Metrology: ma'auni, wani ma'auni kayan aiki. Nau'in aunawa nufin

Za mu yi kokarin a cikin wannan labarin kwakkwance a m sa na batutuwa: metrology, standardization hade da shi, da Rasha jihar metrological cibiyoyin, kazalika da aunawa kida - su halaye, iri, rarrabuwa da kuma yin amfani. Bari mu fara da ya fi na kowa bude theme - kimiyya kira metrology.

Metrology: Ma'anar, a raga, dokokin

Metrology, ma'auni, wani ma'auni kayan aiki - juna Concepts. Metrology (tsoho Greek μέτρον + λόγος -. "Awo" + "kimiyya") - da kimiyya na kaya masu nauyi da kuma matakan da, wato da ji, da hanyoyin da kayayyakin aiki, don taimaka tabbatar da hadin kai da kuma daidaito na ma'aunai.

Muhimmai daga metrology bayar da shawarar da wadannan a raga, kuma manufofin:

• ci gaban da wani hadade ka'idar ji.
• ilimi da dama jiki raka'a;
• Ci gaba da kuma m standardization nufin da kuma ji da hanyoyin, hanyoyin domin sanin su daidaito, tsammãni zuwa uniformity da kuma daidaituwa.
• ci gaba bayyana matsayin tsarin, ji samfurori, wadda ake bisa zahiri constants.
• nazarin tsarin da ma'aunin nauyi da mudu a tarihi retrospect.

Ka'idojin metrology ne uku:

1. Kowane ji - wannan gwadawa.
2. Babu ji data ba tare da wani priori ba za a iya samu.
3. Sakamako na ma'aunai ba tare da wani Ƙididdigar dabi'u - kawai bazuwar m.

sassan metrology

Kimiyya ne zuwa kashi da dama aka gyara:

• Irfanin. Muhimmai daga metrology su ne bisa ka'idar. Wannan sashe na bincika fi na kowa matsaloli na gwada yawa ma'aunai, kazalika kai tsaye tasowa msar tambayar akidun.
• Dokoki. Social kimiyya, wanda kayyade da ake buƙata doka da fasaha da yanayi na yin amfani da raka'a ji hanyoyin da kayayyakin aiki.
• Amfani. Gwajin, hannun-sashe metrology, gabatar da ci gaban da msar tambayar bangaren na rayuwa, kazalika da tafiyad da metrology software.
• Tarihi. Nazarin baya ji raka'a, su ci gaban a lokacin kayyade su sunayen, kazalika da dangantaka da matsayin da ma'aunin nauyi da mudu na wayewar.
• Musamman yankunan. Wadannan sun hada da "na musamman" metrology - likita, sunadarai, Aerospace, nazarin halittu (biometrics).

standardization Metrology

Metrology da standardization suna a hankali nasaba. Standardization a cikin wannan al'amari - general kuma takamaiman dokoki na metrological goyon bayan su bi samar da tsari. The abubuwa za duk tarbiyya alaka da samfurin: tsara takardu da bukatun ingancin nagartacce na haƙuri, kazalika da hanyoyin da za a cimma nasa tarihin sakamakon. A daidai wannan lokaci ɓullo da matsayin da za a iya amfani ba kawai ga wani musamman sha'anin, amma kuma ya zama harkar amfani.

Standardization Metrology a raga a cikin wadannan:

• Tabbatar da dalilin da babban halaye na ingancin da reference samfurin, abu na farko da ya yi shi ne daidaita gyara da kuma albarkatun kasa.
• A ci gaba da takamaiman sharudda ga ingancin sakamakon kayayyakin an sa'an nan Ya ƙaddara ta wajen metrological iko.
• Sha'awar uniformity na kayayyakin.
• Samar da matsayin tsarin tabbatar da hadin kai na dukkan girma a cikin sha'anin.

Metrology da standardization aiki a biyu main takardun:

• Standard - shari'a da fasaha da ma'amala tare da wasu sharudda, dokoki da bukatun domin samar da karshe samfurin. A halin yanzu misali - wannan ne amince da izini kungiyar.
• TU (fasaha da yanayi) - a sa na dokoki, norms da kuma bukatun ga wani musamman irin samfurin.

Hawansa Standardization Metrology:

• International. International Standardization da Metrology Center ne sojojin na jihohi da dama united cinikayya, da janar kimiyya ci gaba, da jeri na kowa tsaro da sauransu.
• Jihar. Standardization Metrology za'ayi da jama'a hukumomi, wanda kuma gina ta gaba gaba.
• National. Sake kasa sikelin, amma ba tare da kai tsaye baki na hukumomi.

Babban Rasha Center for Standardization da Metrology - a GSS (jiha tsarin na standardization). Wannan hadadden hadawa dukan bukatun ci gaba a cikin daya cikakke, yana taimaka na daidai da masana'antu da samar da duk m shuke-shuke da kuma masana'antu.

Jihar Center of Metrology da Certification

Bisa ga dokar tarayya "A tabbatar da hadin kai na ma'aunai" a jihar matakin Manajan ayyuka don tabbatar da daidaituwa na Rasha Jihar Standard na ji. kuma GMR ne a cikin iko - jihar metrological sabis. Yana hada da wadannan aka gyara:

• Branch na tsakiyar na'ura na Jihar Standard na Rasha Federation alhakin shiryawa, management da kuma iko da uniformity na ma'aunai a kasa giciye-masana'antu matakin.
• SSMC (jihar kimiyya metrological cibiyoyin) - alhakin ci gaba, tara da kuma yin amfani da matsayin-nagartacce, kazalika da shiri na yau da kullum da takardun, da samar da traceability.
• HMS sikelin raka'a na RF batutuwa - Ganewa na metrological iko a takamaiman yankunan.

Cibiyoyin na nagartacce a Rasha Federation

Cif Jihar Metrology Center aka dauke VNIIMS - All-Russian Research Institute for Metrological Service. Yana daukawa fitar da kimiyya da kuma methodical management dukkan metrological sabis, kula da ayyukan, kazalika tasowa m iri-iri (tattalin arziki, da ƙungiya, kimiyya) da kwasfansu na metrological goyon baya.

Bugu da kari ga matsayin VNIIMS muhimman cibiyoyi a Rasha Federation so kuma:

• VNIIM. Ga aka halitta da kuma adana ta kusan duk nagartacce na Duniya tsarin na kaya masu nauyi da kuma matakan da, ban da samfurori mita raka'a da kuma lokaci. Cibiyar riqe fiye da 50% na dukkan Rasha jihar nagartacce.
• VNIIFTRI. Bugu da kari a lokacin misali a cikin wannan institute ne Magnetic samfurin, da yawa na mitar rediyo raka'a, taurin, matsa lamba, ionizing radiation, da sauran low zazzabi.
• VNIIOFI. Ma'aunai na daban-daban Laser sigogi, likita sigogi, spectrometry, da kuma sauran Tantancewar dabi'u.
• SNIIM. Standards na lantarki, da Magnetic, rediyo da kuma sauran canji.

Ayyukan metrology cibiyoyin

Babban vector na aiki HMS - kiyaye hadin kai na ma'aunai a jihar. Har ila yau a da rabo daga alhakin metrological goyon bayan ma'aunai a Rasha, jihar iko a fagen metrology. Kwatance na GMR - shi ne:

• da kafa nagartacce, na kasa da sakandare.
• kafa tsarin ko watsa shirye-shirye watsa sigogi na FB aiki SI raka'a;
• gosnadzora da yi / amfani da / jihar / gyara ji tsarin.
• metrological jarrabawa na daban-daban articles.
• methodical goyon bayan ƙananan metrological sabis.

ayyuka Rosstandart

Rosstandart da metrology - wani wasan kwaikwayon na ma'aikata na wannan ayyuka:

• Coordination na aikin tabbatar da traceability.
• Development of dokoki na halitta, ajiya, yabo da kuma aiki na darajar nagartacce.
• Metrological jihar dubawa.
• Shiryar HMS da kuma sauran ayyuka da alhakin traceability.
• Tallafi na matsayin da dokokin da za su tabbatar da uniformity na ma'aunai.
• Yarda da fasaha na'urorin aunawa wajen.
• Ci gaba da kuma yardar ji hanyoyin.
• Takardun aiki cibiyoyin fuskantar SI.
• Tallafi na SR iri.
• Tsayawa FSTS.
• Yabo SI lists, batun tabbaci.
• Ci gaban da bayar da iznin aiwatar da mutane da kuma abokai cewa tsirar, gyara, sayar da ko bada a kan su SI ga sakamako.
• Planning da kuma kungiyar na daban-daban metrological ayyuka da sauransu.

SI - wannan ...

Bari mu juya zuwa more densely Metrology da kuma ji. aunawa kayan (SI) - a fasaha na'urar da ma'aunai suna da za'ayi. An halin da cewa shi ke taka ko rike wani sashi ne na auna daga wani jiki yawa.

Tarayya Dokar № 102 kayyade SI a matsayin wajen, daya daga wanda aka sadaukar - ji. Hada da wani na'urar auna kida a kasar mu iya kawai Tarayya dillancin for fasaha tsari da kuma metrology.

rarrabuwa SI

A nan ne ya fi kowa rarrabuwa na aunawa kida a metrology kuma ji:

• Domin aunawa sigogi domin kayyade:
  • matsa lamba;
  • da yawan zafin jiki.
  • yawa;
  • matakin.
  • bayani taro da sauransu.
• Most auna:
  • ajali dukiya.
  • AIDS.
• Standardization SI:
  • daidaita;
  • ba daidaita.
• A halin da ake ciki na tabbaci makirci:
  • nagartacce.
  • SI ma'aikata.
• Bisa ga matakin na aiki da kai:
  • hannunka.
  • sarrafa kansa;
  • atomatik.
• A cewar tehnaznacheniyu:
  • auna jiki yawa - SR, haifuwa, ko adanar darajar daya / dama masu girma dabam;
  • Meter - SI, da wanda za ka iya koyi da darajar auna a wani fanni.
  • Watsawa - SR, wanda sabobin tuba daukar darajar zuwa wani;
  • da aunawa tsarin - wani hadadden, hada da dama riwayar, kida da ayyuka, wanda aka located in wani takamaiman wuri.
  • da aunawa tsarin - wani hadadden cewa hadawa da dama matakan, kida, da kuma tsarin transducers iya aunawa don a harba a sassa daban daban na abu.
  • aunawa da kuma sarrafa kwamfuta tsarin - a tsarin cewa hadawa da dama SI, kwakwalwa, tsara don magance daya ko fiye na ji na hadaddun ayyuka.

Ma'aunai:-daban da kuma hanyoyin

Ji an kira gano dabi'u na so dabi'u empirically da SI. Its main hanyoyin su ne biyu - nan da nan kimantawa da kuma kwatanta da lissafi ba. Last kara kasu kashi bambanci, sifili, daidaituwa Hanyar da 'yan adawa. Game da ya dace SI rarrabe azanci, heuristic, gwani kuma instrumental Hanyar.

Da yake jawabi na metrology da ma'aunai, mun wakilci rarrabuwa na karshen jinsunan:

• Faye hali daidaito: daidaita daidaito da kuma zalunci. Ko iyakar daidaito, k da kuma kula da aikin injiniya.
• By hanyar samun bayanai: lamba kuma contactless.
• Bisa ga yawan ma'aunai: guda da mahara.
• By canza irin na daukar darajar: a tsaye da kuma tsauri.
• Kamar yadda aka yi nufi: metrological da kuma fasaha.
• Bisa ga iri-iri misali na sakamakon: dangi da kuma cikakkar.
• Bisa ga hanyoyin da samun ingantaccen data: kai tsaye, kaikaitaccen, tarawa da kuma hadin baki.

Aikace-aikace SI

A karshe Sharhuna "Metrology, aunawa, wani ma'auni kayan aiki" nuna a fakaice aikace-aikace SI shibtarsu FZ № 102:

• kare muhalli.
• aiki kariya.
• Jihar iko.
• wuraren aiki a cikin tsaro masana'antu.
• hydrometeorology.
• kudi, haraji, al'adu, banki ayyukan;
• wasanni.
• kiyaye haɗari a hanya.
• dabbobi magani.
• da sashen shari'a.
• sadarwa, gidan waya.
• maganganun kima;
• magani.
• iko a masana'antu.
• labarin kasa, surveying.
• marufi kayayyakin.
• cinikayya.
• filin da makamashin nukiliya.

Standards da metrology suke da muhimmanci domin gudanar da bincike, experimentation, da kuma ga dukan sassa na al'umma. Idan babu standardization a metrology ne wuya zuwa tsirar, da hanyoyi na ji da mafi zama wani ɓangare na rayuwar mutum.