Rasha art na karni na 20th kuma da jinsin

"Pure" art, shelar dabi'u ba ya dogara ne a kan zaman jama'a da kuma tarihi al'amurran da suka shafi da kuma trends, - cikakken, amma ba na gaskiya ba sabon abu.

Ba shi yiwuwa a yi baya daga rayuwar yau da kullum, ba a biya da hankali ga ideas rinjaye a cikin al'umma - duka biyu m da kuma na yau da kullum. Rasha karni na 20th art aka shafi canje-canje a cikin zaman jama'a tsarin na iko, ba a sani ba zuwa ga wata} asa.

A farkon karni, search for sabon ideas

100 shekaru na XX karni ga dukan wayewa sun zamanin da unprecedented juyi. By ƙarshen XX karni fasaha ci gaba matse lokaci da kuma sarari domin dukan duniya, zamantakewa rikice-rikice a cikin wata iyaka yankin escalated zama tunkaro planetary sikelin. Al'adu da art na karni na 20th Rasha, kazalika da dukan jama'a aiki a Turai da Amirka, yana da wani wucin gadi da aka makala to mafi muhimmanci abubuwan da suka faru a kwanan nan tarihi.

Magic lambobin nuna asalin da sabon karni, ko da yaushe ya haifar da fata na canji, da bege ga zuwan wani sabon, farin ciki lokacin. A karni na sha tara, wanda ya halicci duniya-fadi da daraja zuwa Rasha al'adu, kafe a baya, da barin wani hadisin cewa ba zai bace dare.

"World of Art" - abin da ake kira ƙungiya daga artists cewa ka fito a cikin 1898 da kuma dade da interruptions har 1924, ba tare da wanda ba shi yiwuwa su yi tunanin art a farkon kwata na karni na 20th a Rasha. The "miriskusstnikov" bai yi daya, jimlar generated style - painters, mai hoto artists, sculptors tafi su raba hanyoyi, tare da amsa ra'ayoyi kan manufar art da gudummawarta a cikin al'umma. Mutane da yawa siffofin wannan ra'ayi bayyana baiwa Mihaila Vrubelya. M core kafuwar jam'iyya sun L. S. Bakst, M. Dobuzhinsky, E. E. Lansere, AP Ostroumova-Lebedev, K. A. Somov. A lokuta daban-daban, shi ya samu halartar Bilibin, A. Ya. Golovin, I. E. Grabar, KA Korovin, BM Kustodiev, N. K. Rerih, V. A. Serov da sauran iyayengiji.

Su duk gane. Yayin da kwarewa a art, a babbar ɓangare na m 'yanci da' yancin kai na artist daga jama'a akidun, ba musun darajar art a rayuwar mutum, zanga-zangar adawa da ilimi rigidity a hannu daya kuma da} arfin politicization na zanen a Wanderers - a kan sauran. Soki magoya bayan na hadisai na "World of Art" ba zai iya shige a cikin m aiwatar da haihuwar "proletarian" art, amma ya na da wani banbanci a kan dukkan zane-zane karni na 20th Rasha - da waɗanda suka yi aiki a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, da kuma waɗanda suke a cikin kaidaba.

zamani

A karshe shekarun da suka gabata na karni na sha tara sun kasance lokaci na haihuwar wani sabon salon cewa bar wata alama a cikin ayyukan Masters lafiya art da kuma gine. Yana da da halaye a wasu yankuna na Turai, inda ya ma da ake kira daban. A Belgium da kuma Faransa, makale da sunan "Art Nouveau" a Jamus - "Art Nouveau" a Austria - "ballewa". San wasu sunayen hade da shahararrun artists wannan style ko kamfanonin samar da irin wannan halin furniture, kayan ado da kuma sauran kayayyakin: style Musha, Guimard style - a Faransa, Liberty a Italiya, a Amurka - Tiffany Style, da dai sauransu Art of Rasha .. karni na 20th gine musamman, san shi a matsayin modernist style.

Art Nouveau ya zama bayan wani dogon lokaci na stagnation na style daya daga cikin mafi ma'ana da kuma gani m trends dauki siffar. Ya halayyar ciyayi, m hali na da cikakken kayan ado Lines a hade tare da sauki na lissafi siffofin da ma'ana janyo hankalin mai yawa kyau da asali na artists da kuma gine-ginen.

Fodor Osipovich Shehtel (1859-1926) - Rasha star na zamani gine. Da basira ya ba kasa dabiu da gaske cosmopolitan style Masterpieces Shechtel - Yaroslavsky Station, Ryabushinsky gidan - wannan halitta ne Rasha m, kuma a general, kuma a cikin cikakken bayani.

Pre-neman sauyi baraden

da aiwatar da gano sababbin hanyoyin fasaha, da kuma more - sabon al'amari - ya muhimmanci ga arts ko'ina a kasahen Turai da kuma Amurka. Rasha art na karni na 20th ƙunshi wasu gaske neman sauyi lokaci, a lokacin da aiki na 'yan gyãrãwa ishãra zuwa sabon kwatance na ci gaba m tunani. Daya daga cikin mafi daukan hankali da kuma ban sha'awa shi ne Inter-neman sauyi zamani daga 1905 zuwa 1917. Features na avant-garde art a Rasha an sa da rikicin Rasha da harkokin rayuwar jama'a bayan da bala'i na Rasha-Japanese War kuma juyin juya halin Musulunci na 1905.

Ya tashi a lokacin da wannan lokaci da yawa avant-garde ƙungiyoyi da kuma m al'umma da irin wannan haddasawa da kuma samar da irin wannan a raga na m search. Da iko da tasiri a asali zane-zane na karni na 20th a Rasha Futurists da Cubo-Futurists, "Jack na Diamonds" da "Blue Rose", Kandinsky da Malevich ta Suprematism hanyoyi daban-daban neman sabon halittu, ya bayyana tsohon art na rikicin, mun rasa tuntubar juna da gaskiya, wadda ta gabãta zuwan duniya hargitsi .

Daga cikin sababbin ra'ayoyi haife avant-garde, shi ne ra'ayin kira na zane-zane. Ban mamaki art na karni na 20th Rasha ƙunshi wadannan shafukan kamar yadda shahara play - da manifesto da sabon art "Nasara a kan Sun" (1913). Da shi shi ne sakamakon wani na kowa m futurist kasida A. juya, M. Matyushina, Khlebnikov da kuma ado kashe Kazimir Malevich.

Wadãtar da ka nema art na karni na 20th Rasha artists Konchalovsky, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, Mashkov, Goncharova, Marc Chagall zama mawallafa na zane-zane da cewa sun samu amincewar kasashen duniya. Yana fara wannan fitarwa a shekaru goma na XX karni, a zamanin da aka haifi avant-garde zanen 'yan tarihi.

Samuwar Soviet art

Bayan da Oktoba juyin juya halin, Rasha samu damar bude up sabon sãsanni a duk faɗin duniya a harkokin rayuwar jama'a, ciki har da zane-zane. Kuma da yanayin da aka halitta a farkon, a lokacin da immeasurably karu da darajar kowane hazaka mutum, zo da fore janareto na sabon m ideas.

Yadda bi yayin da tarihi na art? A karni na 20th, Rasha, ruri twenties - shi ne unprecedentedly aiki m rayuwa na da yawa art kungiyoyin, daga cikinsu:

- UNOVIS - "m sabon art" (Malevich, Chagall, Lissitzky, Leporskaya, Sterligov). Kafa a kan tushen da art makaranta a Vitebsk, wannan jam'iyya an apologist ga m avant-garde, ya miƙa zuwa nemi sabbin jigogi da siffofin art.

- "Hudu Arts" - don a layi tare da "World of Art" Babban manufar - don nuna babban ma'ana m na gine-gine, sassaka, da jawo kuma zanen. Don bayyana bukatar kyau da kuma m 'yanci. Mafi shahararren wakilan da m A. V. Schusev, tsara V. A. Favorsky, sculptor V. I. Muhina, painters Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, AP Ostroumova-Lebedev da sauransu.

- "OST", "Society of Easel Artists". An dauke da babban nuna alamun farko na sabon m rayuwa, da yi da wani zamani matasa kasa ta hanyar ci-gaba ma'ana, amma da sauki da kuma bayyana style. Shugabannin: J. Sternberg, A. Deineka, Yu Pimenov, P. Williams.

- "Circle of Artists" (Leningrad). Sakamakon hukuma musayar kudi, ci gaban "cikin zamanin style." Active kungiya: A. Samohvalov, Pakhomov, VA Pakulin.

- AHRR - "Association of Artists na Revolutionary Rasha" - ƙungiyar cewa zama tushen baya halitta Union of Artists da Tarayyar Soviet, aiki shugaba Lines na akida jagorancin m tsari, wani kayan aiki na jam'iyyar farfaganda, da magada na da Wanderers. Mu tsaya a kai na I. Brodsky, A. M. Gerasimov, MB Grekov, B. V. Ioganson.

constructionism

A cikin shirye-shirye na mafi babbar makarantu da horar da gine-ginen da yaushe ba bincika topic "Rasha Constructivism - da gine-gine da avant-garde 20-ies". Na bayar da muhimmanci shi yana ga fahimtar ma'adanin na ginin, sosai dacewa ga wani tsawon lokaci ne ideas enunciated da shugabannin shugabanci. The tsira gine-gine na Konstantin Melnikov (gidan m Krivoarbatsky Lane kulob Rusakova a kan Stromynka, Novo-Ryazanskaya Street Garage, da dai sauransu), The Vesnin 'yan'uwa, Moiseya Ginzburga (Narkomfin a kan Novinsky babban titi) da kuma sauran taurari na Rasha gine-gine da harkokin - zinariya asusu na kasa gine.

Functionalism, guje wa ba dole ba ƙawa, da ilmi na ginin tsarin, da jituwa a halitta da yanayi - wadannan ra'ayoyin ya zama tushen da sabon kalubale da shirya kai wa matasa gine-ginen, artists da kuma kwararru na yankin da cewa ya zama sananne a matsayin masana'antu zane. Su na da gina taro gidaje ga sabon garuruwa, ma'aikata 'kulake don bunkasa mutane, don ƙirƙirar abubuwa na aiki da sauran sabon mutum. Amazing nasarori na avant-garde da twenties ba za a iya bypassed koyo ma'adanin na Rasha na 20th karni. Architecture a Turai da Amirka dukan m lokaci ne sun fi mayar dangane da su. Yana da bakin ciki cewa wadannan m ideas sun kalla a bukatar a gida, da kuma mafi girma nasara na Soviet gine ne yadu a matsayin "Stalin ta daular".

Art a cikin epoch na totalitarianism

A 1932, da Resolution na kwamitin tsakiya na CPSU (b) a kan aikin na art kungiyoyin. M zamanin daban-daban trends da kuma kwatance kan mataki wanda tsiwirwirinsu ikon jihar kayan sarrafawa da akida inji, wanda ƙarfafa tafin kafa iko. Domin shekaru masu yawa, Rasha art na karni na 20th, kamar yadda da yawa a cikin rai na kasa, ya zama dogara a kan ra'ayin mutum guda - Iosifa Stalina.

Creative kwadago sun zama hanyar mika wuya da m ra'ayoyi guda akida misali. A zamanin gurguzu hakikanci a zanen. A hankali, wani sabawa daga na aikin kudi ya zama criminalized, dissenters zo karkashin real danniya. Zargin na karkacẽwa daga jam'iyyar line wani Hanyar warware m tattaunawa. A progressiveness wannan ne sosai m. Yadda za a ci gaba, ga misali, Rasha gidan wasan kwaikwayo na karni na 20th, idan ba auku aka azabtar danniya mai girma kawo canji mataki Vsevolod Meyerhold?

A yanayi na m iyawa ne hadaddun da inexplicable. Images of shugabannin tsira da babban fasaha da kuma m ji. Ba har ma da mafi m danniya ba zai iya hana fitowan da wata gaske talented artists, ga wanda babban abinda ya kai magana ko da kuwa da akida tsarin.

A gine-gine, shi ne lokacin da za a "Stalin ta daular". The search for da avant-garde aka maye gurbinsu a koma da tabbatar da canons. Ikon akidar gurguzu embodies m samfurori sarrafa neoclassicism - Stalinist "skyscrapers".

art wartime

A tarihin kasar mu muna da lokaci, ya zama mafi girma da bala'i da unprecedented mataki na ruhaniya. Rasha 20-21 karni art ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan batutuwa, yale mu mu bayyana da yawa daga cikin Rasha na kasa da hali, da zurfin ji cewa zai iya Master mutum da kuma babbar talakawa a lokacin tarihi upheavals.

The Great Patriotic War daga farkon kwanaki samu magana a gani images of m iko. I. Toidze Poster "The Mahaifa, mahaifiyata Kira!" Mai ɗaukaka kare kasar mafi alhẽri daga wani daga cikin kwamandojin, da kuma "Tsaro na Sevastopol" Deineki m kowa, ko da kuwa da ra'ayoyi da cewa ya yi musayarsu. Just m Bakwai Symphony Dmitriya Shostakovicha, da kuma m art na karni na 20th Rasha ba kasa da sauran iri m aikin biya haraji ga jigo na yaki da farkisanci.

narke

Bayan da babbar nasara da wadannan iko tarihi factor na da tasiri a kan jama'a rayuwa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ya mutuwar Stalin (Maris 1953) da kuma XX Congress na CPSU, wanda ya tada batun fallasa da sadaukarwa na hali. A wasu lokaci ga artists, kazalika ga dukkan al'umma, wata iska 'yanci na kerawa da kuma sabuwar ideas. Generation "sittin" - da sabon abu ne sosai musamman, shi ya bar wani memory kansa a matsayin wani gajeren numfashin na sabo ne iska, sanya kawai kafin ruwa baya cikin fadama shekaru da dama auna, fentin, kayyade zama.

A farko-gwajen da m avant-garde na "biyu kalaman" - aiki E.Belutin, Yu Sooster V. Yankylevsky, B. Zhutovsky da dai sauransu -. Don nuni da sadaukar da 30th tunawa da Moscow reshe na kungiyar Artists, aka mummunan Allah wadai da kansa kasar sabon shugaban H . Khrushchev. Jam'iyyar sake fara bayyana wa mutãne abin da irin art shi wajibi ne, kuma artists - yadda za a rubuta.

Architecture aka umarceni da in yaqi ta'addi na cewa gaskiya ne saboda da tattalin arziki matsaloli na postwar lokaci, shi ne lokacin taro gidaje, da "Khrushchev", wanda cire wasu acuteness daga cikin gidaje matsala, amma haƙõra fuskar birane da yawa.

The Art of "ɓullo da gurguzanci"

Sun fi mayar da Rasha art na biyu da rabi na karni na 20th ne sun fi mayar da wani tarihi na m hali rikici da rinjaye akida. Amma har a cikin wani yanayi na akida tsari kowane yanki na ruhaniya sarari yawa artists sun samu hanyoyin da za a dan kadan canza wajabta Hanyar gurguzu da labarun almara.

Saboda haka, a cikin wannan misali ga matasa sun Masters cewa sun dimbin yawa da suka gaskata ko a cikin twenties: N. Romadin, M. Saryan, A. yadudduka da sauransu. A hoto na tsohon memba na art jam'iyya "OST" by Yuri Pimenov "Wedding a kan wani Gobe Street", rubuta a 1962, ya zama wata alama bege ga al'umma ta karshe.

Wani karin sabon abu a cikin Soviet art na cewa lokaci ya halittar "mai tsanani style". A wannan lokaci tana nufin aiki G. Corjova, P. Ossovsky yan'uwa Smolin, P. Nikonov et al. A cikin zane-zane, da aka rubuta a cikin daban-daban nau'o'i (m, tarihi), akwai wani gwarzo wanda ya ba bukatar kwatance, m m, kuma dole abu. Ya aka zāna ba tare da dole ba da cikakken bayani kuma coloristic ni'ima, abubuwan da kuma eloquently.

Na musamman muhimmancin shi ne aikin da irin Masters kamar yadda Victor Popkov. Rundunar sauti na zane-zane da ya ƙunshi rare for Soviet art kowa bil'adama, kusan addini sakon, da kuma zanen style yana da nasa tushen: Italiya Renaissance.

recusancy

Official mamayar "gurguzu hakikanci" sa na yau da kullum artists nemi hanya zuwa ga viewer, ko ya koma ga ƙaura. Hagu Shemyakin, I. Kabakov, Rabin, E. ba a sani ba, kuma da yawa wasu. Waɗannan su ne artists na karni na 20th Rasha, wanda yake shi ne m na ruhaniya dabi'u, haife na farkon karni na ashirin avant-garde, da kuma mayar da su zuwa ga mahaifarsa bayan rushewar akidar gurguzu.

Kuma a lokacin da dominance bayyana ciki ƙaura, haifar da wani m motif na mahaukaci, mãsu mãye artist mazaunan shafi tunanin mutum da asibitoci, tsananta da hukumomi da kuma jagorancin m kungiya ta kashin, amma sosai mai daraja da m yammacin masana. A hankula m wannan hanya ya Zverev - wani almara adadi ga Moscow zamanin ɓullo da gurguzanci.

Polystylistics da kima

Warware daga umurnin jihar na Soviet lokaci, da zane-zane na karni na 20th a Rasha da aka hada a duniya aiwatar kamar yadda shi ne wani rabuwa part, da ciwon a na kowa da su da kaddarorin da yayi. Da yawa siffofin art, saba wa West na dogon lokaci, da aka sauri ƙware da kuma gida artists. .. The kalmar "yi", "video shigarwa", da dai sauransu sun zama sananne a cikin jawabin, da kuma daga cikin mafi muhimmanci zamani artists tare da kasa da kasa daraja - artists diametrical ra'ayoyi kan kwatance: Zurab Tsereteli, Shilov, T. Nazarenko , M. Kishev A. Burganov da yawa wasu.

M, unpredictable kwanan nan tarihin kasar, wanda ya dauki kashi shida na Duniya ta ƙasar, neman a madubi - Rasha art na karni na 20th - kuma shi aka nuna a cikin dubban ba za'a iya mantawaba images ...