Seigniorage - menene wannan? Sharuddan kayayyaki kudi

A 1290, Philip IV yana da yaƙe-yaƙe a Faransa. Kudi domin kudade ba ya wadatarwa. Minting sabon tsabar kudi ya jagoranci duk ya fi girma kumbura. Don tabbatar da kasancewar na zinariya a cikin taskar, da Sarkin sata da mulkin Lombards, kwashe kudi na Yahudawa da kwace dukiyar da Templars. Duk wannan da aka yi don kauce wa biyan seigniorage - wani lada ga minting na tsabar kudi.

zuciya

Seigniorage - shi ne a samu daga karuwa da kudi samar da jiha. The gwamnatin iya sarrafa adadin kudi a wurare dabam dabam. Yana da wani key kashi a cikin bashi siyasa na kasar.

A tsakiyar zamanai shi tsunduma a coinage Mint. A mulkin gargajiya ubangijina samu ƙarfe daga abokin ciniki. Mafi yawa daga cikin raw kayan amfani ga yi na tsabar kudi, da kuma sauran aiki a matsayin wani sabis fee. Harkar Kuɗi seigniorage - shi ne samun kudin shiga, wadda aka raba tsakanin brassazhem (Mint) da kuma sarki (mulkin gargajiya ubangijina).

samuwar

Halin kaka ba su sãɓã ba minting na tsabar kudi na daban-daban denominations, amma nauyi fluctuated. Saboda haka, a wasu kasashen kudin za a iya ƙaddara dangane da maras muhimmanci darajar, ko wani kaso daga cikin nauyi da kuma girma na wannan tsabar kudin. Bari mu bincika a hankali abin da seigniorage (MIT).

Wannan lokaci da aka fassara daga Latin yana nufin "mai gida", ko "m." shi da aka lasafta a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban cikin sharuddan cinikayya da fiatnyh kudi. A lokacin da Filibus IV ta sabis fee ne bambanci tsakanin darajar tsabar kudi, da azurfa, da aka yi amfani da su yi.

Modern seigniorage - bambanci tsakanin batun farashin da kuma maras muhimmanci darajar da sabon banknotes.

A kadan tarihi

Majistare Alkalin bayar da wani hukuncin, bisa ga abin da Central Bank of Italy kasance da bambanci a cikin kudin na buga kudi don komawa kasar 'yan kasa. Domin shekaru 8 da bashi da baitul ayyuka na Central Bank ga shekara 2003 amounted zuwa EUR miliyan 5. Amma da wannan lokaci da kara mayar da su cikin iko na Turai Babban Bankin. Tare da goyon bayan da Association of Masu amfani da ADUSBEF tafiyad da da'awar a cikin bankuna, da Babban Bankin ta lauyoyi Labarai baya yanke shawara, ya kira ta m.

Wannan misali ne sosai gagarumin. Seigniorage tashi a cikin mulkin gargajiya lokaci, amma aiki ga wannan rana. Kuma a yau, domin batun na banknotes jihar ribar. Matsalar ita ce, da kudin fito ba a iyakance. Lokacin da yawan wuce adadin samuwa dukiya, akwai wani Yunƙurin a farashin.

Seigniorage da hauhawar farashin kaya haraji

Don kara da kudi wadata iya zama, da batun na banknotes, bada kudi da aka gudanar a kan ajiya da kuma sayen gwamnatin shaidu. A wani barga tattalin arziki yanayi, da batun na banknotes halitta kumbura haraji. Watsi rage darajar ta Holdings na kudi da kadarori. Exchange rates kayyade ta gwamnati. watsi cibiyar a fuskar Babban Bankin na'am da dukan amfanin kara kudi wadata. Kumbura haraji da ake kira boye, saboda batun rinjayar mutane suka yi ba index su samun kudin shiga da kuma ci gaba da shi a cikin nau'i na adibas a cikin banki.

A jihar sami ƙarin babban birnin kasar, da kara kudi na kumbura. Farko lura da Amirkawa, kuma Ya halitta guda watsi cibiyar - dan majalisa. Bayan da aka samar da kuzari ga kafa wani kenkenewa ya da girma mawuyacin. Yau shi aiki a makirci a cikin abin da gwamnatin samun kudi daga kasuwar.

Riba daga fiatnyh kudi

Idan da kudi ana sanya daga wani abu da ciwon darajar da rabo premium ne bambanci tsakanin kudin farashin da kuma maras muhimmanci darajar banknotes (takardar ko lantarki). Alal misali, idan kudin da ɗari dollar takardar kudi ne 4 aninai, da seigniorage zai zama 9996 aninai. Kuma yana da guda yawa. Idan muka yi la'akari, domin a kowace shekara na shekaru 10 na rayuwar wata doka shige ta wani talakawan 4 yawa, da samun kudin shiga samu sosai gagarumin.

Watsi da wadanda ba tsabar kudi biya kashe kusan gaba daya. Saboda haka, wasu malamai gardamar cewa lantarki seigniorage ne key factor a jari na dũkiyõyi a cikin XXI karni.

Riba daga batun na bayanin kula qara, idan kudin amfani da kasashen waje. Alal misali, Amurka sami mafi seigniorage fiye da kowace kasa a duniya. Dollar amfani a harkokin kasuwancin duniya, da jari na reserves. A wannan yanayin, da seigniorage - ne da kudaden shiga daga ƙarin dukiya da za a iya samu saboda da kasar da su kasashen waje kasa zuba jari na ba-mazauna da kuma duk administrative halin kaka.

Bayani game da yadda da yawa daga cikin seigniorage ne a jihar m. Kuma ta ba bayyana. Seigniorage a Rasha jeri daga 15% na GDP. A cikin Netherlands shi ne 0,66%, a cikin USA - 3%, yayin da a Italiya da kuma Girka - sama da 10%.

Seigniorage - shi ne ba kawai samun kudin shiga, amma kuma wani asarar watsi. The kudin na samar da tsabar kudi na kananan denomination ne mafi sau da yawa ba a rufe ta da par darajar. Saboda haka, da yawa bankunan tsakiya ba al'amuranda su, ko suna jefarwa a sosai adadi kaɗan.

Inda ya aikata da seignorage?

Share premium ba a zaman hannuwanku, kuma aika zuwa ga Central Bank. A Amurka, albashi daga cikin batun da aka canjawa wuri zuwa asusun na Tarayya Reserve, ko da yake jihar shirya da amfani. Part na riba (6%) ne zuwa ga biyan dividends, da kuma sauran aka yaba da kasafin kudin kudaden shiga. A kwatankwaci da, masu zaman kansu da masu zuba jari BOJ sami 4% na rabo premium. Seigniorage a Rasha ne zuwa kashi biyu sassa. Rabin ke zuwa jihar, da kuma kashi na biyu na ayyukan] a] en da Bank of Rasha.

A Rasha, kawai roko bayar miliyan 15 banknotes da kuma tsabar kudi miliyan 50. Wannan shi ne, ko da ta fi} iyasta samun kudin shiga daga watsi muhimmanci. Seigniorage kuma iya faruwa a sakamakon magance na janye da kuma sauran banknotes haraji. Duk da haka, Eurostat ya dakatar da Sashin Turai kasashe aika rabo premium don rage kasafin kudin deficits. Amma a cikin kasashen da hyperinflation, a akasin haka, seigniorage aka yi amfani a matsayin tushen samun kudin shiga.

ƙarshe

Watsi da kudi - shi ne m aiki. Saboda haka, kenkenewa dama don en banknotes ne kawai a jihar. Tun da aiwatar da wannan ra'ayin ya kasance Babban Bankin, sa'an nan ya rubuta cewa kudi sakamakon daga ayyukan a cikin balance sheet line. Amma a Rasha samun rabin na kudi zuwa jihar kasafin kudin.