jinkirta, suna neman hada kai da juna. Ya yiwu a yi haka a karkashin Smolensk, inda Napoleon ya sake ƙoƙari ya ba da babbar nasara. Amma babban kwamandan sojojin Rasha, Barclay de Tolly, bai yarda da hakan ba, kuma ya jagoranci sojojin daga garin.

An ƙaddamar da yakin basasa a matsayin da shugaban jagoran ya zaba. A wannan lokacin, Mikhail Kutuzov ya karbi umarnin. An yanke shawarar yin yaki a kusa da Mozambique, a filin kusa da ƙauyen Borodino. Ga kuma akwai daya daga m canji a cikin shakka daga cikin yaki. Hanya na karshe na Tarutin zai canza tarihinsa.

Kodayake ba a samu nasarar yaƙin ba, kuma bangarorin biyu sun kasance a matsayinsu, sai ya yi asarar rayuka a kan sojojin Faransa, wanda Kutuzov ke so.

Majalisar a Fili da kuma isar Moscow

Bayan yakin Borodino, sojojin Rasha sun koma Mozambique. A nan, a garin kauyen Fili, Kutuzov ya gudanar da wani kwamandan soja, wanda zai yanke shawara game da mutuwar babban birnin kasar Rasha. Mafi rinjaye daga cikin jami'an sun kasance don ba da wani yaki a kusa da Moscow. Amma wasu janar din, wadanda suka yi la'akari da halin da ake fuskanta a gaba a ranar da suka wuce, sun yanke shawara don kare sojojin a lokacin da suka mika Moscow ga abokan gaba. Kutuzov ya ba da umarnin barin babban birnin.

Tarutinsky Maris-maneuver: kwanan wata da manyan mahalarta

Don gane muhimmancin da bala'i na halin da ake ciki, dole ne mutum ya fahimci haka: ba kafin faduwar babban birnin ba, sojojin sun ci gaba da yaki. Napoleon bai amince da cewa asarar Moscow ba zai tilasta Alexander In yi shawarwari ba, amma Rasha bata rasa komai ba tare da mika wuya ga makiya zuwa babban birnin kasar, mutuwar dakarun na nufin nasara ta ƙarshe.

Ga Napoleon tun daga farkon yakin Rasha, yana da muhimmanci a kawo karshen yaki a kan sojojin dakarun. Shugabannin rukuni na Rasha sunyi duk wani abu da zai yiwu don kaucewa wannan, yayin da sojojin suka kasance marasa daidaito.

Ta janye sojojin daga Moscow, Satumba 14 (New Style), Field Marshal aiko shi da Ryazan hanya, da farko zuwa ƙauyen na Red Pakhra, kuma daga baya ya zaɓi wurin da sojojin kauyen Tarutino. A nan sojojin Rasha sun karbi taƙaitaccen hutawa. Bugu da} ari, an ba sojojin da abinci da masu sa kai.

Shirye-shiryen shirin Kutuzov

Menene shirin Kutuzov? Tasirin Tarutino, wanda ya fara ranar 17 ga watan Satumba kuma ya ƙare a ranar 3 ga watan Oktoba, ya damu da Napoleon kuma ya ba sojojin Rasha damar yin hutawa. Dole ne mu boye kayanmu daga abokan gaba. A cikin aiwatar da wannan ra'ayin, mai goyon bayan Rasha da Cossacks suka taimaka. Za a iya taƙaita fassarar da aka yi a taƙaice kamar haka.

Ranar 14 ga watan Satumba, har zuwa maraice, lokacin da sojojin Napoleon suka shiga Moscow, yankunan karshe na rundunar Rasha a karkashin umurnin Janar Miloradovich sun bar ta. A irin wannan yanayi, sojojin Rasha, wadanda suka biyo baya daga sojan Faransa, sun ɓoye motsin su.

Kutuzov ya jagoranci sojojin a kan hanyar Ryazan, amma sai ya umarce shi ya juya zuwa Tsohon Kaluga. A nan ne fahimtar shirin don boye sojojin Rasha daga Napoleon ya fara - shahararren tasirin Tarutin na Kutuzov. Komawa ta hanyar sabon tafarki da kuma ketare Maskva River ya rufe ta bayan mai tsaron doki a karkashin umurnin Janar Vasilchikov, Raevsky da Miloradovich. Tsohon Faransanci na kallo kan hanyar wucewa na sojojin Rasha. Rundunar sojojin Rasha ta tashi tare da ginshiƙai guda biyu.

Bayan hayewar sojojin ya kara motsa jiki kuma ya rabu da Faransanci. Daga Raevsky daga cikin gawawwakin sun kone dukan gadoji a kan gicciye. A ranar 17 ga watan Satumba, an samu nasarar aiwatar da aikin Tarutino na sojojin Rasha.

Rufin rufewa

Bai isa ya guje wa tsananta wa Faransa ba. Napoleon nan da nan bayan ya isa Moscow ya aika da mafi kyawun marshal Murat don neman sojojin Rasha. Magajin Rasha na Raevsky da Miloradovich, da magunguna na Cossacks, sun haifar da bayyanar da sojojin suka gudu zuwa Ryazan, suka ɓad da Napoleon. Sun gudanar da su gaba daya suna watsi da Faransanci game da wurin rukuni na Rasha a kwanakin da suka dace da Kutuzov. A wannan lokacin, sai ta isa kauyen Tarutino kuma ta yi sansani a can domin hutawa. Don haka kyakkyawar shirin Kutuzov ne.

Rundunar sojojin da mazaunan kauyuka da ƙauyuka da ke kewaye da su sun taimaka wajen janyewar. Sun shirya ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, tare da Cossacks, suka kai hari ga faransanci na Faransa, wanda ya kawo mummunar lalacewa a kansu.

Tarutinsky yaki

Kusan makonni biyu, Napoleon bai san inda sojojin Rasha suke ba, har sai jikin Murat ya gano shi. Ana amfani da wannan lokaci tare da iyakar amfani. Sojojin sun sami hutu na daɗewa, an ba da abinci, an sake dawo da su. Daga Tula sun karbi makaman makamai, da kuma sauran larduna, ta hanyar umurnin kwamandan babban kwamandan, sunyi aikin samar da kayan ado na hunturu don sojojin.

A lokaci guda, rundunar Kutuzov ta rufe hanyoyi zuwa kudancin kudancin lardin da Tula tare da masana'antun soji. Kasancewa a baya na sojojin Faransa, Kutuzov ya fuskanci mummunan barazana.

Rundunar Napoleon ta kasance a cikin Moscow ta ainihi tarko. Hanyar zuwa ga kudancin kudancin larduna an rufe ta da karfi sojojin Rasha, kuma a gaskiya riƙi a cikin zobe by ƙungiyoyin 'yan gudun hijirar na Cossacks da mutanen ƙasar.

24 ga watan Satumba, Murat ya gano wurin da sojojin Rasha suka dauka kuma ya tsaya a kusa da sansani don kallo kan kogin Chernishnev. Ƙarfin sojojinsa kusan kimanin mutane 27 ne.

A farkon Oktoba, Napoleon yayi kokari ya shiga tattaunawa tare da Kutuzov, amma ya ki shi. An yanke shawarar kai hari ga kungiyar Murat, domin, a cewar rahotanni na 'yan kungiyar, ba shi da ƙarfin zuciya. Ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba, sojojin Rasha sun kai farmaki a sansanonin Faransa. Ba zai yiwu a kayar da dukan sojojin Murat ba, sai ya gudanar da shirin tsarawa. Amma yakin Tarutinsky ya nuna cewa sojojin Rasha sun kara karfi kuma yanzu suna fuskantar barazana ga abokan gaba.

Ma'anar Tarutinsky Maris

Tasirin Tarutino na 1812, wanda Kutuzov ya yi tare da taimakonsa tare da taimakon manyan kwamandansa da manyan jami'ansa, ya yi nasara a kan nasara a kan mahayin. Bayan da ya yi nasarar tserewa daga abokan gaba kuma ya samu nasara a makonni da yawa, sojojin Rasha sun karbi hutawa, makamai, kayayyaki da kayan aiki. Har ila yau, sojojin sun cika da sabon tsari, wanda ya kai fiye da mutane dubu dari.

Yankin da aka zaba musamman na sansanin Rasha bai yarda Napoleon ya ci gaba da aikata mummunan aiki ba kuma ya tilasta sojojin Faransanci su bar hanyar Smolensk ta tsohuwar hanya, wanda ya jagoranci ta cikin yankunan da aka kama.