Melanoma: Mene ne wannan? Bayyanar cututtuka da cutar, yin rigakafi da magani daga melanoma

Melanoma - Abin da yake da shi? Da farko, shi ne mai hatsari da irin fata ciwon daji. Yana tasowa a cikin sel (melanocytes) alhakin melanin - da pigment imparting wani launin fata. A wasu lokuta, melanoma iya faruwa a cikin idanu, har ma da kayan ciki - kamar a cikin hanji, esophagus ko a cikin urinary fili.

A daidai hanyar ciwon daji ya zauna ba a sani ba, duk da haka, ya tabbatar da cewa da tasiri na ultraviolet radiation tare da wani dogon zaman a rana, ko a cikin wani tanning gado na taimaka wa ci gaban da fata ciwon daji. Haka kuma, hadarin an rage ta iyakance zama lokaci na hasken rana kai tsaye ko wasu kafofin na ultraviolet radiation.

Cancer ne sau da yawa bincikar lafiya a kan net kuma a fili lafiya yankunan. Ba ko da yaushe na tasowa melanoma fata moles.

Photo: da farko na ciwon daji.

Bisa kididdigar da, mafi yawan fata melanoma da aka cuta a mutane a kan shekaru 40, yafi a mata. Ilimi na farko bayyanar cututtuka da ciwon daji na taimaka wa farkon ganewa na cuta, kuma farkon magani. Yana yiwuwa a gaba daya kashe melanoma bayar farkon ganewar asali da kuma hana yaduwa pathologies.

cututtuka

Wannan irin ciwon daji rinjayar duk yankunan da fata. Yawancin lokaci, sashi na jiki shafa, da mafi fallasa zuwa hasken rana: baya, kafafu, hannaye, da kuma fuska.

Ya kamata a tuna cewa melanoma iya faruwa a cikin mafi m wurare, kamar a kan tafin kafa, dabino, ƙusa gadaje. Wadannan boye marurai kamu mafi sau da yawa a cikin mutane tare da duhu ko tanned fata.

Daga cikin farko alamun cutar sun hada da:

• Canje-canje a data kasance moles.
• Da ya faru na pigmented ko sabon abu-neman growths a kan fata.

al'ada moles

Healthy moles ne yawanci a uniform launi - m, launin ruwan kasa, ko baki. Bã su da hujjõji iyakoki raba su daga sauran fata. A siffar - m ko zagaye, da kuma size ne yawanci ba fiye da shida millimeters a diamita (as zagaye magogi a kan tip wani fensir).

Mafi yawan mutane a jiki, akwai tsakanin 10 zuwa 45 nevi, da yawa bayyana ne kawai a cikin shekaru 50. Duk da haka, al'ada moles iya canzawa tare da lokaci a fili, da kuma wasu ma bace tare da shekaru.

Atypical pigmented aibobi

Ga sabon abu moles iya bace melanoma (photo), da farko na da wuya Yanã da ake zargi da marasa lafiya.

Gargajiya na farko ganewar asali da wannan cuta rage tsawon as "ABCDE" na nufin:

• A: asymmetrical siffar. Ya kamata mu biya musamman da hankali ga m-dimbin yawa tawadar Allah. Kamar yadda wani janar mulki, idan kun wajen tunani da raba su a cikin rabin, sakamakon halves zai zama sosai daban-daban daga juna.
• B: sababbu kan iyakoki. Domin ƙari halayyar kwana undulating ko serrated kwane-kwane.
• C: canje-canje a cikin launi. Hadari marurai, wanda ya hada da dama launuka ko daban-daban inuwõyinta suna kusa, m rarraba.
• D: diamita. Moles na diamita mafi girma daga shida millimeters iya zama melanoma (photo). A farko ana halin da karuwa a cikin adadin shi.
• E: Juyin Halitta (canji). Wajibi ne a kiyaye canje-canje da suka faru a kan lokaci, musamman idan da mole tsiro a size ko canza launi ko siffar. A hira kuma iya nufin bayyanar da sabon cututtuka. Saboda haka, mahaukaci mole farawa zuwa ƙaiƙayi, ko jinni.

Cancerous (m) nevi ne sosai bambancin. Ga wasu halayyar duk na sama bayyanar cututtuka, yayin da wasu evince kawai daya ko biyu ãyõyin Pathology.

boye ciwon daji

Melanoma sau da yawa tasowa a kan yankunan da na jiki, shigarsu kadan hasken rana. Wannan shi ne yankin tsakanin da yatsun kafa, dabino, tafin kafa, fatar kan mutum, al'aurar. Wadannan siffofin maruran wani lokaci ana kiransu boye saboda da suka faru a cikin kalla hankula wurare. Lokacin da ciwon daji da aka gano cutar a duhu-skinned marasa lafiya, shi kusan ko da yaushe dai itace ya zama mai boye melanoma.

Photo: da farko na melanoma yatsun kafa.

Irin wannan marurai za a iya gano:

• Acral lentiginous melanoma - abin da yake da shi? Wannan shi ne m nau'i na cutar daji da cewa tasowa a karkashin ƙusa a kan wani yatsa ko kafana. Haka kuma an samu a cikin tafin kafa da ganyayen dabino cikin hannuwansu, mafi sau da yawa - a} en fata da kuma sauran mutane da duhu kama.
• A bakin, narkewa kamar fili, urinary fili ko farji. Wannan irin melanoma rinjayar da mucous membranes. A irin haka ne musamman wuya yin wani cikakken ganewar asali, kamar yadda bayyanar cututtuka da ciwon daji na fata a irin wannan wuraren ne ba daban-daban daga cikin cututtuka da sauran, ya fi yawa cututtuka.
• A cikin idanu. Wannan m melanoma mafi sau da yawa rinjayar da uvea - Layer kawai a kasa da sclera (Tunica). A ƙari sa na gani hanawa da kuma sau da yawa samu a lokacin dubawa a ophthalmologist.

Ya kamata ya zama maza maza tuntubar likita idan kun lura da m canje-canje a cikin fata, ko cikin bayyanar sabon abu neoplasms.

dalilai

Melanoma auku saboda take hakkin da tsarin melanocytes. A wani m mutum da irin wannan Kwayoyin ci gaba a cikin wani ma'ana a fashion, sabon maye gurbin tsohon da fata surface, inda suka mutu da kuma ƙarshe kwasfa kashe. Duk da haka, wani lokacin wasu Kwayoyin disrupted tsarin da DNA - su gushe ku yi ɗã'a ga zaman yau da kullum na yau da kullum da kuma a kan lokaci samar da wani tari na cutar kansa.

Shi ne har yanzu ba a sani ba abin da lalacewar da DNA a fata Kwayoyin, kuma me ya sa saboda wannan, akwai wani melanoma. Mẽne ne - a kayyade predisposition, ko da wani dukan kewayon dalilai, ciki har da muhalli da kuma kayyade? Duk abin da ya, da likitoci suka ce cewa primary hanyar ciwon daji - daukan hotuna zuwa hasken rana da kuma tanning gyaran gashi kayan aiki.

Duk da haka, riskar hasken ultraviolet ba duk siffofin maruran. Evidence wannan ne zargin pathologies a boye yankunan na jiki daga rana (ga. Photo melanomas). Wannan yana nufin cewa Sanadin cutar na iya zama, da sauran al'amura.

hadarin dalilai

Hadarin dalilai sun hada da:

• Light fata. Karamin da pigment a cikin epidermis (melanin), da weaker da na halitta da kariya a kan cutarwa ultraviolet radiation. Idan kana da farin gashi ko ja gashi, freckles, kuma da hali to da sauri a ƙone a cikin rana, kai ne a hadarin. Duk da haka, melanoma da aka cuta a mutane da duhu fatar jiki, ciki har da wakilan da Negroid tseren.
• Maimaita sunburns tare da bayyanar da wani jam'i na blisters kara hadarin tasowa fata ciwon daji.
• Tsawo daukan hotuna zuwa ultraviolet radiation. Too dogon zauna a rana, ko a cikin solarium fuskoki da fata marurai, ciki har da melanoma.
• Zaune a wurare masu zafi kasashen. Mutanen da suke rayuwa a kusa da duniya ta ekweita, inda rana ta haskoki haske ma a gaba shugabanci, sami hakan allurai na UV radiation.
• A gaban mahara ko atypical moles. Idan kana da wani jiki fiye da 50 al'ada nevi, kai ne a hadarin. Haka ya shafi mutane da atypical moles. Su ne ba ko da yaushe pathological, da kuma marasa lafiya kan tambaye dermatologists game da wannan tambaya: Me Healthy moles ne don haka kama da ƙari? Bari mu fuskanci shi, fata ciwon daji - menene wannan? Melanie ne da yawa, amma a wannan yanayin wajibi ne a rarrabe al'ada daga mahaukaci jari na melanocytes. M neoplasms ake kira dysplastic nevi kuma yawanci halin da manyan size, jagged gefuna da kuma gauraye launuka.
• Skin melanoma da iyali tarihi. Idan wani makusancin zumunta gano melanoma, hadarin tasowa guda cuta ne mafi girma.
• A raunana na rigakafi da tsarin. Fata ciwon daji sau da yawa barazana ga marasa lafiya da rauni na rigakafi da tsarin - kamar waɗanda suka yi tiyata don dashi gabobin.

nunawa

Tambayi likita ko kana bukatar ka sha lokaci-lokaci nunawa ga fata ciwon daji. Irin wannan bincike shi ne na biyu iri:

• Skin jarrabawa ta ƙwararren m. A lokacin jarrabawa, likita zai bincika ka fata daga shugaban da kafana.
• A duba a cikin gida. Kai jarrabawa - abin da yake wannan? Melanomas iya zama da dama, da kuma dubawa iya adana moles, freckles da sauran spots a kan fata na al'ada to baya nan da nan lura da wani canje-canje. Kai jarrabawa ne mafi kyau yi kafin cikakken tsawon madubi a lokaci guda ta amfani da kananan madubi duba wuya a kai yankunan. A dole-gani a kan dukkan bangarorin da makamai da kafafu, kazalika duba makwancin gwaiwa, fatar kan mutum, kusoshi, tafin kafa da kuma yankunan tsakanin yatsun kafa.

bincikowa da

Wani lokaci yana da isasshen don gane asali fata ciwon daji ta hanyar guda waje tawadar Allah hankali, amma a biopsy ne har yanzu kadai hanya don gano Oncology. Idan wannan bincike ya nuna a pathological ƙari, ta haka tasowa melanoma. Abin da irin hanya? Its ainihi shi ne sauki: likita ya cika, ko kuma partially cire wani m mole, sa'an nan gudanar da wani bincike na samfurin dauka.

A ganewar asali melanoma da ake sa da wadannan iri nazarin:

• Biopsy. A lokacin wannan hanya, likita yana amfani da wani kayan aiki da madauwari ruwa da aka guga man da fata a kusa da mole da kuma cire m taso ɓaɓɓake daga neoplasms.
• Excisional biopsy. A wannan hanya, cire duka mole tare da wani karamin yanki na kewaye lafiya fata bayyanar.
• Incisional biopsy. Idan nada irin wannan bincike a kan dakin gwaje-gwaje bincike dauki kawai mafi inhomogeneous sashe moles ko growths.

Yawanci, kwararru fi son na farko biyu zabin da ganewar asali, kamar yadda suka ba da damar ka ka gaba daya cire yiwuwar pathological tsarin. Incisional biopsy An wajabta, a lokuta inda duka kau ga wani dalili ba zai yiwu ba, ko fraught tare da rikitarwa - misali, idan wani m mole ne manya-manyan. Tare da wani gagarumin diamita, shi ne wata ila cewa ƙari - wannan shi ne melanoma fata (photo: da farko).

jiyya da wuri

Bayar farkon ganewar asali na ciwon daji magani yawanci kunshi a dauke da fitar da wani m aiki. Melanoma, kananan diamita za a iya cire a lokacin da wani biopsy hanya - da kuma ba su bukatar wani ƙarin magudi. In ba haka ba, ba kawai a cire ƙari, amma kuma wani bangare na lafiya fata, tare da kyallen takarda located a ƙasa. A wani wuri mataki na cutar da cewa magani ne kullum ba su rababbe.

Jiyya a baya, saukarwa

Idan m melanoma share wani yankunan na jiki ko jikinsu, a Bugu da kari ga fata, da wadannan magani hanyoyin da ake amfani da:

• M kau da shafi yankunan. Idan ciwon daji ya watsu m Lymph nodes, mafi m, za ka bukatar ka cire su.
• Jiyyar cutar sankara. Domin irin wannan hanyoyin da ake amfani da takamaiman kwayoyi da cewa halakar da ciwon daji Kwayoyin. Kwayoyi gudanar intravenously, an dauka baki kamar yadda Allunan, ko hada duka biyu da hanyoyin da shan don samar da hakan ya dace da su mataki.
• Radiotherapy. Wannan hanya na lura shafi yin amfani da high-ikon directed makamashi, kamar X-haskoki. Radiotherapy ana wajabta bayan da kau da melanoma da Lymph nodes. Wani lokaci yana da ake amfani da su rage bayyanar cututtuka.
• Biotherapy. Wajen nazarin halittu hanyoyin kwantar da hankali inganta rigakafi da kuma taimaka jiki yaki da cutar tafiyar matakai. Biologics ake sanya daga halitta jiki ruwaye ko analogs daga gare ta, samar a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Gefen sakamakon wannan magani ne kama da mura da kuma bayyanar cututtuka sun hada da zazzabi, gajiya, zazzabi, ciwon kai da kuma tsoka zafi.
• Niyya far. A cikin irin wannan magani amfani da kwayoyi niyya takamaiman dũkiyarsu da kuma takamaiman shigewa na ciwon daji Kwayoyin. Jiyya na irin kwayoyi amenable kawai melanoma (farko yawanci ba ya bukatar niyya far), amma ba lafiya Kwayoyin. Side effects ne sosai bambancin, amma ya fi kowa zazzabi, jin sanyi, dehydration, da kuma fata rashes.

A tsanani sanya wadannan kwayoyi:

• "Vemurafenib".
• "Dabrafenib".
• "Trametinib".

Duk da haka, wadannan kwayoyi ne tasiri ne kawai a kuma waɗannan lokuta inda da ciwon daji ne ya sa ta a takamaiman kwayoyin maye gurbi. Don kimanta da yiwuwa na amfani da sama wajen, yin takamaiman bincike na Kwayoyin dauka daga ƙari.

rigakafin

Zaka iya zaɓar rage hadarin melanoma da sauran iri fata ciwon daji, idan ka dauki wadannan matakan:

• Ka guji daukan hotuna zuwa da rana zawãli. Yawanci, da tsanani da na halitta ultraviolet radiation kai ganiya lokaci daga 11:00 zuwa 16:00. Shirya wani waje ayyukan domin sanyin safiya, ko da yamma, ko da hunturu zo da sama gizagizai. Riskar hasken ultraviolet da ake tunawa da fata duk shekara zagaye, da girgije ba samar da wani kariya. Mutanen da suka guje wa rana, a lokacin da ganiya ta aiki, ba su samu yin qeta kunar rana a jiki ko tanning - duka biyu mamaki cuta da fata da kuma kara hadarin cutar.
• All shekara zagaye, shafi na fata da sunscreen wakili. Irin wannan creams da lotions ba toshe dukan kwarara daga m ultraviolet radiation, da kuma musamman cewa na da jinsin, wanda ya haddasa ciwon daji (melanoma da sauran fata marurai). Duk da haka, wannan kungiya na kwaskwarima kayayyakin taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin shirin na janar kariya na fata da korau muhalli dalilai. Yana da kyawawa don zabi kayan shafawa tare da SPF ba ƙananan fiye da 15. A cream ko shafa fuska ne amfani da wani lokacin farin ciki Layer shafi an maimaita kowace sa'a biyu, da kuma lokacin da sweating ko yin iyo a cikin ruwa wannan dole ne a yi karin akai-akai.
• Sa tufafin kariya. Cosmetics da SPF bai da garantin cikakken kariya daga rana ta cutarwa haskoki. Rufe da m yankunan da fata tufafi na duhu yadudduka m-saƙa. Matter dole ne kare hannuwansa da ƙafafunsa. Har ila yau bukatar hula da fadi da baki - shi ne mafi aminci mai yawa fiye da, misali, hula visor. Kada ka manta da tabarau - ya kamata su zama alamar da ikon toshe da iri UV radiation (UVA da UVB haskoki).
• Guji sunbeds, tun bayan daukan hotuna zuwa wani tsari na wucin gadi ultraviolet sau da yawa gano melanoma (photo). Stage da cutar cikin sauri ci gaba.
• Hankali duba fata to nan da nan ga canje-canje. A kai a kai duba da yanayin epidermis a gaban sabon abu growths ko canje-canje a data kasance moles, freckles, birthmarks kuma nodules. Tare da taimakon wani madubi, a hankali duba da fuskarka, wuyansa, kunnuwa da kuma fatar kan mutum, kazalika da kirji, jiki da kuma makamai a kan dukkan bangarorin. To, ka tafi zuwa ga nazarin da kafafu da kuma ƙafafunsu, ciki har da soles da sarari tsakanin yatsun kafa. Haka ma wajibi ne don duba cikin makwancin gwaiwa yankin da kuma yankin na fata tsakanin gindi. Yadda na waje yada da nodular melanoma zai iya ci gaba a ko'ina.

Babban abu ne mu tuna cewa wani hade da inganta rigakafin kuma dace ganewar asali - shi ne kawai dama mataki don lafiya fata.