Periodization Vygotsky: farkon yara, samartaka, da tsofaffi. halaye shekaru

Periodization na Vygotsky, sanannen psychologist na farkon karni na 20th, har yanzu bai rasa ta munasaba. Da shi shi ne dalilin da dama na yanzu bincike. Periodization Vygotsky bada ra'ayi kamar yadda ya yadda za a canza wani mutum da mutumin kamar yadda ka ci gaba ta hanyar da daban-daban matakai na rayuwarsu.

Academic musamman janyo hankalin yara. Ba abin mamaki ba, saboda a wannan lokacin aza harsashin ginin hali, jurewa muhimman canje-canje da zai shafi sauran rayuwarsa. Vygotsky periodization yale mu mu fahimci abin da ya canjãwa da ya sa ran a cikin mutum na da yaro na wani ba shekaru. Binciken masana kimiyya iya ƙwarai taya iyaye, wanda ba su gane abin da yake faruwa da 'ya'yansu.

Psychology, nazarin aiwatar da ci gaban da yaro, ya ba da wani bayanin irin daban-daban shekaru lokaci. Yana aiki da irin wannan manufar 'yaranta "da" shekaru ". Age lokaci (shekaru) ne yaro ci gaban sake zagayowar, wanda yana da muhimmancin da kuma tsarin.

Conditionality shekaru lokaci

Ya kamata a lura da cewa m shekaru da mutum yaro da kalanda shekaru, da farko rubuta a cikin takardar shaidar da aka haife shi, da kuma daga baya aure, ba ko da yaushe daidaita. Kana bukatar kuma ka ce cewa kowane lokaci yana da halaye na da yaron ya hali da hankulansu ayyuka, dangantaka da wasu. Bugu da kari, ya na da tabbataccen iyakoki, wanda, duk da haka, za a iya canja. Sai dai itace cewa daya yaro kafin ya shiga musamman shekaru lokaci, da kuma sauran - daga baya. Iyakoki na samartaka, wanda ake dangantawa da mafarki, "taso kan ruwa" ne musamman karfi.

yara

Shimfiɗar jariri, da ya hada da duka na farko shekaru lokaci. Shin wani epoch, shi ne da gaske shiri na yaro domin kai-da aikin yi, da farkon na adult rayuwa. Bayani dalla-dalla na hada shekaru lokaci ƙaddara da matakin na al'adu da kuma bunƙasa tattalin arziki da al'umma, wacce yaro ne da mulkin, inda ya horar da ilimi.

Lokacin da lokacin mu zo ga ƙarshe yaro? A tunani, shi ne bisa ga al'ada lokacin daga haihuwa har da shekaru 7 shekaru. Duk da haka, da zamani yara, ba shakka, ya ci gaba bayan da yaro shiga makaranta. Hakika, da matasa, da dalibi ne har yanzu yaro. Wasu masana ilimin tunani, ta hanyar, aka dauke a matsayin "tsawo yara" da kuma samartaka. Abin da ra'ayi mu iya raba, dole ne a bayyana cewa, real adulthood tsammani yaro kawai a 15-17 shekaru.

L. S. Vygotsky game da ci gaban

Age ci gaban da mutum - a wuya tsari. Wannan Gaskiya ne, na yara ta ci gaba. A kowane daga cikin matakai dabam shekaru na wani mutum. A ci gaba bisa L. S. Vygotskomu (photo sama ya nuna shi) - shi ne, a sama da dukan, fitowan da sabon. Saboda haka, mataki na ci gaba, a cewar wannan psychologist, halin neoplasms wasu shekaru, Ina nufin irin kaddarorin ko halaye, wanda ya ba a baya a ƙãre form. Duk da haka, kamar yadda Vygotsky rubuta sabon "ba fada daga sama." Yana faruwa ta halitta. A dukan shakka daga baya cin shirya shi.

A social yanayi ne tushen ci gaba. Kowane mataki a cikin ci gaban yara da canza hanyar yanayi musababin da yaro. Yana zama sosai daban-daban a lokacin da motsa daga daya shekaru kungiyar zuwa wani. L. S. Vygotsky yi magana da "zaman jama'a halin da ake ciki na ci gaba." A karkashin wannan ra'ayi, da masanin kimiyyar gane takamaiman zuwa musamman shekaru dangantaka tsakanin mutum da kuma zamantakewa yanayi. The yaro interacts da zamantakewa yanayi, wanda ya koyar da kuma kiwata shi. Wannan hulda kayyade hanyar raya kasa, manyan zuwa fitowan da shekaru da alaka neoplasms.

Kwarewa da kuma ayyuka

A wace hanya yara azama tare da yanayi? Kwarewa da kuma aikin - raka'a biyu na bincike na abin da ake kira social halin da ake ciki na ci gaba, wanda ya kasaftawa L. S. Vygotsky. Da ayyukan da yaro, ta waje aiki ne readily kiyaye. Duk da haka, akwai kuma irin abubuwan da shirin, cewa shi ne wani ciki da shirin. Daban-daban yara a hanyoyi daban-daban suna fuskantar wannan halin da ake ciki a cikin iyali. Wannan gaskiya ne ko na tagwaye, cewa shi ne, yara na guda shekaru. A sakamakon haka, misali, rikici tsakanin iyaye weakly shafi ci gaban da yaro, yayin da a cikin hanyar neurosis kuma daban-daban sabawa daga cikin sauran. Bugu da kari, motsi daga daya zuwa wani zamani, wannan yaro a cikin wani sabon hanyar da yake faruwa ta musamman iyali halin da ake ciki.

Vygotsky game da hanyoyi na ci gaba

Vygotsky gano wadannan hanyoyi biyu na ci gaba. Daya daga cikinsu - shi ne m. Ya bayyana kwatsam kuma fitowa hanzari. Na biyu hanya na ci gaba - m (lytic). A wani shekaru, da gaske, shi ne halin da ci gaban lytic, watau, m kwarara. Kan dogon lokaci, yawanci rufe shekaru da dama, a cikin wadannan lokuta akwai wani kaifi, muhimman canje-canje da kuma canjawa. Kuma waɗanda cewa za a iya lura, ba a sāke gina dukan mutumin. Kawai a sakamakon dogon lokacin da ya kwarara daga wani boye tsari m canje-canje.

lytic lokaci

A shekaru daban-daban na gwada barga ci gaba ne yafi saboda kananan canje-canje a hali. Tara zuwa wasu iyaka, sa'an nan an same su discontinuously a cikin wani nau'i na neoplasm shekaru. Mafi yawansu ya yara ya aiki lokaci irin wannan. Tun da ci gaban da yake faruwa a ciki su sai su yi magana, ta karkashin kasa, a cikin hali canje-canje a fili ya bayyana a lokacin da gwada shi zuwa farkon da kuma karshen wani lokaci lokaci. Barga shekaru daban-daban masana kimiyya karatu sosai fiye da halin da crises - wani irin ci gaban.

crises

Su da aka samu empirically, kuma har yanzu da aka jera a cikin tsarin. Daga waje da lokaci da halin bayyanar siffofin, m barga ko kwari shekaru daban-daban. A kan takaice in mun gwada lokaci lokaci a wadannan mayar da hankali babban birnin kasar da kuma ba zato canjawa da kuma canje-canje, crises da kuma canje-canje a hali. A wani gajeren lokaci yaro ya canjãwa dukan, a cikin babban fasali na hali. A wannan lokaci, da ci gaba da daukan m, m, wani lokacin catastrophic. Wannan ban sha'awa alama ne periodization na cigaban dan Adam.

Vygotsky lura m aukuwa, wanda yana da wuyar gaske lokacin. Wannan miƙa mulki ga sabon siffofin hali. Masana kimiyya sun gano wadannan m lokaci na yara: neonatal lokaci, shekara guda, shekaru uku, shida ko bakwai, samartaka.

Age periodization Vygotsky

Da farko, akwai da jariri rikicin, bi da ƙaramin shekaru (daga watanni biyu zuwa shekara). A wannan lokaci akwai rikitarwa tsakanin m da kuma iyakar damar saduwa da yaro ta zamantakewa.

Age periodization Vygotsky gudana rikicin 1 shekara. Wannan ne bi da farkon yara (daga daya zuwa shekara uku). A wannan lokaci, da aikin yi da wani yaro ko yarinya ne batu-gun, shi ne "tsanani wasan". The yaro ya bayyana jawabin, tafiya, gestures.

Wannan ne bi da da rikicin shekaru 3, bayan abin da ya zo da makarantan nasare shekaru (uku zuwa shekaru bakwai). A wannan lokacin, akwai wani hali da za su rarrabe daga cikin balagaggu (fansa), kazalika da karfi-so, da ba affective halayyar. Bayyana "kaina". 3 shekaru The rikicin yana da wani m darajar, wanda aka bayyana, a gaskiya cewa akwai sabon hali dabiu. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa idan, saboda dalilai daban-daban, wannan rikicin ya auku flatly, mãsu kasãla, a wani m shekaru yaron ko yarinya nuna wani gagarumin bata lokaci a cikin ci gaban volitional kuma affective al'amurran da hali.

Wannan ne bi da da rikicin shekaru 7, bayan abin da ya zo da wani sabon lokaci - makaranta shekaru (daga 8 zuwa 12 years). Childlike a kayyade lokaci da aka rasa. Wannan na faruwa a sakamakon da bambantawa na ciki da kuma m rayuwa. Akwai ji dabaru na hakan, da yaro abubuwan zama m. Bugu da kari, akwai wani kai girma. Game da rikicin shekaru 7, masu bincike sun bayyana cewa, a cikin wannan lokaci akwai gagarumin nasarori: canza yaro ta dangane da sauran yara, an kara samun 'yancin kai.

A cikin shekaru 13 da shekaru wadannan a rikicin. Wannan ne bi da balagarsa (14 zuwa 18). A wannan lokaci akwai wani ji na} uruciyarsa. The yaro fara jin kansa ainihi, ya kai-sani tasowa. A lura karu a yawan aiki da shafi tunanin mutum aiki saboda ganuwa saitin canje-canje ga cire. Wucin gadi karu a yi tare da wani miƙa mulki ga wata babbar nau'i na mutum ilimi aiki.

Vygotsky ce cewa matasa - wannan shi ne da shekaru daga 18 zuwa 25 da shekaru. Bisa ga asali dokokin da janar ma'ana shi ne na farko lokacin tsakanin balagagge shekaru daban-daban. L. S. Vygotsky ba cikakken periodization kawai yara, amma a nan gaba mutuntakar ɗan adam canje-canje. Psychologists, ci gaba da karatu, sun gano wadannan lokutan.

matasa

Sun masana kimiyya yawanci tsare a matsayin dake da shekaru 19 zuwa shekaru 30. Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura da cewa shekaru na kan iyaka ne sosai matukar. Babban aiki a wannan lokaci ne m saduwa da mambobi na akasin jima'i. Ya kamata kuma a lura da cewa matasan - yana da lokaci ya zama kaffa. A wannan lokaci, wani mutum ne cike da makamashi da kuma ƙarfi, da marmarin yi raga. Matasa ne lokaci mafi kyau domin kai dadada.

kerawa rikicin

kerawa rikicin ya auku a ke dubawa tsakanin matasa da kuma magidanci (talakawan shekaru - daga 30 zuwa 45 years). A dalilin ne karuwa a fasaha, wanda yana tare da wani karuwa a yau da kullum. Professional da rayuwar iyali suna stabilized. Akwai wani fahimtar cewa wani mutum da yake iya more. Yana da aka a wannan lokacin, sau da yawa mutane canza sana'a, suna saki.

A talakawan shekaru na rikicin na wannan lokaci

Average shekaru - shi ne ma sosai matukar shekaru. Ba shi yiwuwa a daidai sanin da iyaka, amma suka yawanci kafa a cikin kewayon 30 zuwa shekaru 45. A wannan lokacin akwai wani high dace. Samun kwarewa, da mutum ya zama mai kyau iyali mutumin da wani gwani. Ya farko yana zaton tsanani game da abin da ya rage bayan mutuwarsa. By karshen wannan mataki na rayuwa zo a midlife rikicin. Dalilin shi ne cewa shi ne a saman, kuma ya fahimci cewa wajibi ne a nemi wasu dabarun da za su cimma burin da suka gabata, ko kuma gyara tsohon burin jama'ar. A wannan rikicin actualized rayuwan matsaloli (kadaici, mutuwa, asarar ma'anar), akwai takamaiman matsaloli (maladjustment, zamantakewa kadaici, musanyawa dabi'u).

balaga

balaga lokaci aka bayyana a matsayin shekaru tsakanin 45 da 60 shekara, ko da yake ta da iyaka da ma sosai mobile. Babban aiki a wannan lokaci shi ne wani m, kai-dadada. Samu matsayi a al'umma, masu sana'a basira da kwarewa da aka wuce. Man sake tunani su a raga. Ya samun kawar da m fatan da kawayeniya na matasa.

Summing up da rikicin

A lokacin balaga daga cikin na gaba rikicin debriefing. Dalilin shi - dakushe matsayi a al'umma, kazalika da asarar kari na rayuwa, ajiye shekaru da dama. Wani lokaci, duk da wannan take kaiwa zuwa wani kaifi tabarbarewar da shafi tunanin mutum da kuma yanayin jiki.

tsufa

Tsufa - shekaru tsawon shekaru 60 ko fiye. The m jihar na mutum a wannan lokacin ne halin da kallo, da natsuwa, m asthenia, mai hikima, mai wayar da yiwuwa ga memory. An tsofaffi mace da namiji nuna kula, amma ware matsayi dangane da jĩkõki, kuma mai jikoki.

Erikson yi imani da cewa wannan lokaci ne halin da ba wani sabon rikicin, da kuma hadewa, summation da kimantawa dukkan baya matakai na raya kasa. A tsufa sau da yawa ya zo zaman lafiya da cewa ya sami asali daga ikon duba kewaye da ce, rayuwar da ƙanƙan da kai, amma da tabbaci: "Ni gamsu." Wadanda suka iya yin haka ba tare da tsoro na inevitability na mutuwa, kamar yadda suka gan ci gaba da kansu, ko kuma na m nasarori, ko zuriyarsu. Amma wasu mutane sun koma ga rayuwar da ta gabata a matsayin wani jerin kurakurai da kuma unrealized m. Sun fahimci cewa su fara sake latti.

Ba dole ne a ce cewa halayyar zamanai gabatar sama ya bayyana ne kawai janar siffofin na hali ci gaba. Kowannen mu ne musamman. Mutane daban-daban suna da girma da kuma ci gaba da faruwa a hanyoyi daban-daban. Saboda haka ba shi yiwuwa a kafa ainihin iyakoki na wani ba lokaci. Psychologists, ba shakka, yarda da wannan a cikin asusun a lokacin da magana game da irin wannan ra'ayi kamar yadda shekaru stratification.