Me kasance na farko da kwakwalwa

A tarihin dan Adam da aka inextricably nasaba da kimiyya da fasaha gaba. A jari na ilmi, halittar daban-daban sunadaran, na'urorin da tsarin kamar yadda wani tutu amfani da ra'ayin akai so zuwa sauƙaƙe nauyi jiki da kuma na yau da kullum aikin mutum.

Hankali na bincike zukatan ir ba kare matsalar na gudanarwa da hadaddun ilmin lissafi lissafin. Idan muka yi la'akari da Kalmar "kwamfuta" a asalin siffan (English "kwamfuta" -. "Kalkaleta"), da search for da kafofin na da ya faru ya zama a zamanin da. Ba haka mamaki a lokacin da daya ta tuna da farko kwakwalwa, ambatawa abacus na d ¯ a Babila (3000 BC), kasar Sin suanpan (500 BC), kuma Greek astronomical kalkuleta cewa aiki tare da giya, ya mafi sani da "Antikythera inji" (87 BC).

Ci gaba countable jerin daban-daban inji na'urorin, ba a ma maganar 13-bit kububuwa Leonardo Vinci (1492), Rasha goma lambar abacus karni na sha shida, "ya yi ĩmãni" sa'o'i Vilgelma Shikkarda (1623) da kuma sauran abubuwan al'ajabi da dabaru na lokaci.

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da sabuwar dabara Joseph Mari Zhakkar a 1801. Ya iya koyi da aiki da loom bisa ga shirin da ke rubuce a kan wani sa na ƙulli cards. Da zuwan wannan fasahar mu'ujiza inji na'urar da shi matso kusa da hankali zuwa ga zamani definition na kwamfuta matsayin na'urar abin da yake iya daidai qaddara jerin ayyukan a kan aikin shirin.

Ko da yake inji sarrafa kwamfuta na'urorin ne cikakken saukar duk ainihin abubuwan da definition na kwamfuta, ba shakka, muna da sha'awar a farko kwakwalwa ta amfani da lantarki ci gaba. Sa'an nan sũ, sun kasance a cikin ƙasa kira a kwamfuta, da kuma a duniya da suka da aka sani da farko-tsara kwakwalwa.

Lantarki fitilar ya zama wata babbar bijiro da batun kafa kashi ga halittar cikakken fledged tsarin lantarki. A farko kwakwalwa da aka halitta a tsakiyar karni na karshe, sun musamman amfani da tsauraran matakan, m da kuma samar da makamashi mai inganci. Duk yunkurin haifar da wani cikakken lantarki kwakwalwa a Labs a kan babbar sha'awa zo ga ƙarshe kawai da zuwan gwaji ci gaba, wanda ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin shirye-shiryen da msar tambayar dandali na nan gaba na kwamfuta albarku.

Yana kawai don haka ya faru da cewa kawai yankin na samarwa, wanda ba a dauke su da wani kashe kudi a kan ta ci gaba - yana da soja-masana'antu kansu. Babu shakka, domin wannan dalilin, da farko kwakwalwa a lokaci daya "sa epaulets."

A farkon 1943, domin da bukatun da Amurka Navy aka halitta da aka samu nasarar gwada lantarki inji Mark Na, shi an halicce shi da manufar samar da hadaddun ballistic lissafin. Kuma a karshen wannan shekara, Birtaniya manufa ta musamman kwamfuta Colossus fara decipher da Jamusanci m rahotanni. Za mu iya cewa da farko kwamfuta a duniya ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kashi na Nazi Jamus.

A kadan daga baya, a shekarar 1944, akwai wani da sauri inji cikin Z4, Konrad Tsuze ta mahalicci ba kawai cika da kayan aiki, amma kuma ya zama na farko developer na high-matakin harshen shirye-shirye plankalkül.

A shekarar 1946 a kan tushen da data kasance ilmi da ci gaba, akwai na farko a duniya a ENIAC kwamfuta. Samar da farko m kwamfuta da aka jinkirta har sai 1950. Kawai shekaru goma bayan nasara ci gaban mu Yammacin abokan aiki Lebedev artist wanda ya yi aiki a Kiev, ya gina na farko Soviet lantarki kwakwalwa.