Modern jet jirgin sama. A farko jet

The matasa na yau, kuma ko da balagagge 'yan ƙasa, yana da wuya a gane abin da ya sa tashin hankali, shi da jũna sa'an nan dama Flying inji. Silvery droplets hanzari dissecting na wani blue sama, m da tunanin matasa farkon hamsin hamsin. Wide tururi sawu bar babu shakka a cikin engine irin. Yau, kawai kwamfuta wasanni kamar War Thunder, da su shawara don saya jet jirgin promotional Tarayyar Soviet, ba wasu ra'ayin game da wannan mataki na ci gaba na cikin gida da jirgin sama. Amma shi duka ya fara ko da a baya.

Menene "amsawa"

A m tambaya game da sunan da irin jirgin sama. A Turanci shi sauti a takaice: Jet. Rasha definition alamu a da wanzuwar wasu irin dauki. A fili yake cewa muna ba magana game da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na man fetur - shi ne ba a al'ada fetur injuna. Ka'idar aiki na jet jirgin sama ne guda a matsayin roka. jiki na zahiri dauki ga karfi na gas jet fitad da aka bayyana, a bada shi gaban shugabanci na cikin hanzari. All sauran - da tausasãwa, wanda sun hada da daban-daban fasaha sigogi na tsarin, kamar da nata irin Properties, da makirci da reshe profile, da irin engine. Akwai daban-daban zabin to wanda injiniya kamfanonin sun zo a cikin tsari, sau da yawa gano irin wannan mafita, da kansa da juna.

Rarrabe daga roka bincike jirgin sama a cikin wannan al'amari tsanani. A filin na foda accelerators shigar don rage tsawon na gudu da kuma afterburner, aikin da aka yi kafin yaki. Haka kuma, wani ƙoƙari su shigar da kwampreso motor (unsuccessfully) zuwa Coanda jirgin sama a 1910 a yarda da kirkiro Henri Coandă siffanta fifiko na Romanian. Duk da haka, wannan zane ya da farko inoperable, wanda aka tabbatar da farko gwajin, a lokacin da jirgin ya ƙone.

farko matakai

A farko jet jirgin sama na iya gudanar da a cikin iska na dogon lokaci, ya bayyana daga baya. Majagaba sun Jamus, ko da yake wasu ci gaba da aka yi a wasu kasashe, masana kimiyya - Amurka, Italiya da Birtaniya da kuma koma-baya yayin da a zahiri Japan. Wadannan samfurori da aka, a gaskiya, gliders al'ada jirgin saman soja m, wanda shigar da sabon nau'in injuna bã tãre propellers, wanda shi ne abin mamaki da kuma shakka. A Tarayyar Soviet da wannan matsala, injiniyoyi ma hannu, amma ba a matsayin aiki, tare da wani girmamawa a kan tabbatar da abin dogara dunƙule dabara. Duk da haka jet jirgin sama samfurin B-1, sanye take da TRD zane cradles da PM aka gwada kafin yaki. Naúrar aka sosai unreliable, nitric acid, an yi amfani da matsayin oxidant, cin sama da man fetur tankuna, akwai sauran batutuwa da dama, amma na farko matakai ne ko da yaushe wuya.

"Shturmfogel" Hitler

Saboda Fuhrer ta psyche, fatan murkushe "makiyan Reich" (wanda ya dauke kasar na kusan duk sauran duniya), a Jamus bayan da farkon yakin duniya na II juya aiki a kan halittar daban-daban na "abin mamaki makamai", ciki har da jiragen sama. Ba dukkan yankunan aiki sun kasance m. Domin nasara ayyukan hada da "Messerschmitt-262" (aka "Shturmfogel") - da farko jet jirgin sama a duniya to salla-samar. Da na'urar da aka sanye take da biyu turbojet injuna, radar da hanci rabo, mai saman gudun kusa Sonic (fiye da 900 km / h), kuma ya quite tasiri wajen mu'amala da high-tsawo B-17 ( "tashi sansanin soja") majiɓinta. Adolf Hitler m bangaskiya a cikin m yiwuwa na sabon fasaha, duk da haka, Paradoxically taka bad rawa a cikin fama tarihin rayuwa Ni-262. Aka tsara a matsayin wani jirgin saman soja, ya directed da "sama", tuba a cikin wani m, kuma a cikin wannan canji ya ba tabbatar da cikakken.

"Arado"

jet manufa aka amfani a tsakiyar shekarar 1944 domin gina wani m "Arado-234" (sake ta Jamus). Da ya gudanar ya nuna su m fada damar, kai hare hare matsayi masõya ya sauka a yankin na tashar jiragen ruwa na Cherbourg. Speed na 740 km / h da kuma goma-rufi bai bayar da damar flak buga manufa, amma American da Birtaniya mayakan kamar ba zai iya cim tare da shi. Bugu da kari ga harin bom (sosai imprecise saboda wasu dalilai), "Arado" ƙãga m daukar hoto. Na biyu gwaninta na yin amfani da shi a matsayin wajen buga dauki kan birnin Liege. Jamus hasarori ba jawo wa kansu, kuma idan albarkatun daga Nazi Jamus ce mafi girma da kuma masana'antu za su iya don saki da "Ar-234" a cikin adadin fiye da 36 kofe na anti-Hitler kawancen kasashen dã Masarauta mugun.

"U-287"

Jamus aukuwa fadi a hannun abokantaka a lokacin duniya na biyu wons furta bayan da shan kashi na fi sani da Naziyanci. Kasashen turai sun riga a mataki na karshe na fada sun fara shirya domin zuwa adawa da Tarayyar Soviet. Stalin ta jagoranci ya dauka counter-matakan. Garesu, ya bayyana cewa a cikin na gaba yaki, idan yana daukan wuri, zai zama yaki da jiragen sama. Tarayyar Soviet a wancan lokaci ya yi ba tukuna ya da tasiri nukiliya damar sani kawai, an aiki a kan halittar fasahar samar da atomic bam. Amma Amirkawa na da ban sha'awa sosai fada "Junkers-287", wanda yana da musamman jirgin data (fama kaya na 4000 kg, cikin kewayon 1500 km, rufi 5000 m, gudun 860 km / h). Hudu engine korau sweepback (samfur nan gaba "ganuwa) damar yin amfani da wani atomic jirgin sama a matsayin m.

A farko postwar

Jiragen sama sun ba taka babbar rawa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, don haka da girma daga cikin Soviet samar da wuraren mayar da hankali ta kokarin a kan inganta da zane da kuma kara samar da wani al'ada dunƙule mayakan, hari jirage da kuma kai harin. Tambayar da wani mai yiwuwa matsakaici atomic zargin ya kasance da wuya, kuma aka yanke shawarar da sauri ta kwashe American Boeing B-29 (Tu-4), amma babban manufar da aka adawa da duk wani yiwu ta'adi. Don yin wannan, na farko na dukkan bukatar mayakan - tsayi, agile kuma, ba shakka, gudun. Game da yadda za a samar da wani sabon shugabanci na jirgin sama, za a iya hukunci da harafin na zanen A. S. Yakovleva a cikin kwamitin tsakiya (Autumn 1945), wanda ya tarar da wani hankali. A sauki nazarin kama Jamus fasahar shugabannin jam'iyyar dauke shi kasa gwargwado. Kasar sun zama dole zamani Soviet jiragen sama da suke da ba na baya da kuma fifiko a duniya matakin. A farati a shekarar 1946 a cikin girmamawa ga ranar tunawa da Oktoba (Tushino) suka yi ya nuna wa mutane, kuma kasashen waje baƙi.

Wucin gadi Yaqui da MiGs

Nuna cewa ya, amma bai faru ba: taƙaice yanayin, akwai wani hazo. Zanga-zanga na sabon jirgin sama da aka mayar da su May Day. A farko Soviet jet jirgin sama sanya jerin 15 samfurori da aka ɓullo da Mikoyan da Gurevich (MiG-9) da kuma Yakovlev (Yak-15). Dukansu samfurori sãɓã wa jũna ƙwanso matakai zane a cikin abin da wutsiya rabo daga tushe an wanke ta jet bayar da bututun ƙarfe. Babu shakka, domin neman kariya daga zafi fiye da kima, wadannan rabo rufe musamman plating Layer sanya na tsaurin karfe. Duka jiragen sama sun daban-daban nauyi, engine da kuma nufinsa, amma kullum yayi dace da jihar Soviet jirgin sama gini makaranta na marigayi forties. Su babban manufar da aka matsa zuwa wani sabon irin ikon shuka, amma bayan da cewa kuma yi wasu muhimmanci ayyuka: jirgin bada horo da kuma ci gaban fasaha al'amurran da suka shafi. Wadannan jiragen sama, duk da babban kundin na fitarwa (daruruwan raka'a), da aka gani a matsayin wucin gadi, kuma za a maye gurbin maza maza, nan da nan bayan bayyanar mafi m kayayyaki. Kuma nan da nan, da lokacin ya zo.

goma sha biyar

Wannan jirgin sama ya zama wani labari. Ya gina wani mataki mai peacetime jerin, duka biyu a fama da a sa su guda biyu makaranta version. The zane na MiG-15 amfani da yawa neman sauyi fasaha mafita, da farko ƙoƙari don ƙirƙirar wani abin dogara matukin ceto tsarin (catapult), shi aka sanye take da wani iko da igwa makamai. jet gudun, a kananan, amma sosai tasiri, ba shi damar kayar da armadas nauyi dabarun kai harin a cikin sama da Korea, inda yaki flared up jim kadan bayan zargin wani sabon interceptor. A daidai da MiG zama American "Saber", gina a kan wani irin makirci. A lokacin fadan da kayan aiki fadi a hannun abokan gaba. Soviet jirgin sama fashinsu a Koriya ta Arewa pilot, jarabce ta da babbar tsabar kudi lada. Downed "American" ya iya fita daga cikin ruwa da kuma hawa zuwa Tarayyar Soviet. Akwai juna "musayar kwarewa" to koya daga mafi nasara zane mafita.

fasinja jet

The gudun wani jet jirgin sama - ta Babban amfani, da kuma shi ne m ba kawai ga harin da mayakan. Tuni a cikin marigayi forties ga Airlines tako shafi "tauraro mai wutsiya", gina a kasar Birtaniya. An musamman halitta da kai daga mutane, shi ya dadi da azumi, amma abin takaici ba a dogara da: bakwai hatsarori faru a cikin shekaru biyu. Amma ci gaba a fagen daga high-gudun zirga-zirgar fasinja ya kasance ba zai yiwu a dakatar. A cikin tsakiyar hamsin hamsin a cikin Tarayyar Soviet bayyana almara TU-104 hira version of Tu-16 m. Duk da yawa jirgin lamarin da ya faru tare da sabon jirgin sama, jet jirgin sama suna ƙara ƙware da kamfanonin jiragen sama. A hankali ya samar da wani dogon lokacin bayyanar da shafi da kuma ra'ayin abin da ya kamata ya kasance. Propellers (dunƙule propellers) amfani da zanen ƙara rare.

Generation faɗa jirgin sama: na farko, na biyu ...

Kamar kusan duk wani dabara, jet interceptors suna classified da al'ummomi. A total akwai yanzu biyar, kuma suka sãɓã wa jũna ba kawai a cikin shekaru edition model, amma zane fasali. Idan manufar farko samfurori m ya jũya daga tushe na nasarori a fagen gargajiya aerodynamics (a cikin wasu kalmomi, a irin engine shi ne babban bambanci tsakanin su), na biyu ƙarni dauki kan muhimman siffofin (share reshe, wani mabanbanta siffar da fuselage da sauransu.) A cikin hamsin hamsin, shi da aka ji cewa iska yaƙi ne zai taba sa maneuverable hali, amma lokaci ya nuna da shirme kawai da wannan ra'ayi.

... da kuma daga uku zuwa biyar

"Kare juji" na sittin tsakanin "Skyhawk", "Phantoms" da kuma MiGs a cikin sama a kan Vietnam da kuma gabas ta tsakiya sun nuna hanya na kara ci gaba da, lamarin da ya zuwa na biyu ƙarni jet interceptors. M lissafi reshe, da ikon mahara overspeed sauti da kuma makamai masu linzami a hade tare da wani iko da karfe avionics fasali na uku tsara. A halin yanzu, rundunar sojin sama tushe na shakatawa mafi technologically m kasashen dokoki tsara ta huɗu na mota, wanda ya zama wani samfurin na kara bunkasa. A cikin makamai sun zo mafi m samfurori hada high gudun, maneuverability, low Ganuwar da EW wajen. Wannan ƙarni na biyar.

Turbofan engine

Azahiri yau jiragen sama na farko samfurori ba su duba ga mafi anachronistic. View yawa daga gare su quite zamani, da kuma bayani dalla-dalla (kamar gini, kuma gudun) ba sosai daban-daban daga yau, a kalla farko duba. Duk da haka, a kan kusa sani da wasan kwaikwayon halaye na wadannan inji, a fili yake cewa a cikin wannan ƙarnin yi ingantaccen nasara a cikin biyu main kwatance. Da fari dai, mas'ala ta m dirka vector, samar da yiwuwar kaifi da kuma kwatsam horar da. Na biyu, fama jirgin sama yanzu iya zama tsawon yawa a cikin iska da kuma tafiya mai nisa. Wannan factor ne saboda low man fetur amfani, da cewa shi ne tattali. Yana cimma amfani da shi, ya sa fasaha harshe, dual-kewaye (low-izinin). Masana sun san cewa ya ce konewa fasahar samar da karin cikakken ta konewa.

Sauran siffofin na zamani jet jirgin sama

Dama daga gare su. Modern yakin jet jirgin sama injuna ƙunshi low amo, high ta'aziyya da kuma high kwanciyar hankali a jirgin. su ne yawanci m-jiki (ciki har da mnogopalubnye). Samfurori soja jirgin sama suna sanye take da nufin (aiki kuma m) cimma low radar sa hannu da kuma lantarki yaƙi. A wata hanya, da bukatun ga tsaro da kasuwanci alamu rarraba a yau. Dace da bukatun na iri daban-daban da jirgin sama, ko don daban-daban dalilai: a daya faru, don inganta samun riba, da sauran - mika fama radius. Kuma a yau mun yi wani amo kamar yadda kananan kamar yadda zai yiwu duka biyu farar hula da kuma soja.