Sauki da kuma fili ganye: siffofin, iri, da bambance-bambance

Kaka - daya daga cikin mafi kyau sau na shekara. A bambancin da richness yanayi a wannan lokaci ana karin sani, su ne don haka daban-daban daga juna bar sauki da kuma hadaddun. Phyllotaxy kowace shuka musamman (wani lokacin a madadin ko whorled), da kuma cewa a kan shi za a iya ƙaddara, shi ya shafi kowane irin. Bari mu yi nazarin a mafi daki-daki cikin siffofin da kuma ayyuka na kowane irin ganye.

Tabbatar da dalilin da o

Tare da furanni, Tushen, mai tushe da kuma harbe, ganye ne mafi muhimmanci vegetative gabobin da tsire-tsire, wanda su ma ke da alhakin photosynthesis aiki. Bugu da kari, sun yi wasu ayyuka, kamar takara a matakai na numfasawa, danshin da Guttation shuke-shuke. Akwai da wadannan iri ganye: sauki da hadaddun, kowane daga cikinsu na da halaye da kuma aka samu a wasu shuka iri.

Sau da yawa sosai, leaf ruwan wukake an sanya ganye, amma a gaskiya shi ne mai jiki da kunshi wani farantin (a kan shi ne jijiyoyinmu) da kuma rike, wanda fãra a tushe da kuma ta haɗu da leaf ruwa tare da stipules. Ya ko da yaushe daukan wani kaikaice matsayi a kan zangarniya, kuma duk da ganye suna shirya a kan shi a wani jerin don samar da ganiya samun hasken rana. Its size iya Range daga 2 cm zuwa 20 m (daga wurare masu zafi da itatuwa).

External tsarin da kuma siffar

Wata alama waɗannan jikuna ne su lebur siffar, wanda yana da muhimmanci ga iyakar lamba surface tare da iska shuka yanayi da kuma hasken rana. Nau'i na da sauki kuma fili ganye bambanta bayyanar. Akwai kawai ya faru ya zama daya kawai lamina, wanda aka haɗa da tushe ta wajen petiole. Nagartaccen guda kunshi dama lamina zubar a kan daya petiole. Tuna kama Maple leaf: tsakiyar wuce da thickest jijiya, to wanda aka a haɗe biyu ko uku stipule kowane gefe. Irin wannan hadaddun siffar da takardar da aka kira da kishiyar hakan, saboda lamina suna positioned symmetrically da juna.

Babban aka gyara - wani farantin karfe kuma jijiyoyinmu cewa gudu tare da surface da petiole, stipules (ko da yake ba su da duk shuke-shuke) da kuma tushe, da abin da rabi aka haɗa ta kara daga wata itãciya ko wasu shuke-shuke.

Ba kamar sauki takardar form, a hadaddun iya saduwa da dama iri, wanda suna da rarrabe dũkiyarsu da kuma halaye.

ciki tsarin

M lamina surface ne ko da yaushe rufe da fata, wanda ya ƙunshi wata Layer na colorless Kwayoyin rufe masana'anta - epidermis. Babban ayyuka na fata - shi ne kariya daga waje inji lalacewar da kuma zafi. Saboda gaskiya cewa ta Kwayoyin ne m, hasken rana sauƙi wuce ta wurin shi.

Ƙananan surface kuma kunshi wani m wadannan Kwayoyin a hankali dab da juna. Duk da haka, daga gare su akwai kananan guda biyu Kwayoyin kore, tsakanin wanda akwai rata. Wannan bangare kuma kira stoma. Kuma bude a haɗa sake kore Kwayoyin bude da kuma rufe ƙofar stoma. A lokacin da wadannan ƙungiyoyi na faruwa da danshin danshi da kuma iskar gas musayar tsari. An sani cewa surface daya lamina da daga 90 zuwa 300 stomata da 1 mm ^2.

The ban sha'awa al'amari: kore Kwayoyin kusan ko da yaushe located a gefe na sheet a kan wanda matsakaicin iska musayar. Saboda haka, misali, iyo a kan ruwa shuka, ko da kwantena furannin bi-rana, stomata located a kan m gefen ta cikin iska.

jinsunan

Masana kimiyya gane biyu main iri ganye: shi ne takardar da bayyane, kuma rikitarwa. A tsarin da kowane daga cikinsu na da halaye. Dangane da bayyanar, da yawan faranti da siffar su gefuna, fili ganye kuma za a iya rarraba su zuwa dama iri. Saboda haka, a nan ne ya fi kowa iri, idan zaba da alãmarsu:

• fan-dimbin yawa (dimbin yawa kamar rabin zoɓe).
• lanceolate (m, wani lokacin spines ne yanzu a kan surface).
• Lancet (fairly m, tare da quntata gefuna).
• m (ovoid siffar cewa tapers dan kadan wajen tushe).
• palmate da lobed (wani lokacin za a iya rikita, tun da suka biyu da jam'i na ruwan wukake).
• palmate (faranti diverge daga petiole, bayyanar da kama yatsu).
• allura (bakin ciki da kuma sosai kaifi).

Jerin ke kan na dogon lokaci, duk da haka, wani hadadden tsari na takardar yana da dama iri dangane da siffar da gefuna, da kuma wurin da leaf ruwan wukake da kansu.

Nau'in na hadaddun shuke-shuke

Tare da gefuna da faranti shi ne sau da yawa m domin sanin abin da nau'in a wanda wani ba shuka. Wadannan siffofin da ake samu a cikin yanayi, mafi sau da yawa:

• kaifi - da m gefuna, wanda su ne gaba daya ba a nan hakora.
• kaya - kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, a cikin wadannan ganye ne ba a gefuna da hakora.
• denticulate - ne reminiscent na a sawa, wanda shi ne mai kaifi da kuma kananan incisors.
• wavy - wannan ne undulating tududa a wanda bãbu m domin ko misali form.

Features na kowane irin

Yana da daraja fiye da ya yi magana game da rarrabe ãyõyi na da sauki kuma fili ganye, kamar yadda wannan zai iya taimaka sanin abin da irin shuke-shuke da kuma abin da nau'in shi ne ke da. Saboda haka, daya daga cikin mafi mashahuri siffofin kowace irin - da yawan records. Idan akwai sinadaran guda uku, sa'an nan mu trifoliate-dimbin yawa zanen gado. Idan biyar - palmate, kuma idan more, sa'an nan aka kira su pinnately rarraba. A kowane farantin, za ka iya duba na musamman veining tsarin, ta hanyar abin da na gina jiki zo a cikin ciki kyallen takarda. A sauki da kuma hadadden jinsin, sun bambanta a tsari da kuma tsarin. A nan ne mafi ubiquitous siffofin jannayẽnsa wuri:

• arcuate (idan venation yayi kama da menorah - daya daga cikin alamu na Yahudanci).
• giciye.
• tsaye.
• palmate.
• a layi daya.
• net.
• pinnate.

Wani bayãnin hukuncin alama - shi ne hanyar da aka shirya a kan tushe ganye. Simple da hadaddun - duk ba tare da togiya, ana haɗe da tushe na shuke-shuke a cikin hanyoyi biyu:

• via a rike, wanda idan da shuka nasa ne da hankulan.
• ba tare da wani rike, lokacin da tushe tsiro da kuma maida hankali da kara, yayin da zaune a gaban mu shuka.

Ganyen shuke-shuke: sauki da kuma hadadden

Idan muka rarraba shuke-shuke a kan filaye da ganye, yana yiwuwa su lura da wadannan abubuwa. Simple ne yawanci ga kowa da kowa herbaceous shuke-shuke, ciki har da Bishiyoyi da. Complex kamar yadda akwai kamar shrubs da itatuwa, duk da haka, kamar yadda sun yi tsayayya da sauki, a lokacin leaf fall, suka fada ba, jimla guda, da kuma a sassa: na farko, farantin kanta, sa'an nan da zangarniya.

Bari mu dubi cikin misalai na sunan sauki da kuma fili ganyen shuke-shuke. Mafi yawa daga cikin itatuwan girma a Rasha, da ganye ne mai sauki form. Aspen, Birch da poplar da daban-daban siffofi: Lancet, zagaye da scalloped gefuna da mashi-dimbin yawa, bi da bi. Tare da farko na kaka frosts kowane daga cikinsu ya bar fada kashe gaba daya. Suna kuma samu a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar apple, pear da ceri. amfanin gona, irin hatsi da masara, kuma suna da sauki ganye.

Complex siffofin ne ba a kan legumes, irin pinnate bar fis. Ganye palmate itatuwa da wadannan nau'i :. Maple, chestnut, lupine da dai sauransu tuna Trifolium pratense, da siffar da aka kira Ternate da ciliated gefuna.

Abin da ayyuka suna yi da ganye?

Simple da hadaddun siffofin wadannan gawawwaki an sa sun fi mayar da yanayin damina. A zafi kasashe, da itatuwa da manyan ganye da zama a matsayin mai tsare da rana ta haskoki.

Duk da haka, babban aikin ne ba makawa - shi ne shiga a cikin photosynthesis. Kamar yadda aka sani, da itatuwa da wannan tsari za a iya maida carbon dioxide a cikin oxygen ta sha makamashin hasken rana.

Na biyu mafi muhimmanci tsari ne salula numfasawa. Amfani da mitochondria bar samun oxygen da kuma exhale ta hanyar da stomata riga carbon dioxide, to, wanda aka yi amfani da lokacin photosynthesis. Tun photosynthesis ya auku ne kawai ta hanyar haske, da carbon dioxide da aka adana a dare a cikin nau'i na Organic acid.

Transpiration - wani ruwa danshin daga surface na ganye. Godiya ga wannan iko adjusts da sauran zafin jiki da kuma zafi da shuka. A danshin kudi ya dogara da girman da kauri daga cikin faranti da iska gudun a wani lokaci.

Karbuwa da kuma gyara

Da yawa ganye - sauki da kuma hadadden - suna da ikon daidaita da wa muhalli da yanayi. A kan aiwatar da juyin halitta suka samu damar iya yin komai vidizmenyatsya. Wannan shi ne mafi ban mamaki daga gare su:

• ikon sarrafa kakin wanda ya ta'allaka ne a kan surface da kuma hana wuce kima evaporation na ruwa droplets.
• samar da wata mangaza ga ruwa a lokacin ruwan sama, shi ya faru saboda coalescing gefuna haka kamar yadda ta samar da wata jakar kwai-kamar ganga (irin siffofin da za a iya samu a wurare masu zafi da yawa Liana).
• da ikon gyara surface na faranti, yanke up ganye hana sakamakon tsananin iska, game da shi, kare shuke-shuke daga lalacewa.

Mutane da yawa daga cikin hujjojin alaka da ayyuka na wadannan muhimman gabobi na shuke-shuke har yanzu talauci gane. Wadannan kyau da kawa na yanayi, a Baya ga sama ayyuka, yi da wani ado matsala - da suka ji dãɗi mutane tare da ƙawa kuma iri-iri na haske launuka!