Soviet jigilar fasinjojin jiragen saman Tu-144. Me yasa aka dakatar da Tu-144?

An kirkiro Tu-144 jirgin saman jirgin sama na Supersonic a cikin Soviet Union a ƙarshen 1970s. An kaddamar da shi cikin jerin, kuma a wani lokaci ana amfani dasu don sufuri na sufuri. A cikin Tu-144 yana da fatan gaske ga ISR - ya riga ya fara haɗa dukkan yankuna na babbar ƙasa, sa'an nan kuma ya wuce. Abin takaici, wannan bai faru ba. A yau za mu sake nazarin tarihin halitta da halaye na Tu-144, dalilin da ya sa aka dakatar da wannan motar, da kuma bambancinsa daga masu fafatawa.

Tsarin taƙaitawa

Babu shakka, Tu-144 yana da jirgin sama mai ban mamaki. Ya zama jirgin saman fasinja na farko, wanda gudunsa ya wuce karfin sauti. A lokaci ɗaya tare da Tu-144, wanda zamu yi la'akari da su a ƙasa, injiniyoyi na Ingila da Faransa sun haɗu da wani jigon fasinjojin fasinjoji wanda ya fi dacewa da jirgin sama - wanda ke da nasaba da Concorde. Ba wani asiri ba cewa ci gaba da waɗannan na'urori shi ne wata hamayya na Cold War. Ayyukan Soviet masu zane-zane daga ra'ayi na fasaha ba su da mahimmanci ga aikin masu gasa, duk da haka, ya rasa tattalin arziki.

Jirgin jirgin sama a saman jirgin sama mai tsada yana da tsada, kuma a cikin Soviet Union akwai mutane da yawa da za su iya samun shi, don haka tikitin bai biya duk farashin mai da gyaran jiragen sama ba. Fasinja na yamma ya shirya don biyan bashin jirgin sama da kuma babban ƙarfafa, saboda haka an gane Concords a matsayin aikin nasara, wanda ba za'a iya fada game da Tu-144 ba. Me ya sa aka dakatar da jirgin nan? Ɗaya daga cikin dalilai mafi mahimmanci shine rashin tattalin arziki.

A matsayin jirgin saman fasinja, Tu-144 ya yi amfani da ƙasa da shekara guda. Daga nan ana amfani dasu don gwadawa da kuma kawo kayan aikin gaggawa na nesa. A lokacin aikin, jiragen sama na daukar nauyin sufuri 3,284 kawai. Babban mawallafinta ya kawo kusan fasinjoji miliyan 2.4. A cikin duka, an samar da jirgin sama 16. Ya kamata a lura da cewa Concorde ya ba da motoci 4 kawai. A 1999, jirgin karshe na jirgin sama na Tu-144 ya faru. Duk da dubious suna na Soviet jirgin sama sun iya kafa 13 duniya records.

Prehistory

Shekaru 1950-1960 na karni na 20 aka alama ta hanyar ci gaba da bunkasa jirgin sama. An fara ne da gaskiyar cewa a shekara ta 1947, gwajin gwagwarmayar jiragen sama na Amurka Amurka X-1 ya rinjayi katangar sauti. A tsakiyar shekarun da suka wuce, Amurka ta fara samar da kayan aiki na manyan mayakan supersonic. Kuma daga cikin shekarun shekaru saba'in, fasaha na samar da irin wannan inji ya riga ya shiga, kuma injiniyoyi sunyi tunani game da yiwuwar ƙirƙirar jirgin saman fasinja. A wannan lokacin shi ne bayanin da aka yi a lokacin. Yin amfani da irin wannan motoci yana da amfani ga kamfanonin jiragen sama don akalla dalilai guda biyu: rage lokacin jirgin sama, babu buƙatar matsakaicin matsakaici.

Ƙirƙiri jiragen saman jirgin sama mai kula da jiragen sama na sama ba su da sauƙi. A hankali bayan auna nauyin kome, masu zanen Amurka sun ki yarda da wannan ra'ayi, suna gane cewa ba shi da kyau. Har ila yau, jama'ar Turai sun yanke shawarar jarrabawar dabarun kayan aikin fasinja. Ci gaba irin wannan jirgin sama ya yi amfani da harshen Faransanci da Ingilishi. A shekara ta 1962 suka shiga aiki. Saboda haka aikin jirgin saman "Concord" ya bayyana. Ƙasar Soviet na da sha'awar wannan ra'ayin. Kuma gaskiyar cewa 'yan Turai ba su ɓoye abubuwan da suka faru ba, kuma sun nuna su a fili a filin jiragen sama na duniya wanda ya sa masu zane-zanen gida su yanke shawarar da ba daidai ba kafin a fara aikin.

A Tarayyar Tarayyar Soviet, an ba da jirgin sama na jirgin saman jirgin sama a cikin Tupolev Design Bureau. Masana na kungiyar sun fi gogaggen a cikin halittar jet jirgin sama. Bugu da ƙari, ma'aikatan Tupolev Design Office ne wadanda suka kasance na farko a cikin Hukumar Harkokin Jakadancin Amirka don su kirkiro fashewa na Tu-22.

Ƙaddamarwa

A 1963, tarihin halittar Tu-144 ya fara. Dokar Majalisar Dattijai ta Rundunar Soviet ta Yamma ta ba da umurni da ci gaban fasinjojin fasinja tare da irin wadannan sigogi:

1. Jirgin jirgin ya kai 4000-4500 km.
2. Tsarin tafiya mai sauri shine 2300-2700 km / h.
3. Jiragen fasinja yana iya zama mutane 80-100.

A shekara ta gaba, a shekarar 1964, an fara gina sabon jirgin sama. Kuma bayan shekara guda an kwatanta samfurin motar a filin wasa na duniya a Le Bourget. A cewar Tupolev, jirgin ya tashi zuwa sama sama da watanni biyu kafin Concord. A ƙarshe, ya faru.

Yin aiki a kan sabon jirgin sama, masu zanen kaya sun fuskanci matsalolin matsalolin, musamman ma, tare da jigilar fasaha na jikin jiki da kuma dumama jikinsa tare da nakasawa a cikin babban gudu. Musamman ci gaba da bunkasa reshe na zane mai dacewa, yayin da kimanin ɗari biyu bambance-bambance aka gwada a cikin ramin iska.

A lokacin ci gaba da jirgin saman Tupolev, MiG-21 ya zama samfurin na yanzu. Duk da haka, zane ya canzawa: an kawar da plumage a kwance, an rage tsawon jigilar furelage, kuma fuka-fukan ya karu. A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1968, Tu-144 ya tashi a karo na farko. Ya faru ne kawai watanni biyu kafin jirgin farko na Concorde. Na gaba shekara jirgin saman ya isa gudun sauti, kuma bayan shekara guda - ya wuce ta sau biyu.

Lokacin da jirgin saman fasinja mafi girma ya bayyana a Amurka, dukan duniya fara magana game da shi. A shekara ta 1971, jirgin saman jirgin ya yi jiragen gwaje-gwaje masu yawa, ya ziyarci Moscow, Sofia, Berlin da Paris. A lokacin wannan lokacin, Aikin Fasahar ya fara aikin gwaji na Tu-144. An kafa na'ura ta na'ura na na'ura a filin Voronezh.

Ginin

Tu-144 wani nau'in karfe ne, wanda ke da matsayi na ƙasa kuma yana da nauyin tsarin makirci mai mahimmanci. Ana yin fuselage a cikin nau'i-nau'i guda ɗaya, wanda fata ya kasance a kan tsararru da sassan. An hayar da jirgin sama tare da kayan tasowa mai tricycle da baka.

Rashin wutar lantarki na mai jirgin sama yana wakiltar wasu motuka guda hudu na TRD samfurin NK-114A ko RD-36-51A, waɗanda suke a cikin nau'i. Kowace injiniyoyin an sanye take da nasu iska. Rashin motsi na injuna sun wuce fiye da gefen reshe.

Fuselage na jirgin sama an rarrabe shi a cikin hanci, tsakiya da sutura. A cikin baka na gidan ma'aikata na gida, lantarki wanda ya shiga cikin ƙuƙwalwar hanci da fuselage. Yankin tsakiya na wakiltar fasinjojin fasinjoji ne, wanda ke haifar da sashi daya tare da baka. A cikin ɓangaren wutsiyar akwai tanin tanki don man fetur, kuma a ƙarshensa yana da damar yin amfani da sarƙaƙƙiya.

Rashin reshe na jirgin sama ya karɓa mai sauƙi. A cikin ɓangaren reshe yana da 76, kuma a iyakarta - 57 digiri. Ƙungiyar ta karbi kwalba na musamman, wanda ya dogara da aluminum. Elevons, wanda yake a gefen reshe, an yi shi ne na titanium alloy.

Don inganta ganuwa a lokacin takeoff da saukowa da gida cikin jirgin sama zai iya zama tsallake. An ɗora shi da raguwa don nuna godiya ga kundin jirgi. 18 tankunan tankunan sun kasance a cikin fuka-fukan jirgin. Bugu da ƙari, an kafa wani tanadi na musamman da aka tsara a baya na fuselage. Ya gudanar da karɓar man fetur a lokacin da aka sauya shi daga yanayin jirgin sama na bashi zuwa jirgin sama. Jirgin hawa na farko na jirgin sama yana da ƙafafun biyu, da kuma manyan manyan raguna biyu - kwando biyu.

An yi amfani da jirgin sama ta amfani da kwamfutar komfuta. Ana iya yin kusanci a kowane lokaci na rana, a cikin kowane yanayi na meteorological. Masu amfani da na'ura na atomatik sun binciko aikin duk hanyoyin da ke cikin jirgi, wanda ya zama babban abu na gina gidaje na gida. A abun da ke ciki na ƙungiya kunshi mutane uku. Dangane da fasalin jirgin sama, iyawar fasinjojinta zai iya bambanta daga mutane 98 zuwa 150.

Hanya na gaba da aka kwance shi ne mai ban sha'awa daga cikin jirgin saman Tu-144 wanda ya bambanta shi a cikin wasu motocin. An located kawai a baya da Matuka jirgin, a gaban na jirgin sama. Mun gode wa wannan gashin tsuntsu, jirgin sama ya karu da karuwa da kuma karuwa. Bugu da ƙari, nauyin da aka yi a kwance ya ba da damar mota don rage gudun sauri a lokacin saukowa da kuma amfani da hanyoyi mafi guntu.

Farko na Farko

Ranar 3 ga watan Yuni, 1973, a lokacin da aka fara tseren jirgin sama a Le Bourget na farko da aka kashe a farkon watan Yuni na shekara ta 1973. Kimanin mutane kimanin 350 ne suka yi la'akari da bala'i. A sakamakon wannan hadarin ya kashe mutane biyar da mazauna garin Goussainville (Faransa), kusa da inda aka gudanar da wasan sama. Bugu da} ari, kusan mutane uku da dama sun ji rauni.

Sojan jiragen saman Soviet sun so su tashi a kan hanyar jirgin sama kuma su sake samun ƙarfin. Ranar daren nan ne faɗin Anglo-Faransa Concorde ya nuna. Amma ba zai iya aiwatar da shirin ba. Nan da nan, jirgin ya fara nutse, ya sauko zuwa mita 120, kawai ya tashi ya tashi. Da farko dai, reshe ya sauko daga wuyansa sannan kuma sashi na wutsiya. A cikin wani abu na seconds, kawai wani nau'i na karfe ya kasance daga jirgin.

Dalilin mummunan masifar har yanzu ba a sani ba. Bisa ga wannan fassarar, ma'aikatan Tu-144 sun tilasta yin motsa jiki, don haka kada su hadu da wani mayaƙa wanda ya horas da masu halartar iska daga iska. Akwai wani juyi, kamar yadda wanda jirgin saman ya ƙi tsarin kulawa. Bayan shekaru da yawa bayan bala'in, daya daga cikin wakilan Tupolev Design Bureau ya shaidawa manema labarai cewa akwai wasu matsalolin da ba a fahimta ba a wannan version na Tu-144. Wani version da shawara cewa, idan rawar daji shi ne daya daga cikin matuka jirgin ya ragu a movie kamara, wanda katange da tuƙi shafi, amma jirgin rubũtãwa ba a tabbatar.

Tsarin gwargwadon rahoto ya nuna cewa bala'in ya faru ne sakamakon mutuwar mamba a cikin gidan, amma babu wani shaidar da aka samu. A ƙarshe, an kira abubuwan da ke haddasa lalacewar ba a san su ba. An binne gawawwakin 'yan mutuwar a garin Novodevichy.

Ayyuka

Duk da mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunan rauni na Tu-144, Le Bourget ya ga sau biyu, a 1975 da 1977. Lokacin da Brezhnev a shekarar 1977 ya ziyarci Faransa, aka nuna masa "Concorde" na sabon ci gaba. A wannan lokacin, motar Anglo-Faransa ta yi fasinjoji na kasa da kasa da na jiragen kasa. Komawa zuwa USSR, Brezhnev ya umarce shi da wuri da kaddamar da Tu-144 a cikin kasuwanci.

A baya a baya, an kaddamar da aikin don ƙara yawan kewayan jirgin sama. Tu-144 ta samar da sababbin kayan motsa jiki na samfurin RD-36-51A. Wannan gyara an kira Tu-144D. Disamba 26, 1975 fasinja Tu-144 ya fara tashi daga Moscow zuwa Alma-Ata. Da farko, an umurce shi da ya aika da wasikar. Jirgin ya ci nasara, kuma a karshen 1977 fasinjojin fasinja sun fara ne a kan Tu-144. Gudanar da jigon kwakwalwa wanda ya fi dacewa ya dogara ne kawai matukan jirgi. A baya, sun sami horo na musamman. Bugu da ƙari, zaɓaɓɓun Tu-144 ne suka zaɓa daga masu kyau masu kulawa.

A kan hanyar Moscow-Alma-Ata, jiragen sama guda biyu suna tashi, suna da kayan aikin NK-144A. Irin wannan wutar lantarki ya bari jirgin ya tashi fiye da kilomita dubu uku. Kayan man fetur bai isa ba don yale jirgin ya isa wurin karshe. Idan, a yayin wani matsala, jirgin sama ba zai iya sauka a filin jirgin sama na Almaty ba ko wata hanya mai gudu a Tashkent, babu inda za a saka shi. Saboda haka, kowane jirgin ya zama jarrabawar jarrabawa da masu girma. Ticket na ku-144 kudin cables 80, wanda ya fi tsada a kan rubles 18, fiye da tikitin don jirgin sama na musamman.

Jagoran Soviet na da matukar muhimmanci ga Tu-144. Dole ne a kaddamar da version Tu-144D a kan hanyar Moscow-Khabarovsk, sa'an nan kuma bude bude jiragen kasa na duniya. Duk da haka, jariri ba gaskiya ba ne.

Wani karo na biyu na Tu-144

Ranar 23 ga watan Mayu, 1978, jirgin sama na Tu-144D ya fadi. A wannan lokacin dalilin hadarin shi ne konewa na engine na uku da hayaki na gida, wanda ya haifar da lalata man fetur. Lokacin da rashin lafiyar ya bayyana kanta, 'yan ƙungiya sun koma wurin saukowa. Bayan saukowa, matukan jirgin sun yi sauri su bar jirgin, amma injiniyoyin jirgin biyu ba su iya yin haka ba.

A karshen Yuli na 1980, haɗari ya faru da jirgin saman Tu-144D, wanda ya kai ga hadari. A wani gudunmawar da ta wuce, daya daga cikin motar ta rushe. Kwararren ma'aikata sun gudanar da jirgin sama, kuma an aiko da injuna don gyarawa. A lokacin gwaje-gwaje na gaba sun yi aiki da matsala. A lokacin da Brezhnev ya mutu, an yi watsi da aikin da aka yi wa magunguna, yayin da sabuwar gwamnati ta bi shi da shakka. A ƙarshe, jagorancin kasar ya yanke shawarar rufe shi kuma ci gaba da gudanar da fasinjoji na fasinja ta hanyar sauƙi mai sauƙi da tattalin arziki.

A wani lokaci, ana amfani da magunguna Tu-144 don gudanar da jiragen gwaje-gwaje da kuma karɓar kayan aiki na gaggawa. Ya horar da direbobi wadanda suka halarci shirin "motar" Soviet "Buran". Ba da da ewa kowa ya fara manta game da Tu-144.

Me ya sa kuka tashi daga jirgin?

Hatta ma USSR, inda ba su so su ƙidaya kudi, aiki na linzamin saman ya zama tsada kuma, mafi mahimmanci, rashin hankali. Sabili da haka, dalilin da ya sa ƙarshen aikin ba shine bala'i na Tu-144 ba, ba matsalar matsaloli ba, amma rashin samun amfani da tattalin arziki.

Tare da tsofaffin tsire-tsire, wutar jirgin sama ba ta wuce kilomita dubu uku ba. Bisa ga ma'anar linzamin da aka yi wa supersonic, wannan ba zai yiwu ba. Don gudanar da tafiye-tafiye mai nisa, jirgin da ake buƙata ya sanya filin jiragen ruwa don fitarwa, wanda ya rushe duk ƙarfinsa. Manufar wannan aikin shi ne yin tafiya mai sauri a tsakanin birane masu nisa ba tare da dashi ba. Jirgin jirgin sama na Concorde, alal misali, ya kai kilomita 6500. Gidan fasaha na RD-36-51A zai iya bada izinin Tu-144 don tashi nesa na kimanin kilomita 5300, amma duk matsalolin da suka shafi shi ba a warware su ba.

Bugu da ƙari, farashin tikiti na Tu-144 ba ta da kuɗin da ake bukata don biya duk farashin da ake yi na jiragen sama da kiyaye jirgin. Rundunar ta USSR ba ta so ta karbi karin kuɗi daga 'yan ƙasa don tikitin, kuma bazai yiwu ba cewa talakawa za su yi watsi da gudun hijira. Saboda haka, jirgin sama mai fasinjojin jirgin sama mai wucewa ya sauka a cikin tarihin ba tare da wata hujja game da babban nauyin zanen jiragen sama na Soviet ba. Duk da haka, hadarin na Tu-144 ya raunana suna.

Laboratory Research

A tsakiyar 2000 jirgin sama na Tu-144, wanda halayen da muka riga muka yi la'akari, ya shiga cikin binciken da Tupolev ya tsara tare da masu tsara jirgin saman Amurka. A cikin tsarin wannan shirin, hukumar NASA ta bincika yiwuwar samar da jiragen sama na zamani na sabon zamani.

Hoto na Tu-144LL ya shiga cikin shirin, wanda yake shi ne fasali na Tu-144D. Babban bambanci tsakanin fasalin da aka sabunta da wanda ya riga ya kasance shine sabon ikon wutar lantarki na NK-32-1, wanda ya maye gurbin matakan RD-36-51D.

American injiniyoyi sha'awar yafi al'amurran da suka shafi alaka jirgin a supersonic gudu: da yawan zafin jiki na karfe sassa da plating aiki Motors, gogayya coefficients, controllability da kwanciyar hankali na jirgin sama a daban-daban jirgin halaye, kuma da yawa more. Bugu da kari, abokin ciniki ya yi karatu batutuwa kamar matakin daukan hotuna zuwa cosmic radiation a kan fasinjoji da ma'aikatan jirgin, musamman yanayi a altitudes tsanani, kazalika da hanyoyin da za a soundproof gida da kuma Matuka jirgin.

Kwatanta da "Concorde"

Mutane da yawa neizoschrennye avialyubiteley lura da kama da Tu-144 da kuma "Concord". Kwatanta yi da jirgin sama bayyanar nuna cewa akwai mutane da yawa da bambance-bambance tsakanin su. Kuma lalle ne, haƙĩƙa, wani Soviet jirgin sama ba kwafa da Birtaniya da kuma Faransa. "Concord" kasa iko da kuma nauyi idan aka kwatanta da Tu-144. Salon kirar Tupolev inji ruwansa da mafi fasinjoji. Bugu da kari, shi ne, daga wani fasaha ra'ayi, yana mai yawan sha'awa fasali, kamar canards, wanda damar da shafi zuwa kasa a kan guntu tube. Amma abin da ya yi nasara "Concord", don haka shi ne a cikin kewayo.

A tarihin Birtaniya-Faransa supersonic jirgin sama ya tsaya fitar da dan kadan fiye da Tu-144. Me ya sa aka cire daga amfani da "Concord"? Aƙalla ga wannan dalilai a matsayin Soviet jirgin sama. A karshe rauno wani mummunan hadarin "Concord" a Faransa, wanda ya faru a 2000. Bayan da hadarin, ya aka dauka daga samarwa. Saboda haka, fasinja supersonic jiragen gangara a tarihi a matsayin m, amma wani hatsari gwaji. Mafi m, 'yan adam za su komo zuwa wannan ra'ayin, amma ba zai zama a wani sabon mataki na kimiyya da fasaha ci gaba. Don kwanan wata, a kan wurin da aka bayar na aiki ne kawai 'yan kasashe a duniya.