Liberation of Koenigsberg daga Nazis a WWII: kwanan wata, mahalarta. Yaƙe-yaƙe don 'yanci na Koenigsberg, wane irin gaba ne? Medal don 'yanci na Koenigsberg

Harkokin 'yanci na Koenigsberg daga masu fascist sun zama daya daga cikin manyan ayyukan da rundunar ta Red Army ta yi a yankin da ke cikin Jamus. Daga sakamakonsa, duk ayyukan da abokan gaba suka yi a gaba sun dogara ne akan sake dawo da Turai daga Nazism a hanyoyi da dama. Saboda haka, 'yanci na Koenigsberg na da muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin jerin rukunin nasara na sojojinmu. Kuma da alama shi ne batu cewa, birnin da kewaye yankin, jim kadan bayan rushewar da Nazi gwamnatin, da aka kafa a cikin tarayyar Soviet.

A Brief History of Gabashin Gabatarwa

Duniya Gabas Prussia, da zarar mallakar kabilar Baltic Prussians, tun da XII karni an hõre aiki Jamus soja mulkin mallaka. Sa'an nan kuma ya tashi daga cikin mayaƙan na Teutonic Order, wanda kusan an kawar da shi gaba daya da kuma sace jama'a da kuma sanya barazana ga Poland, Lithuania da Rasha.

Birnin Koenigsberg, wanda aka fi sani da Twangste, ya karbi sunansa a cikin 1255 don girmama Czech Czech Przemysl Ottokar II.

A cikin karni na 15, Babban Jami'ar karshe na dangin Hohenzollern ya kafa dangin Prussia a wadannan ƙasashe, wanda ya hada da ƙungiyar mutum tare da Elector of Brandenburg. An kira wannan jihohin mulkin Prussia, kuma ƙasashen da ke tsaye a kan Teutonic Order, tare da babban birninsa a Koenigsberg, ya fara kiransu Gabas ta Gabas.

Daga baya, wadannan yankuna da aka alaka a jerin a Jamus Empire, da Weimar Jamhuriyar kuma Uku Reich.

Yaƙe-yaƙe a kan Soviet-Jamus Front

A shekara ta 1944, an tilasta dakarun sojin Jamus na tilasta su fita daga yankin na USSR yayin yakin basasa. Yanci daga ƙasashen gabas da tsakiyar Turai daga Nazism ya fara. Sojojin Soviet sun kai tsaye zuwa yankin Jamus, musamman zuwa Gabas ta Gabas.

Ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 1945, sojojin Soviet suka kaddamar da aikin Prussian Gabas. Sojoji na 2 na Belorussian Front, karkashin jagorancin Marshal Rokossovsky, 3 na Belorussian Front karkashin umurnin Janar Chernyakhovsky sannan Marshal Vasilevsky, da kuma Baltic Front da Janar Baghramyan ya jagoranci. Aikin sojojin ƙasa daga teku ya rufe jirgin ruwa Baltic karkashin jagorancin Janar Tributes. Yawan yawan sojoji a wannan hanya sun wuce mutane miliyan 1.6.

Sojojin Soviet sun yi tsayayya da kungiyar "Cibiyar" da "Arewa" karkashin jagorancin, na Colonels-General G. Reinhardt da L. Rendulich. Sun hada da kimanin mutane 580,000.

A lokacin da aka yi aiki mai tsanani, kungiyar Red Army ta yi nasara sosai, da dama da muhimman wuraren da suka shafi mahimmanci da birane. Amma mabuɗin duk Gabashin Prussia shi ne babban Koenigsberg.

Ta haka ne, yaƙin da ya kasance mai girma. Yanci na Koenigsberg ya zama daya daga cikin matakai masu mahimmanci.

Ana shirya Jamus don Tsaro

Da zarar ya bayyana cewa yakin basasa na Koenigsberg zai fara, da umarnin Jamus ya ba da umarnin ƙarfafa ƙarfin garin da ba shi da karfin gaske. Sun fara gina barricades.

Ƙara ƙarfin ƙarfafawa na gari, wanda ya kunshi nau'i uku da aka gina a cikin lokaci daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, Koenigsberg yana da layin kariya na waje da kuma babban ɗakin ginin.

An kuma gudanar da aikin na sake dawowa bayan da aka lalace, wanda, saboda harin bom na Birtaniya, ya samu daga Koenigsberg (1944). Tsarin 'yanci na gari ya yi alkawarin zama matukar wuya.

Ƙungiyoyin na jam'iyyun

An sami 'yanci na Koenigsberg daga Nazis ta hanyar nasarar da aka gudanar karkashin umurnin Marshal Vasilevsky. Ya kuma kasance ƙarƙashin raka'a da Janar Baghramyan ya umarta. Babban jirgin saman jirgin sama Novikov ya umarce shi daga sama. Sakamakon ayyukansu ne wanda ya tabbatar da 'yanci na Koenigsberg. Wace gaba ce ke da alhakin wannan aiki? Yawancin mutanen da ke da hannu a ciki shi ne Belarussian na 3, wanda ya hada da Baltic na farko.

Jimillar sojojin Soviet da suka shiga aiki sun kai 137,000 maza. Bugu da kari, akwai jiragen sama 2,174 da tankuna 538.

Kwanan baya, Wehrmacht Janar Otto von Liash ya jagoranci tsaron Koenigsberg. A hannunsa akwai sojoji dubu 130, wanda ba shi da yawa fiye da yawan masu adawa da Soviet. Amma a cikin tankuna da jiragen sama, sojojin Jamus a wannan yanki na da muhimmanci. Ta na da, 108, da 170 kayan aiki.

Saboda haka, tare da daidaita daidaito tsakanin ma'aikata a cikin wannan yanki, sojojin Soviet sun yi tsayin daka a kan fasaha kan sojojin Wehrmacht. Wannan kuma ya nuna mummunan bambancin tsakanin halin da ake ciki a farkon yakin da halin da ya faru da 1945.

A ewa na aiki

Kafin 'yantar da Koenigsberg, sojan Soviet sun yi bore a kan makamai masu karfi na abokan gaba. Wannan ya ɗauki kusan dukkanin makon farko na Afrilu. Bugu da} ari, an yi amfani da jiragen saman iska, ta hanyar jirgin sama na jiragen samanmu, game da manufofin da ke cikin gari. Amma duk da haka, bayanan bom din bai kasance ba da lalacewa fiye da bombardment na Birtaniya, wanda ya faru a cikin 1944.

Daga bisani, Jamus sun yi ƙoƙarin ƙoƙarin ƙoƙari su kulle dukkan raguwa a cikin tsaro, da ɗakunan Soviet suka keta.

Jagoran shugaban Wehrmacht ya fahimci cewa idan dakarunsa ba su kare kowane bangare na kasa zuwa karshe na jini ba, ga jarumi na ƙarshe, kwanakin Ra'ayoyin Na uku an ƙidaya. Amma, kamar yadda muka sani daga tarihin, har ma da ba da kyauta na sadaukar da kai ga sojojin Jamus na yau da kullum ba za su iya ceton wannan na'ura na kisan gillar da kuma kisa daga hallaka ba.

Cutar da birnin

Sa'an nan, kai tsaye, da 'yanci na Koenigsberg ya fara. Ranar Afrilu 6, 1945 ne farkonsa.

An kashe wannan fashewar daga arewa da kudancin birnin. Ranar, kamar yadda ya saba, ya fara ne tare da murkushe matsayi na abokan gaba. Kusa da karfe goma sha biyu a cikin shaguna da na soja sun ci gaba da yin hakan. Wani muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aiki an sanya shi ne zuwa kungiyoyi masu tayar da kayar baya, wanda ya ba da babbar gudummawa wajen samun 'yancinta na Koenigsberg (1945).

'Yan Jamus sun yi tsayayya sosai, amma sojojin Soviet sun rushe garkuwar tsaro daya bayan wani. An kama tashar jirgin kasa da tashar jiragen ruwa. A kan tayin mika wuya, sojojin Wehrmacht sun amsa tare da rashin amincewarsu. An yi ƙoƙari don tsara wani tsari mai banƙyama, amma sojojin Soviet sun karbi raƙuman Jamus da suke so su fassara wannan shirin zuwa gaskiya.

A ƙarshe, ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1945, Janar Otto von Lyash, bayan da ya fahimci rashin amfani da juriya, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, kuma ya umarci dukkan dakarun da ke ƙarƙashin umurninsa ya ajiye makamai. Kashe birnin daga mayakan Wehrmacht wanda bai yi biyayya da umarnin da aka ci gaba ba har sai gobe.

Don haka akwai 'yanci na Koenigsberg. An bai wa sojojin Soviet da jinin jini kadan, amma wannan ba ta da wata ma'ana daga muhimmancin wannan taron a cikin tsarin War Warrior musamman da kuma yakin duniya na biyu a matsayinsa.

Rushewar ƙungiyoyin

Yayin da ake gudanar da aikin ceto na birnin Konigsberg, an kashe sojoji 42,000 a Jamus, kimanin 92,000 aka kama su. Bugu da} ari, sojojin Soviet sun karbi makamai, watau: dubu biyu na manyan bindigogi, da injunan jirgin sama 128 da 1652.

Daga cikin 'yan Soviet dakarun da suka rasa rayukansu sun kasance mafi ƙanƙanci, sun kai kimanin mutane 3,200 da aka kashe. Wannan ya nuna cewa janar dinmu sun koyi nasara ba saboda karfin sojojin da kuma yawan mutanen da suka mutu, kamar yadda lamarin ya faru a farkon yakin, amma saboda kasancewar wani shiri mai ban mamaki. Wannan hujja ta nuna Red Army daga sabon filin wasa.

Ga mazaunan Koenigsberg kanta, halin da ake ciki duba sosai mafi muni. 80% na birnin da aka kusan hallaka a lokacin harin, da kuma bombardments daga sama, ciki har da waɗanda suka yi da Royal Air Force na Birtaniya a 1944. Daga cikin mutane 316,000 na mazaunan Koenigsberg a farkon yakin, bayan da aka kai hare-haren a cikin birnin akwai kawai 200,000, kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka tura su zuwa wasu ƙasashe.

Darajar aiki

Sakamakon 'yanci na Koenigsberg a yakin duniya na biyu ya sanya yiwuwar samar da matashi don ci gaba da sojan Soviet. Ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu, an ci nasara ta karshe na sojojin soja na Jamus a yankin - Zakarun yankin Zemland. A wannan aikin gabas na Prussian an kammala kammala.

Sauran abubuwan da suka faru sune sananne ne ga kowa da kowa: ci gaba da mummunar tashin hankali, harin da aka yi a Berlin, Hitler da kansa da kuma mika wuya ga Jamus a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 1945. Hakika, don cimma wannan sakamakon, shan daya daga Königsberg bai isa ba, amma wannan taron - wani cancanci mahada a cikin jerin nasarori a matsayin Battle of Stalingrad, yakin da Kursk kumbura , kuma ta Allied saukowa a Normandy.

An nuna muhimmancin da mahimmanci na nasara a Koenigsberg don Soviet Army da gaskiyar cewa a lokacin da ake yi a Moscow an yi amfani da volleyball na 324 a can. Bugu da ƙari, an kafa lambar zinare ta musamman don ci gaba da tunawa da wannan nasarar da aka yi na sojojinmu, wanda zamu tattauna akan ƙarin bayani a kasa.

Kaliningrad ne birnin Rasha

Ƙarin ci gaba na gari yana da kyau sananne. Koenigsberg a 1946 an sake masa suna Kaliningrad, don girmama shugaban jam'iyyar mai suna M. I. Kalinin a wannan shekara, kuma an hada shi tare da wani ɓangare na Gabas ta Tsakiya a farkon RSFSR, da kuma bayan faduwar USSR - cikin Rasha. Yawancin mutanen Jamus na yankin sun tura Jamus. Yankin, yanzu da ake kira Kaliningrad, mazauna daga wasu yankuna na USSR, sun fi zama a cikin RSFSR, da kuma SSR da Ukrainian SSR. An sake gina birnin Kaliningrad sosai da sauri, mutane daga ko'ina cikin tarayya sun shiga cikin kawar da lalacewar da yaki ya haifar.

A halin yanzu yankin Kaliningrad yana da manyan masana'antu da kuma yanki na Rasha. An gina gine-ginen injuna da gyaran jirgi. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin gine-ginen gine-gine, a halin yanzu akwai kananan shaida na tsohon rinjaye na Jamus a yankin.

Medal "Don kama Koenigsberg"

Tuni watanni biyu bayan da sojojin Soviet suka kama birnin, dokar da gwamnatin Amurka ta bayar ya kafa lambar yabo don 'yanci na Koenigsberg. An gabatar da shi ne don ci gaba da yin amfani da mayakan. Bayar da wannan bambanci ya kasance a kan sakin Koenigsberg, daga Janairu 23 zuwa Afrilu 10, 1945 a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin gabashin Prussian a cikin hadarin birnin.

An karbi lambar yabo daga tagulla. Ya kasance siffar tsararraki. A gaban gefe da rubutu "Domin kama Koenigsberg" an kwashe shi. A sama shine tauraron, kuma a ƙasa akwai reshe laurel. A gefen baya ita ce ranar da aka saki Koenigsberg a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1945. Kwanan wannan nauyin nono shine 32 mm.

Wannan lambar ya kasance a kan kirji, bayan alamar bambanci don kama Budapest da kuma kafin lamuni don kama Vienna. Wato, a wannan yanayin, ana kiyaye ka'idodin tarihin lokaci.

Jerin masu lashe lambar yabo na masu zama a cikin 'yanci na Koenigsberg

Tun lokacin da aka kafa mayakan da dama sun karbi lambar yabo don 'yanci na Koenigsberg. Jerin masu goyon baya ga duk lokacin ya wuce mutane dubu 760.

Yawancin mayakan yanzu ba su tuna da suna. Amma tsakanin samu lambar yabo a gasar kasance sanannun mutane, kamar Baykov Evgeniy Grigorevich (Saje), Lapidus Viktor Lvovich (Laftanar Kanar) Neplyuev Valentina Fyodorovna (Saje), Rozhin Ivan Maksimovic (Saje), Statsenko Ivan Denisovich (Na biyu Lieutenant), Triniti Viktor Pavlovich (Sergeant), Khudyakov Nikolai Vasilyevich (corporal), Yanovsky Petr Grigoryevich (marubucin colonel), Mashanov Ivan Savvateevich (foreman). Sakamakon 'yanci na Koenigsberg daga 1944-1945 shine kasuwanci na kowannensu. Jinin da goge daga cikin wadannan mayakan sun yada matakan gabashin Prussia. Kowannensu ya shiga cikin 'yanci na Koenigsberg.

Rashin amfani da wadannan mayakan, da dubban dubban wadanda ba zamu iya ambata a nan ba, yana da matukar muhimmanci. Madallan Liberation na Koenigsberg ne kawai karamin ɓangare na lambar yabo cewa waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe sun cancanci, a kan kudin da suka shafi lafiyarsu da rayuwa, wanda ya cika wajibi ne ga Ƙasar.

A halin yanzu, ba'a biya wannan bambanci saboda dalilai na asali ba.

Sakamako

Daya daga cikin mahimman lokutan ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu shi ne 'yantar da Koenigsberg. Wane nau'i na gaba ga yakin basasa ya faru a ƙasashen gabas ta Prussia! Kuma a lokaci guda Konigsberg aiki ne misali mafi kyau na yadda za tare da kalla asarar ma'aikata yiwu kama wani da-birni mai garu.

Wannan nasara ne na Soviet Army wanda ya zama babban abu a cikin dukan gabashin Prussian aiki kuma ya ba da hanya ba tare da wata hanya zuwa Berlin. Bugu da} ari, nasarar da aka yi, a Koenigsberg, ya amince a nan gaba, ya ha] a da garin da yankunan da ke kusa da su, a {asar Rasha, wa] anda yankin Kaliningrad ke da muhimmanci a yau.

Kuma, hakika, ba a manta da irin batutuwa da dubban dubban mayakan da suka zub da jininsu a yayin harin a Koenigsberg ba. Babban sadaukarwa za su tuna da su kullum ta Arewa.