Samar da wata kenkenewa a Rasha da kuma da jinsin

Kalmar "kenkenewa" tana nufin predominance na kasuwar tafin kafa mai sayarwa ko manufacturer daga cikin samfurin. Irin wannan wani mahaluži ne wani dukan masana'antu, da kuma kayyade farashin kayayyaki na ta samfurin, kuma ta girma na ba a ga abokan ciniki. Monopolies ne samfurin na ci gaba da jari hujja dangantakar. Haka kuma, su sosai zama ƙunshi hani ga dauke da fitar da jihar na wani tattalin arziki da sake fasalin.

Kada ka ba da cikakken ci gaban kasuwar dangantakar da iri daban-daban monopolies a Rasha. Kuma wannan shi ne wani tsanani aiki, wanda ake kokarin samun dacewa jihar jikinsu.

tarihi bayanai

A karshen karni na 19th. ƙarni-dogon ci gaba da kasuwar ya halartar gagarumin canje-canje. Kuma suka yi, an alakantashi da wani hakikanin barazana daga gasar. Duk da haka, hanyar da irin wannan zama dole sifa da kasuwar akwai wani gagarumin cikas, wanda shi ne daban-daban kungiya siffofin monopolies.

A tarihin irin wannan tattalin arziki abokai fara a zamanin da. Siffofin daban-daban na monopolies kuma su ci gaba aka tare da kusan duk matakai na raya kasa na kasuwar Sin. Duk da haka, su 'yan tarihi ya fara ne kawai a kashi na uku na 19th c., Was musamman suna bayyana a lokacin rikicin a 1873

Alama kenkenewa na ilimi

Mene ne wannan sabon abu? Alal misali, wani nau'i na masana'antu monopolies - bai zama ba fãce kamar yadda raba Enterprises da kuma su ƙungiyoyi, kazalika da kasuwanci tarayya, samar da gagarumin yawa na wasu kayayyakin. Wannan halin da ake ciki damar kungiyoyi su dauki wani rinjaye matsayi a cikin mabukaci kasuwar da kuma kafa high farashin cewa kawo mafi girma amfani.

Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa babban alama ne ta m kenkenewa matsayi. A kamfanoni a irin wannan tsarin muhimmanci takura gasar taso a kasuwa na wani samfurin. Hakika, da so kenkenewa ga kowane manufacturer. Lalle ne, a cikin wannan harka a hannunsa shi zai mayar da hankali a wasu tattalin arziki ikon da zai kauce wa da yawa daga cikin matsalolin da kasada.

halitta kenkenewa

A jihar a rinjaye matsayi a kasuwa ne classified bisa ga daban-daban. Akwai irin wannan kenkenewa, kamar yadda wata halitta, kazalika da administrative da kuma tattalin arziki. Ka yi la'akari da farko daga gare su.

Ana zargin wani halitta kenkenewa na taimaka wa mai yawan haƙiƙa dalilai. A daidai wannan lokaci irin wannan tarbiyya ke nunawa a kasuwar halin da ake ciki inda da bukatar da wani musamman kayayyaki iya gamsar daya kamfanin ko, a cikin matsanancin, 'yan. A zuciya irin wannan kenkenewa ne mai alama na samar, ko da bambancinsa na abokin ciniki sabis. A irin haka ne, da gasar ne kawai zai yiwu ba, ko sosai a ke so. Irin kungiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki, samar da tarho sabis, kuma haka a kan .. A masana'antu irin ayyukan ko dai daya ko a iyaka yawan kamfanonin.

Gudanarwa kenkenewa

Wani lokaci daya ko wasu shiri an fara zauna a rinjaye matsayi a kasuwa godiya ga wasu ayyuka na jama'a jikinsu. Wannan shi ne wani administrative kenkenewa. A wannan alamomin for da ya faru shi ne don samar da jihar m hakkin ya yi wani irin aiki. Haka kuma, irin wannan Tsarin yawanci kunshi mallakar gwamnati Enterprises, subordinated zuwa daban-daban da ƙungiyoyi, ma'aikatun da kuma tsakiyar katakan.

A administrative kenkenewa hada da wani rukuni na tattalin arziki abokai guda masana'antu, bauta a kasuwa a matsayin dukan. Similar tsarin Aka rinjaye a cikin tsohon Tarayyar Soviet.

tattalin arziki kenkenewa

Wannan nau'i na ilimi ne ya fi kowa. Ta bayyana a kan abin da ya faru na wasu dalilan tattalin arziki da kuma aka gina bisa ga dokokin na ci gaban tattalin arziki.

Saboda haka, tattalin arziki da kenkenewa iya magana a kuma waɗannan lokuta, inda kamfanoni suna samun wani rinjaye kasuwar matsayi a hanyoyi biyu:

• da taro na babban birnin kasar da wani kwari karuwa a sikelin da sha'anin.
• karkashin shugabancin tsakiya babban birnin kasar tare da Bugu da kari ko sha na fatara kamfanonin.

Za ta farko ko na biyu, kamfanin ya kai irin wannan rabbai cewa ya yale shi ya mamaye kasuwar.

duniya kenkenewa

Irin wannan ilimi tana nufin wani musamman irin. Yana faruwa a lokacin wani babban mataki na socialization na jari hujja samarwa da kuma ci gaban tafiyar matakai na interpolation na tattalin arziki rayuwa.

Abin da irin monopolies za a iya dangana ga kasa da kasa da nau'in? Na farkon su - Magance. Irin wannan kenkenewa ne kasa bangaren babban birnin kasar da kuma iko a kan shi, amma shi ne na kasa da kasa a cikin Sphere na aiki. Irin wannan siffofin jari hujja monopolies, kamar hukumomi, suna da hali a batu. Ga misali:

1. Damuwa "Standard Oil na New Jersey." Wannan sigar American mai kamfanin, wanda kasuwanci suna located in fiye da arba'in kasashen duniya. Kuma kasashen waje, da damuwa ya sanya 56% na dukiya, da sanin akwai 68% na tallace-tallace, samun 52% na ribar.
2. "Nestle" Swiss abinci damuwa. The girma ta samar da wuraren da tallace-tallace da kungiyoyin dake a wasu ƙasashe. A Switzerland ma yi kawai karamin sulusi da murabba'i na dukiya yawa (2-3%).

Ware kuma a zahiri na duniya monopolies. All hukumomi da kuma amãnõninsu, wanda za a iya bayyana ta wannan lokaci, da yawan fasali.

Su bambance-bambance da yafi karya a kan gaskiyar cewa sun mallakar da rabo babban birnin kasar yana kasa da kasa rarraba. Babban core daga cikin ma'aikatan - su ne mutanen da na qasashe daban-daban. Wani misali na wannan ƙungiya shi ne:

• Anglo-Dutch damuwa, "Hukumar kula da dabobi", aiki a filin na sinadaran da kuma samar da abinci;
• Belgium-German dõgara "Agfa-Gevert" samar da photochemical kayayyakin.

Yawan irin monopolistic kungiyoyi ne kananan, saboda da complexities na babban birnin kasar Ghana, ya a cikin daban-daban na kasa asalin - cewa bambance-bambance a cikin dokokin da biyu haraji da kuma magance jami'an gwamnati, da kuma more.

fom monopolies

Akwai tabbataccen rarrabuwa na kungiyoyin mamaye a rinjaye matsayi a kasuwa. Jerin ya hada da wani yawan asali siffofin, wanda za a iya hada monopolistic Enterprises. Mafi sauki daga cikinsu ya samo asali a cikin Sphere na wurare dabam dabam. Daga cikin su:

1. Cartel - wani nau'i na kenkenewa, wanda hadawa da dama kamfanonin aiki a cikin wannan masana'antu kansu. Members na da irin wannan tsarin da kasuwanci 'yancin kai, riƙe da ikon mallakar daga cikin wajen da kuma kayan aiki, da kuma fito da kansa a jefa cikin samfurin. Mahalarta taron na cartel kawai yarda a kan darajar da rabo a total samar, na kasuwanni da kuma nada farashin kayayyakin masarufi.
2. Syndicate - wani nau'i na kenkenewa, wanda shi ne kungiyar da dama kamfanonin a cikin wannan masana'antu, wanda ya kiyaye ikon mallakar wajen samar, amma babu wani kasuwanci 'yancin kai a cikin rashi na da hakkin sayar da kaya. Sayar da kayayyakin a cikin wannan harka ke hulda da sauran tallace-tallace ofishin.

Akwai karin hadaddun nau'i na kenkenewa. Wadannan kamfanonin rufe kai tsaye samarwa kansu. Daya daga cikin manyan siffofin kenkenewa na da irin wannan - Trust. A cikin irin wannan jam'iyya ya hada da kamfanoni na ko dai daya ko dama rassan masana'antu samar. Trust mambobi ba su da wani ikon mallakar wajen samar ko da samfurin kerarre da su. Daga gare su, da kuma kasuwanci 'yancin kai. A wasu kalmomin, akwai wani ƙungiyar na amãnõninsu samarwa, marketing, kudi da kuma gudanarwa. A amfani da wannan hade ne cewa kowane daya daga cikin Membobinta yana da rabo daga hannun jari pro Rata rabo daga cikin babban birnin kasar zuba jari. Irin wannan kunshin entitles ku shiga a cikin management na dõgara, kuma zuwa samu daga gare shi rabo daga ribar.

Akwai wani hadadden tsari na monopolies - wani iri daban dabam kungiyar. Yana hadawa da dama, ko ma daruruwan kamfanoni na zuwa daban-daban rassan masana'antu, cinikayya da kuma sufuri. Members na wannan monopolies rasa su dama su mallakar wajen samar, kazalika da samfurin kerarre da su. Bugu da kari, a kan dukkan kamfanonin da za'ayi kudi controls gudanar da iyaye kamfanin.

Ana zargin monopolies a Rasha

Ilimi, kunsha na kamfanonin Mamaye kasuwar, ya haifar a kasar mu. Kuma a karon farko a kan monopolies a Rasha yi magana a karshen karni na 19th. Wadannan al'ummomi sun samo asali musaman hanya, wanda aka halin kai tsaye baki a cikin harkokin jihar jikinsu. Its tasiri a kan ci gaban hukumomin gwamnati ya faru a filin na metallurgy, inji aikin injiniya, kai, sukari da kuma man masana'antu. Wannan shi ya sa da siffofin kenkenewa a Rasha, kamar yadda mai mulkin, iyakance zuwa wani administrative irin. Duk da haka, har ya zuwa farkon karni na 20th. da muhimmancin irin kungiyoyin a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar ya ba abu.

Rasha ta miƙa mulki ga mallaka

A 1900-1903 gg. fashewa da tattalin arziki na duniya rikicin. Ya zama babban impetus da ya kai ga kara taro da kuma samuwar monopolies a Rasha. Don gane hanyoyi na shawo kan rikicin industrialists fara tara a masana'antu taron gunduma. Kuma kamar haka ne aka kafa shi da asali girke-girke na warware matsalar. Yana kunshi a kafa hadin gwiwa cinikayya kungiyoyin aiwatar kerarre kaya. Saboda haka, akwai ƙananan siffofin kenkenewa a Rasha wakiltar Syndication. Wadannan kungiyoyi da aka gudanar a karkashin kulawa da kasuwar price.

Toshe bakin, kamar yadda na farko nau'i na kenkenewa, sun taso ne saboda na jihar m tariffs kare kasuwannin gida a Rasha. Bayyanar da irin abokai ma da gudummawar da kwangilolin gwamnati a lokacin da jihar shirya gasa, fifita kamfanin ake sanya mafi ƙasƙanci price.

Saboda haka, a farkon karni na 20th. wani irin toshe bakin matsayin "Prodamet", "Prodvagon", "Produgol", "Rufin".

Layi daya da kwadago fara samar da irin wannan nau'i na kenkenewa, a matsayin Trust. A hankali bayyana da kuma ilimi "mafi girma irin", da cewa shi ne da damuwa. Similar ƙungiyoyi da aka ɓullo da a auduga masana'antu. Kuma 'yan kasuwa, tara manyan kudade da farko kãma bankuna, sa'an nan ya fara zuba jari su akwai kudi a cikin underdeveloped kansu. A wannan lokacin da suke cikin duniyoyin da masana'antu, mota, lantarki da kuma sinadaran.

International siffofin kenkenewa a Rasha da ke aiki a cikin masana'antun man fetur. Da suka je wa kasar mu a cikin nau'i na amãnõninsu, sun rarraba duniya kasuwanni. A Rasha ya sau uku wakilan irin wannan kenkenewa. Daga cikin su:

• "Na ba Royal Shell" - Anglo-Dutch dõgara.
• "The cinikayya Nobel", babban birnin kasar na wanda mallakar Jamus industrialists.
• "Rasha Janar Petroleum Corporation", halitta a kan tushen da Anglo-Faransa kudi da zuba jari.

A general monopolists kawo a bayyane lalacewar kasa tattalin arzikin kasar. Suna gudanar da hauhawar farashin for su kayayyakin, wani lokacin iyakance hakar man fetur da makamashi da albarkatun. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa Rasha an tilasta wa gwamnatin magance sabon abu na kenkenewa. Iri da kuma siffofin irin wannan tarbiyya yi kokarin iyakance daban-daban majalisu ayyukan. Amma duk ne a banza, kamar yadda mafi yawan jami'an gwamnati a layi daya da jama'a ayyukan zauna sosai biya mukamai a daban-daban kamfanoni.

masana'antu ƙi

Wasu gida kenkenewa Rasha tsaya da ayyukan a dangane da barkewar yakin duniya na farko. Amma a general, a lokacin da tashin yawan irin abokai da ya kawai ya karu. Wasu damuwarsu, a matsayin mafi girman irin kenkenewa, sun zama ma fi iko. Kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun muhimmanci ƙara musu babban birnin kasar ta bayarwa kayayyakin soja fuskantarwa.

Bayan da Oktoba juyin juya halin shi ne nationalization na bankuna da kuma masana'antu. A sakamakon wannan tsari shafe kenkenewa a Rasha. Bayyanar da irin wannan tsarin sake fara bayan 90s, lokacin da kasar fara motsa zuwa wani kasuwar tattalin arzikin.

A zamani mataki

Don kwanan wata, m kenkenewa a Rasha. Akwai kawai 'yan kamfanoni wanda kayayyakin da wani gagarumin rabo a cikin kasuwar (65 cikin dari ko fiye). Ainihin nau'i na kenkenewa a Rasha ne manyan ƙungiyoyi. Duk wanda ya kasance a cikin jinsunan halitta tsarin. Irin wannan kenkenewa halitta da gwamnatin a lokacin specialization siyasa, zurfafa da kuma maida hankali na samarwa. Duk da haka, da tattalin arziki da rikicin ya bayyana a fili cewa irin Tsarin suna maras tabbas.

Bugu da kari, a Rasha akwai kuma wani irin kenkenewa, kamar yadda wani gida. Yana taso saboda kasuwar unsaturation, a lokacin da mutum kamfanonin da su za su fara zauna a rinjaye matsayi. Wannan jerin sau da yawa samu kungiyoyi da hannu a sarrafa kayayyakin gona, kazalika da cinikayya, kiwon lafiya da kuma jama'a da sabis.

Babbar monopolies a Rasha guda uku ne:

• Rao "UES", tsunduma a samar da wutar lantarki da kuma kauda sabis don ta isarwa ga mabukaci.
• "Gazprom", da m gas ta hanyar bututun da kuma sayar da shi zuwa ga jama'a.
• MPS je da dogo da sufuri.

"Rostelecom" da kuma za a iya kunshe a cikin wannan jerin. Wannan shiri na samar da sabis na kasa da kasa da kuma dogon-nesa sadarwa. Karami monopolists, shirya ayyukan a birane, suna Enterprises Vodokanal, Metro da haka. D. All daga gare su iya tsara da farashin ta samfurin ga mabukaci da iyakance tsari.

Wani lokaci kenkenewa zagi ikon a hannuwansu. Sun kafa da farashin da muni, rufe shi da wani m halin kaka. Bugu da kari, da Rasha tattalin arzikin ya samu nuna wariya da magani a kan wani ɓangare na monopolies zuwa da fafatawa a gasa. An misali ne da shawarar da gwamnati ta Kirov yankin, don ƙirƙirar wani jihar sha'anin, wanda ya hada da baya kai aiki kantin magani, Pharmaceutical factory, kantin database da kuma hikimar tantance dakin gwaje-gwaje. Irin wannan jam'iyya ya daina ta aiki da shawarar da jihar Antimonopoly kwamitin.