Steam boilers: qa'ida ta aiki da kuma na'urar

Steam tukunyar jirgi ne a na'urar for tana mayar da ruwa a cikin tururi cewa an yi amfani da duka biyu a gida da kuma a cikin masana'antu. Steam da ake amfani da su zafi gabatarwa, motocin da bututun, kazalika don juyawa turbomachinery. Bari mu gano karin abin da ya ƙunshi tururi boilers. Ka'idar aiki, da na'urar rarrabuwa, ikon yinsa, da kuma fiye da - duk wannan za a tattauna a kasa.

definition

Kamar yadda ka sani, wani tururi tukunyar jirgi naúra tana samar da tururi. Kamar wancan boilers na da irin wannan zai iya samar da nau'i-nau'i daga iri biyu: cikakken kuma superheated. A cikin farko case, da yawan zafin jiki ne game da 100 digiri, da kuma matsa lamba - game da 100 kPa. Superheated tururi zafin jiki yakan zuwa 500 darajõji, kuma matsa lamba - har zuwa 26 MPa. Cikakken tururi da ake amfani da m dalilai, yafi ga dumama zaman kansa gidaje. Superheated tururi ya samu aikace-aikace a cikin masana'antu da kuma samar da makamashi. Ya tolerates zafi, don haka ta yin amfani ƙwarai qara yadda ya dace da shuka.

bigiren

Akwai uku main yankunan aikace-aikace na tururi boilers:

1. Tsarin dumama. Tururi abubuwa a matsayin tushen samar da makamashi.
2. Energy. Industrial tururi injuna, ko kuma kamar yadda aka kira su tururi janareto ake amfani da su samar da lantarki da makamashi.
3. Industry. Tururi a masana'antu ana amfani ba kawai don dumama, "shirts" apparatuses da bututun, amma kuma ga hira da thermal makamashi cikin inji da kuma motsi motocin.

Household tururi boilers amfani ga m dumama. A sauki kalmomi, su aiki ne mai tsanani da kuma ruwa tururi motsi ta hanyar bututun. Irin wannan tsarin ne sau da yawa ba tare da wani tsit makera ko tukunyar jirgi. Yawanci, gida kayan nuna babu cikakken superheated tururi, wanda shi ne isa zuwa ga gudanar da wani ayyuka.

A masana'antu, da tururi ne superheated - ci gaba da zafi bayan danshin da nufin kara kara da yawan zafin jiki. Wadannan wuraren da musamman ingancin bukatun, tun da overheated tururi tank kasada ga fashewa. A superheated tururi samu daga tukunyar jirgi, ya tafi zuwa ga wutar lantarki tsara ko inji motsi.

Electric halin yanzu tare da tururi kafa a cikin wadannan iri. Steaming, tururi shiga cikin injin turbin inda shi ne saboda da m kwarara rotates da shaft. Saboda haka, thermal makamashi ake tuba zuwa inji, kuma ta, bi da bi, yana tuba zuwa na'urar samar da makamashi. Wannan yadda ikon da injin turbin.

Juyawa na shaft, wanda ya auku da danshin da yawa superheated tururi, za a iya daukar kwayar cutar kai tsaye zuwa cikin mota da kuma dabaran. Saboda haka da motsi ne tururi kai. Kamar yadda wani m misali na tururi engine tururi iya kai locomotive ko marine tukunyar jirgi. karshe aiki manufa ne quite sauki: da kwal konewa haifar zafi wadda heats ruwa da ya haifar da tururi. To nau'i-nau'i, bi da bi, rotates da dabaran, ko a yanayin saukan jirgin sukurori.

Steam boilers: aiki

Bari mu bincika a cikin mafi daki-daki, yadda za ta yi aiki da wadannan boilers. A tushen zafi zama dole domin dumama ruwa, na iya zama wani irin makamashi: lantarki, da hasken rana, geothermal, zafi daga konewa na gas ko m man fetur. Steam generated a lokacin dumama ruwa ne mai zafi canja wuri ruwa, Ina nufin canja wurin thermal makamashi daga dumama sarari a cikin wuri na amfani.

Duk da dama kayayyaki, da babba na'urar da manufa na aiki na tururi boilers ba su bambanta ba. Total ruwa dumama kewaye da ta biyo baya hira cikin tururi ne kamar haka:

1. Tsarkakewa ruwa a kan tacewa da kuma ta samar da dumama tank da famfo. A tank ne kullum dake a cikin sama ɓangare na na'ura.
2. Daga cikin tanki da ruwa ya shiga ta shambura a cikin da yawa, dake daidai da kasa.
3. Ruwa yakan sake, kawai wannan lokacin ba ta hanyar bututu da kuma ta hanyar da dumama zone.
4. A dumama zone kafa ta nau'i-nau'i. A karkashin mataki na matsa lamba bambanci tsakanin ruwa da gaseous abu, shi zai tashi zuwa sama.
5. Sama mai tsanani da tururi aka wuce ta hanyar SEPARATOR, inda shi ne a karshe a rabu da ruwa. Sharan ruwa koma zuwa tafki, kuma tururi ya kamata a tururi line.
6. Idan wannan shi ne ba talakawa tukunyar jirgi, kuma tururi janareta, shi ne kara tsanani da bututu. A kan su dumama hanyoyin da aka bayyana a kasa.

na'urar

Steam boilers wakiltar tank a cikin abin da ruwa ne mai tsanani da ta samar da tururi. Kullum da suka suna da za'ayi a cikin nau'i na bututu daban-daban masu girma dabam. Bugu da ƙari kuma bututu da ruwa tukunyar jirgi ko da yaushe yana mai konewa jam'iyya (makera). Da tsarin za su iya bambanta dangane da irin na man fetur amfani. Idan itace, ko wuya kwal, shi ne a kasa da gini sabõda shi ne shigar grate a kan wanda da man fetur tari. Daga kasa na grate, iska ta shiga konewa jam'iyya. A saman makera equips da bututun hayaki, wadda ake bukata domin tasiri gogayya - zagawa da iska da kuma konewa man fetur.

A manufa na tururi boilers ga m habaka ne ɗan daban-daban daga cikin na'urorin da wanda coolant amfani da ruwa ko gaseous abu. A karo na biyu idan, da kuka shafi konewa jam'iyya wanda aiki kamar burners na iyali gas stoves. Domin iska wurare dabam dabam kuma yi amfani da grate da flue, saboda la'akari da irin man fetur, konewa iska ne muhimmin sharaɗi.

Combustible gas samu daga man fetur konewa, yakan ga ruwa tanki. Ya bada ruwa da zafi da kuma kofofi ta hanyar da bututun hayaki cikin yanayi. Lokacin ruwa ne mai tsanani ga ruwan zafin jiki, da shi zai fara zuwa ƙafe. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa ruwa evaporates kafin, amma ba a irin wannan adadi da kuma a irin wannan zafin jiki da tururi. Evaporated tururi kadai shiga cikin bututu. Saboda haka, wurare dabam dabam na tururi da kuma canji na tari jihohin ruwa na faruwa ta halitta. Ka'idar aiki na wani tururi tukunyar jirgi na da wata halitta dabam dabam na bukatar kadan adam baki. All kana bukatar ka yi afareta ne don tabbatar da wani barga zafi ruwa da kuma sarrafa tsari ta wajen musamman na'urorin.

A cikin hali na lantarki dumama tukunyar jirgi ruwa ne mai sauki. An mai tsanani da dumama abubuwa ko heaters irin ayyukan a matsayin jagora da kuma aka mai tsanani da Joule-Lenz.

rarrabuwa

Steam boilers, da manufa da abin da muka duba yiwuwar yau, za a iya classified a hanyoyi da dama.

By man fetur type:

1. Coal.
2. Gas.
3. Tã man fetur.
4. Banana.

By saduwa:

1. Household.
2. Energy.
3. Masana'antu.
4. Sake amfani.

By zane:

1. -Tube.
2. Ruwa tube.

Mene ne bambanci na gas da kuma ruwa tube tururi boilers

Ka'idar aiki dogara ne a kan dumama boilers da ruwa tanki. Capacity a cikin abin da ruwa da ke shiga cikin tururi jihar yawanci ne a tube ko mahara shambura. Na'urori a wadda heats da man fetur da sarewa, da ya tashi, da ake kira-tube boilers.

Amma akwai wani zabin - a lokacin da konewa gas motsa ta hanyar bututu, located ciki da ruwa tanki. A wannan yanayin, ruwa kwantena kira ganguna da tukunyar jirgi kanta - ruwa tube. A na kowa parlance shi ne ma ya kira wuta-tube tukunyar jirgi. Ya danganta da wurin da ganguna ruwa boilers na irin wannan ne zuwa kashi: kwance, a tsaye kuma radial. Har ila yau, akwai model cewa sun aiwatar daban-daban kwatance shambura.

Fasali da kuma aiki manufa wuta-tube tukunyar jirgi-tube bambanta dan kadan daga. Da fari dai, shi shafi bututu size da ruwa da tururi. A ruwa-tube tukunyar jirgi shambura kasa overall, fiye da a-tube. Abu na biyu, akwai bambance-bambance a cikin ikon sa. -Tube tukunyar jirgi na samar da matsa lamba na ba fiye da 1 MPa, kuma yana da zafi sa iya aiki har zuwa 360 kW. Dalilin wannan shi ne babban bututu. Wannan aka kafa a cikin shambura isa tururi matsa lamba, su ganuwar bukatar zama lokacin farin ciki. A sakamakon - kudin wannan boilers aka overstated. Iko ruwa-tube tukunyar jirgi. Saboda da bakin ciki bango shambura, tururi heats mafi alhẽri. Kuma uku, ruwa tube boilers mafi aminci. Sun samar da zafi da kuma ba su ji tsoron wani gagarumin obalodi.

Ƙarin abubuwa na boilers

Ka'idar aiki na tururi tukunyar jirgi ne quite sauki, duk da haka ta zane kunshi wani fairly manyan yawan abubuwa. Bugu da ƙari konewa da bẽnãye, kuma bututu domin wurare dabam dabam na ruwa / tururi boilers suna sanye take da na'urorin inganta su yadda ya dace (kara tururi zazzabi, ta matsa lamba da kuma yawa). Wadannan na'urorin sun hada da:

1. Superheater. Yana hidima da kara yawan tururi zazzabi sama 100 digiri. Zafi fiye da kima na tururi qara yadda ya dace da na'urar da ta dace. Superheated tururi iya isa yanayin zafi na 500 digiri Celsius. Irin wannan high yanayin zafi faruwa a tururi shuke-shuke na makamashin nukiliya tashoshin. Jigon da superheat ne cewa bayan da danshin zuwa ta hanyar bututu ne hõre tururi reheated. Domin wannan dalili, da na'ura iya sanye take da karin harbe-harben ko guda piping wanda kafin fitarwa da nau'i-nau'i a kan yi nufin amfani, wuce sau da yawa ta hanyar babban gagarumar wuta. Reheaters ne radiation da convection. Na farko da aikin 2-3 sau fi dacewa.
2. SEPARATOR. Amfani ga "magudanun ruwa" tururi - raba shi daga cikin ruwa. Wannan qara yadda ya dace da shuka.
3. Steam accumulator. Wannan na'urar da aka tsara don kula da akai matakin na tururi shuka. Lokacin da wani biyu bai isa ba, ya ƙara da shi zuwa ga tsarin da, a maimakon haka, a cikin hali ance wani overabundance.
4. Preparatory na'urar for ruwa. Domin da na'ura aiki ya fi tsayi, da ruwa da dama a shi, dole ne hadu musamman bukatun. Wannan na'urar rage yawan oxygen a cikin ruwa da kuma ma'adanai. Wadannan sauki matakan iya hana lalata bututu da kuma samuwar sikelin a kan su katangu. Tsatsa da kuma hawansa ba kawai rage tasiri na na'ura, amma kuma da sauri ya shiryar da shi zuwa disrepair, musamman a yanayin saukan aiki amfani.

monitoring kayan aiki

Bugu da kari, cikin tukunyar jirgi sanye take da karin na'urorin ga iko da kuma management. Alal misali, a da iyaka canji na sa ido da ruwa matakin rike akai ruwa matakin a cikin drum. Ka'idar aiki na nuna alama ƙofofi tururi tukunyar jirgi dangane da nauyi canji na musamman kaya a lokacin da miƙa mulki daga ruwa lokaci zuwa tururi da kuma mataimakin versa. A hali na sabawa daga na kullum da shi zai Ihu domin faɗakar da ma'aikata na sha'anin.

Don matsayi da ruwa matakin iko ne ma used standpipe tukunyar jirgi. Ka'idar aiki na na'urar dangane da lantarki watsin na ruwa. A shafi ne a tube sanye take da hudu wayoyin, iko da ruwa matakin. Idan ruwa shafi kai ƙananan alama, a feed famfo da alaka, da kuma idan saman - powered ruwa tukunyar jirgi tsaya a nan ba.

Wani sauki na'urar don auna a cikin tukunyar jirgi ruwa matakin ne a ruwa-gilashi, batutuwa a cikin naúra. The aiki manufa na ruwa ma'auni gilashin tururi tukunyar jirgi ne mai sauki - shi ne aka yi nufi ga gani iko da ruwa matakin.

Har ila yau, ruwa matakin a cikin tsarin via matsa lamba gauges da thermometers auna zafin jiki da kuma matsa lamba bi da bi. Duk da cewa wajibi ne ga al'ada aiki na tukunyar jirgi da kuma hana yiwuwar hatsarori.

Steam janareto

Mun riga tattauna da manufa na tururi tukunyar jirgi, yanzu a takaicce matsahi na saba da peculiarities na tururi janareto - mafi m boilers sanye take da ƙarin na'urorin. Kamar yadda ka gani, babban bambanci tsakanin tururi daga tukunyar jirgi ne cewa da tsarin hada da daya ko fiye reheaters, wanda damar ga mafi tururi yanayin zafi. A nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke, saboda da sosai zafi biyu, maida da makamashi na zarra Lalacewar cikin na'urar samar da makamashi.

Akwai biyu na asali hanyoyi: ruwa dumama, kuma ta translation cikin wani gaseous jihar a cikin reactor:

1. Ruwa wanke jikin reactor. Lokacin da reactor an sanyaya da kuma ruwa yana mai tsanani. Saboda haka, tururi ne generated a raba kewaye. A wannan yanayin, da tururi janareta hidima a matsayin wani zafi Exchanger.
2. Bututu gwada da ruwa a ciki da reactor. A wannan embodiment, da reactor ne mai konewa jam'iyya daga wanda tururi ake kawota kai tsaye zuwa da janareta. Wannan zane yana kira wani ruwan zãfi reactor. Ga duk abin da aiki ba tare da tururi.

ƙarshe

Yau mun hadu da irin wannan amfani da na'urar a matsayin tururi tukunyar jirgi. Tsari da kuma aiki manufa na wannan na'urar ne quite sauki da kuma dogara ne a kan wani banal jiki Properties na ruwa. Duk da haka boilers ƙwarai facilitates mutum rayuwa. Su dimi ginin da kuma taimaka samar da wutar lantarki.