Rice filin. shinkafa namo fasaha

Rice - daya daga cikin muhimmanci da amfanin gona a duniya suna daga cikin babban abinci ga masu rinjaye na yawan na duniya tamu. Yana da wani shekara-shekara shuka na iyali aji monocotyledonous hatsi.

janar bayanai

Wannan hatsi yana da wani fibrous tushen tsarin da pneumatic cavities cewa samar da damar da iska a cikin flooded gona. Figure ne a daji kunshi nodular mai tushe, wanda kauri ne game da 3-5 mm da kuma tsawo - 38 cm, shi ne ma mai tsawo na 3-5 mita (m-form). Mai tushe mafi yawa kafa, amma akwai hawa da kuma stelyaschiesya. Sheet lanceolate, Inflorescence ne panicle, wanda shi ne tsayin 10-30 cm. Panicle aka matsa, ko yada, drooping ko kafa dangane iri-iri na shinkafa. Kan shi da kuma babban adadin spikelets flowered a takaice kafafu. Whole, talakawan hatsi da shinkafa kunshi wani m harsashi, wanda a karkashin brownish launi da kuma adana hatsi. Karkashin fata - da endosperm, mafi gina jiki ɓangare na hatsi, wanda shi ne abin da muka gani a cikin nau'i na farar shinkafa, da aka sani da polishing ko nika. Game da 94% na shi ya ƙunshi sitaci, game 6-10% gina jiki, amma abin takaici, a can ne kusan babu B bitamin da kuma ma'adinai abubuwa. Nika shinkafa shirye da sauri, mafi saukin tunawa da jiki. A zafi m canjin yanayin da samfurin yana tsawon.

shinkafa-girma

Akwai 3-daban na filayen a kan wanda horar da wannan ganye: upland, cak kuma estuary. Cak a kan filayen shinkafa namo dabara kunshi a raya akai ambaliya har sai, yayin da amfanin gona ba yã'yan, sa'an nan drained da ruwa da kuma fara girbi. Wannan irin girbi mai albarka ne ya fi kowa, don haka tattarawa game da 90% na duniya noman shinkafa. Upland filayen located a yankunan inda babban adadin hazo da dama, don haka ba su bukatar wucin gadi ban ruwa. A kan waɗanda suke da sauran filayen iya girma shinkafa na wannan iri, amma yawan amfanin ƙasa a kan cak sama filayen. Lima shinkafa filin yafi located in floodplains da vozdelyvavaetsya a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa. A wannan yanayin, yi amfani da shinkafa musamman iri da sauri girma zangarniya, wanda whisks taso kan ruwa a kan ruwa. Idan aka kwatanta da namo shinkafa a sauran filayen, wannan hanyar bada yawa karami amfanin gona, amma shi ne mai mafi gargajiya ga yankuna inda hatsi ne mafi muhimmanci kashi a mutum abinci mai gina jiki, misali, a kasashen Asiya.

daban na shinkafa

Akwai a duniya dubban daban-daban irin shinkafa. Alal misali, a cikin Asia kowane filin samar da wani iri-iri na al'adu. An classified ta tsawon hatsi, da irin magani, launi, da dandano. By mataki na ganye aiki ne zuwa kashi fari shinkafa, launin ruwan kasa da kuma parboiled.

Wadannan iri shinkafa:

1. Paddy: Paddy, kawai kawo daga filin, za a iya adana for shekaru da dama.
2. Rice husks - cire shi daga hatsi ne na farko da magani mataki, ana amfani da abincin dabbobi da kuma yadda taki.
3. Bran harsashi: shi ne samu a kan aiwatar da nika hatsi amfani ga karin kumallo hatsi da kuma abincin dabbobi.
4. Goge farar shinkafa: ya fi na kowa. Wani lokaci, Zagaye srednezerny da kuma dogon-hatsi da shinkafa, da photo na wanda za ka iya gani a cikin labarin.
5. Parboiled shinkafa: Paddy baya tsomasu a tsanake cikin ruwa, sa'an nan bi da tare da tururi a karkashin matsin.
6. Brown ko neshlifovany. Wani lokaci srednezerny da kuma dogon-hatsi da shinkafa, da farashin da ba daban-daban daga m farashin shinkafa milling inji, kuma aka dauke su yawa koshin lafiya fiye da farar shinkafa.
7. Broken shinkafa: a cikin aiki da shinkafa hatsi rushe manyan guda amfani ga confectionery da karin kumallo, kananan - for garin shinkafa.
8. Kazalika da na kowa iri shinkafa kamar Jasmine, basmati, Masar da kuma daji.

Tarihi da kuma rarraba

Aƙalla 7000 shekaru mutum jan kuma tsiro shinkafa. Photo nuna wannan za a iya samu a zamanin da rubuce-rubucen a kasar Sin da kuma India. Ko sa'an nan, a cikin shinkafa filayen da amfani da tsarin na canals ga ban ruwa na al'ada. Inda ya bayyana a karon farko - ita ba kafa, amma wasu masana kimiyya sun yarda da cewa shi ne dauke da haifuwa daga India. A cewar wasu kafofin an san cewa shinkafa filayen a kasar Sin sun bayyana a cikin 5th karni BC, kuma kamar zuwa 500 BC, riga located in Kudu maso Gabas da kuma Kudu Asia, kasashen Sin da India. Yada wannan hatsi saba da yanayin yanayi daban-daban, misali, a kudancin Asia ya kamata a yi manyan adadin ruwa da kuma zafi da dukan shekara, kuma a Japan, Korea da kuma tsakiyar kasar Sin ya fara iri da jure sanyi da kuma wanda ya bukatar wani ruwa kadan. A Asia, girbe, kuma dasa shinkafa har yanzu da hannu, domin ƙarni horar da a kan dutsen plateaus, hillsides da kuma kananan guda na ƙasar. A 13th karni shinkafa filayen bayyana a Sicily, a Arewacin Amirka, ya bayyana tare da Faransa, Birtaniya da kuma Japan. A South America adadi kawo Portuguese da kuma Spain. Rice namo a Rasha ya fara fiye da shekaru 300 da suka wuce.

Rice a Rasha

A cikin Rasha Empire, na farko da shinkafa filin bayyana a cikin sau Ivana Groznogo. Da aka bai da wani tsari ga Astrakhan gwamnan a kan girma "Saracen gero", da cewa shi ne yadda za su mai suna siffa Ƙananan Volga zaunar filin, amma gwajin sakamakon, da rashin alheri, ya zauna ba a sani ba.

A zamanin mulkin Bitrus I «Saracen gero" sake tashi a Rasha, shi ya barbaɗe a yankin Neja Delta na kogin Terek, da rabo daga cikin amfanin gona da kuma rasa daga cikin gaggawa bukatun jihar. Shi ne kawai a 1786 Figure reappeared a Rasha ƙasa - da aka kawo wa Kuban Cossacks. Rice filayen suna located a cikin flooded yankunan na Kuban River, sa'an nan samun mai kyau girbi shinkafa filin da kuma fito a Rasha.

amfani da shinkafa a duniya

Akwai 2 hanyoyin da amfani da wannan hatsi, "Yammacin" - shi ne hali na nahiyar Amirka da Turai, da kuma "Eastern" - for Asia. A gabashin kasashen adadi nufin da kullum abinci, shinkafa a Turai samu ta daraja daga baya, amma da farko ya zama na waɗansu m shuke-shuke da kuma shirya musamman ga festive menu. A tsawon lokaci, shinkafa ya kuma zama daya daga cikin su main abinci, amma, da bambanci ga Asia, Turai fara shirya shinkafa da kaji, nama, abincin teku da kuma yaji Additives.

Da bukatar wani shinkafa amfanin gona

A kowace shekara game da 350 miliyan. Ton na shinkafar da a duniya. Fiye da rabin mutane a duniya amfani da shi sau 3 a rana. A Japan, 78% na gonaki suna nufin namo shinkafa, misali, ko da yake kudin na shinkafa ne muhimmanci mafi girma. Kudi na amfani na hatsi da mutum a Asiya ne 150 kg a kowace shekara, yayin da a Turai - 2 kg a kowace shekara. Game 12-13 miliyan. Ton na shekara-shekara a duniya shigo da kuma fitar da kaya, wato, kamar 4% na jimlar amfanin gona a duniya. Kudancin Amirka da kuma Asia ne babban exporters shinkafa, da kuma Turai - da kaya.

shinkafa shuka

Domin zuriya magani amfani da musamman kasawa separators, sa'an nan da tsaba suna gwada wa germination, tare da fihirisa kasa da 90% na hatsi a matsayin m. 5-8 kwanaki kafin shuka da tsaba suna bushe a rana, jiƙa su a cikin dumi ruwa domin kwanaki 2-3, bayan kumburi bushe zuwa flowability da fara shuka a pre-mai tsanani a cikin ƙasa zuwa zurfin na 10 cm. Hanya mafi shinkafa amfanin gona yana dauke rufaffiyar drills Seeder flanged ko da bayyana talakawa. Yana kawo sakamako mai kyau da kuma gicciye-diagonal Hanyar dasa shinkafa. Amfani da flooded kasa razbrosnoy amfanin gona daga cikin jirgin saman, don haka yana yiwuwa ya shuka 150 ha a rana tare da wata guda da jirgin sama. Rice kuma za a iya girma daga seedlings. A wannan hanya, su ne a Vietnam, China, Japan da kuma sauran kasashe. Seedling al'ada a cikin CIS Mills samu a Azerbaijan.

Ban ruwa da kuma goyon baya na shinkafa amfanin gona

Akwai 3 hanyoyi da ruwa shinkafa amfanin gona:

• m ambaliya - da ruwa ne a filin wasa a lokacin da girma kakar.
• truncated ambaliya - a farko da kuma karshen ciyayi ruwa Layer ne ba ya nan.
• intermittent ambaliya - da ruwa matakin ne kiyaye wani lokaci.

CIS Mills ne, yafi amfani taqaitaccen ambaliya. A kasa cewa ba su Saline karfi da kuma gwada da tsabta daga weeds, ciyar watering bayan dasa da kuma kafin germination. Bayan shinkafa seedling akwatin da aka cika, kuma shi ne ba yawa manyan ruwa Layer aka yarda a lokacin tillering -. About 5 cm Layer na ruwa da aka sa'an nan a hankali ya karu zuwa 15 cm, kuma a wannan matakin da ruwa shine shuka kakin zuma ripeness. A tsawon lokaci, da samar da ruwa da aka dan kadan rage zuwa maturation na duniya bushe, kuma shi yiwuwa a fara girbi. Domin lalata algae, sunadarai sako iko ko aeration na kasar gona bushe shinkafa filin. Photos of wannan hanya za a iya samu a da yawa daga cikin shawarwari na ban ruwa ga shinkafa da kuma kula.

Technology shinkafa namo

All-Union Research Institute of shinkafa da shinkafa namo fasahar da aka ɓullo da, da wanda za a iya samu daga 4 zuwa 6 ton na masara da 1 ha. A fasahar da aka tsara shan la'akari da ƙayyadaddu na gona, sauyin yanayi peculiarities, iri.

Domin da kudancin yankunan da Krasnodar Territory raya 8 daban-daban samar da fasaha na shinkafa al'adu:

1. Basic fasaha, wanda ya hada da ayyukan 66, tare da high da ake samu na shinkafa, wani babban man fetur amfani da high mawuyaci.
2. Dabara a cikin abin da tsaba sown zuwa zurfin 4 ko 5 cm, da ya hada da 49 gudanar. Yana amfani da pre-jiyya na kasar gona: Autumn layout da kuma farkon noma.
3. Technology a cikin abin da hada aiki na kasar gona aiki: jeri na micro-taimako, da yin amfani da takin zamani da herbicides, seeding, kuma mirgina cikin farfajiya.
4. The fasaha, wanda ya samar da ga m shũka: shi ba ya hada da ayyukan kamar plowing, disking, chizelevanie, na sarrafawa shiryawa, plowing.
5. Technology, qware a kan cak, cike da ruwa, watau inda shinkafa filin ba zai yiwu a bushe in spring da kaka, kazalika a damana a cikin shuka lokaci da kuma ƙasa shiri.
6. Bezgerbitsidnaya fasahar da damar noma ayyuka don yaƙar weeds, cututtuka da kuma kwari.
7. Technology ba tare da yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari ga namo shinkafa rage cin abinci.
8. Technology inda dukkan ikon-cinyewa kuma aiki-m matakai aiki aggregates CFS-3,6 da kuma 3,6-CCF da Rotary garma-ol 2.4. A rarrabe da wannan Hanyar ne m noma.