Svetlana Aleksievich: bayyane, rayuwar sirri da kerawa. Nobel Prize Svetlana Aleksievich

Kwanan nan, kwamitin Nobel ya yanke shawarar bayar da kyauta a wallafe-wallafe. Marubucin Svetlana Aleksievich, wanda labarinsa ba shi da masaniya ga masu karatu na zamani, ya zama laureate.

Bari muyi cikakken bayani a yau game da rayuwa da kuma kaddaraccen abin da ya faru na wannan asalin a cikin littafi.

Bayanan ɗan adam game da haihuwa da yara

An haifi marubucin gaba a Yammacin Ukraine (birnin Ivano-Frankivsk) a 1948. Mahaifinsa ya kasance Byelorussian, mahaifiyarta kuma ita ce Ukrainian. Rayuwar iyalinta ta kai ta yaƙi. Iyaye da iyaye mata da uba sun sha wahala matuƙar lokacin da suke zaune a ƙasar Ukrainian da Belarus. Uba ya wuce yakin kuma an sake mulkinsa bayan nasarar. Sa'an nan kuma ya kai matarsa da 'yarsa zuwa ƙauyen Belarus a yankin Gomel. Mahaifinsa da mahaifiyar marubuta sunyi aiki a matsayin malamai.

Svetlana Aleksievich ya ga yawancin rayuwarta, tarihinta ya tabbatar da haka.

Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Svetlana ya shiga Faculty of Journalism a Jami'ar Belarusian Jami'ar Jihar Soviet. Bayan kammala karatun, Na gwada ayyukan da yawa: Na yi aiki a matsayin malami, malamin kuma jarida. Jaridu na farko sune littafin Pripyatskaya Pravda da Mayak na Kwaminisanci.

Shekaru masu tsufa

Svetlana ta dauke shi tare da rubuce-rubuce a matsayin matashi, ta fara buga wallafe-wallafensa da labarun labaran a cikin manema labaran Soviet, a lokaci guda an girmama shi don a yarda da shi a cikin ƙungiyar Soviet Written (wannan taron ya faru a 1983). Har zuwa yanzu, ana dauke su ne masu wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafen Belarus, wanda aka nuna a cikin tsarin Halittar Nobel: "marubucin Belarus Svetlana Aleksievich." Tarihi, rayuwarta ta kasance a Bilarus, saboda haka gaskiyar wannan tsari.

A cikin shekarun perestroika, marubucin ya wallafa littattafai masu yawa da suka yi rikici da matsayi a tsakanin masu yanke shawara (zamu magana game da waɗannan littattafai kaɗan daga bisani). A cikin 2000s. Alexievich ya koma Turai, ya rayu da aiki a Faransa, Jamus da Italiya. Kwanan nan ya koma Bilarus.

Svetlana Aleksievich: rayuwar sirri

Tambayar makomar mata ta marubucin tana da sha'awar masu sha'awar aikinta, amma kadan ne sananne a wannan yanki.

A cikin ayyukanta, Svetlana Alexandrovna ya ba da labarin yawancin labarun mata, amma ga dukan 'yan jarida da suka yi hira da ita, batun "Svetlana Aleksievich: rayuwar mutum" an rufe. Marubucin ya ba da kansa ga wallafe-wallafe a matsayin babban aiki na dukan rayuwar, a cikin dukan tambayoyin da ta nuna cewa ita mace ne marar aure. An san cewa tun da daɗewa sai ta haifa 'yarta -' yar 'yar uwa ta rasu.

Ko da yake ba za a iya cewa mutumin da aka hana shi ne Alexeyevich Svetlana. Iyalinta sun ƙunshi littattafanta, zane-zane da aikin jarida.

Binciken farko na wallafe-wallafen

Marubucin Svetlana Aleksievich yana sha'awar abubuwan da ke cikin tarihin kasarmu.

Littafinsa na farko, "Na bar ƙauyen", wanda aka shirya don wallafe shi a 1976, ya jaddada batun ƙaddamar da ƙaura na ƙauyen Rasha. Marubucin ya nuna cewa an fitar da irin wannan fitarwa na mazauna daga kauyukan da hukumomi suka yi da manufofin da ba su da kyau da kuma ƙaddamar da manufar tattarawa. A halin yanzu, irin waɗannan tambayoyin (kuma littafin da aka gina a kan waɗannan tambayoyin) ba su da sha'awar sha'awar jami'an Soviet-to, ba a buga wannan littafin a cikin USSR ba.

An buga littafi na biyu na marubucin a shekara ta 1983 kuma ya yi rikici. An kira ta "Yaƙin ba ya da fuskar mata." A cikin wannan aikin, marubucin ya tattara tunanin da yawa daga cikin matan Soviet da suka halarci Warren Patriotic War. Wasu rubuce-rubucen da aka rubuta sunyi ta rubuce-rubuce (daga bisani marubucin ya sanya su a cikin wallafe-wallafe na Soviet). Alexievich ya yi watsi da hotunan da aka halitta a gabanta a cikin littattafai game da yaki. A cikin aikinta, mata ba sa magana game da kwarewa da nasara, amma game da tsoro, wahala, rushe matasa da kuma mummunan yaki.

Wannan labaran shi ne aikin "Shaidun Shaidun: Littafin Nedet Stories" (1985). An mayar da hankali ga tunawa da yara game da mummunan abubuwan da suka faru na Warlott Patriotic War. Abin takaici, Svetlana Alexeevich, wanda iyalinsa ke zaune a lokacin yakin, ya gaya wa labarun yara.

Abubuwan al'ajabi na marubuta

Sakamakon aikin "Zinc Boys" (1989) ya yi yawa daga cikin makamai, wanda aka ba da sadaukarwa ga abubuwan da suka faru a kasarmu game da yakin Afghanistan. A nan Alexievich yayi magana game da babban baƙin ciki na uwaye da suka rasa 'ya'yansu kuma basu fahimci abin da' ya'yansu suka mutu ba.

Littafin na gaba - '' Charmed by Death '' (1993) - yayi magana game da irin kisan da mutane suka yi wa wadanda suka yi imani da tsoffin addinai bayan faduwar Rundunar Sojan Amurka.

Ayyukan marubuci Chernobyl Prayer (1997) ya zama sanannun sananne, kuma ta yi magana game da abubuwan da suka faru na bakin ciki. Marubucin ya tattara a cikin littafansa hira tare da masu halartar taron mahalarta a cikin binciken da sakamakon wannan masifar.

Kamar yadda muka gani, Svetlana Aleksievich ya samar da littattafan da yawa don tsawon rayuwarsa a matsayin marubuta, sake dubawa game da waɗannan littattafan sun bambanta. Ɗaya daga cikin masu karatu ya daraja da basirar marubucin, kuma wani ya la'anta Alexievich, yana zargin shi da populism da kuma jaridar jarida.

Abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci da akidar tauhidin litattafan

Marubucin kansa ya bayyana irin nauyinta na aikinsa kamar yadda ake bayarwa da rubutu. Yana janyo hankalin fataucin fasaha da aikin jaridu.

Tun da jigogi na littattafanta suna da sha'awar mutane da yawa, aikin marubuci shine abin da ake kulawa da hankali ga masu sukar. Kuma sun bambanta a cikin binciken su.

Saboda haka, wani ɓangare na 'yan jaridu na zamani na Yamma sun yi imanin cewa Svetlana Aleksievich, wanda labarinsa da aikinsa yana da alaka da Soviet Union, zai iya faɗar gaskiya game da yadda Amurka ta zama' yan ƙasa. Ya bayyana cewa Amurka ta zama babbar masifa, wadda ba ta tsayar da mutanensa don neman cimma burin siyasa ba. An kashe mutane a cikin Gulag, aka kai su kashe a fagen yaki na yakin duniya na biyu, ba tare da yaye yara ko mata ba, gwamnatin Soviet ta rusa kasar zuwa cikin abyss na yaki a Afghanistan, ta ba da lahani ga Chernobyl da sauransu.

Sauran masu sukar da suka nuna kansu da al'adun "rukuni na Rasha", maimakon haka, sunyi wa marubucin labarun cewa suna ganin kawai abubuwan da ba daidai ba ne na rayuwar Soviet da na Rasha ba tare da lura da abubuwan da suka dace ba. Wadannan masu sukar suna zargi marubucin ainihin cin amana na bukatun mahaifinsa. Sun ce Svetlana Aleksievich, wanda tarihinsa ya danganta da Belarus, Rasha da Ukraine, bai taba yin wani abu mai kyau ba game da muhimmancin hadin kan wadannan kasashe uku a cikin rayuwarta. Wadannan masu sukar sunyi imanin cewa marubucin ya yaudari ainihin abubuwan da ke cikin ayyukansa, don ƙirƙirar ga Yammacin Turai da kuma Rasha da hoton "mummunan halin kirki da Rasha."

Harkokin siyasa game da marubuta

Maganar "Svetlana Aleksievich: bayyane, rayuwa ta sirri" tana jawo hankali ga 'yan jarida, amma yawancin sha'awarsu suna ɗaure ga ra'ayoyin siyasar marubucin.

Gaskiyar ita ce, Svetlana ta kasance mai goyon baya ga ra'ayoyi na Yammacin Turai, ta sake soki matsayin siyasa na shugaban Belarus A. Lukashenko da shugaban Rasha Rasha V. Putin. Marubucin yana zargin duka biyu na ƙirƙirar mulki na biyu (littafin ƙarshe na marubuta ana kiranta "Time Second Hand" (2013)). Aleksievich ya yi imanin cewa Putin da Lukashenka suna so su tayar da aikin Soviet mummunan aiki, saboda haka, a cikin jawabinta na jama'a, marubucin ya la'anci dukan ayyukan da shugabannin Belarus da kuma Rasha suka yi yanzu. Yana yi Allah wadai da shiga na Crimea zuwa Rasha, Tarurrukan Rasha ta soja ikon, Putin ya yi ĩmãni da alhakin mutuwar mutane a cikin Donbass, da sauransu. D.

Lambar Nobel: Tarihin Kyautar

An zabi marubucin don lashe kyautar Nobel sau biyu: a 2013 da 2015. A shekarar 2013, an ba da lambar yabo ga wani marubucin daga Canada.

A shekara ta 2015, kwamitin Nobel ya yanke shawarar bayar da lambar yabo ga Svetlana Aleksievich. Nan da nan bayan sanarwar wannan yanke shawara, mutane da yawa sun sami sha'awar irin wannan mutum kamar Svetlana Aleksievich. An ba ta kyautar Nobel a matsayin dalili, kuma hakan ya fi ban sha'awa.

Ba a ba wannan kyautar kyauta ga masu marubuta na Rasha ba. Bugu da ƙari kuma, an yi amfani da ita azaman kayan aiki a cikin gwagwarmayar siyasa tsakanin Rasha da yamma: a cikin tarihinsa duka, an ba da lambar kyauta, a matsayin mai mulkin, ga waɗanda ke da bambancin ra'ayi tare da hukumomi na Soviet Rasha (alal misali, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Boris Pasternak, Ivan Bunin).

Binciken ɗan taƙaitaccen jawabi na Nobel

Ta hanyar al'adar, kyautar Nobel ta Litattafai na ba da jawabi mai godewa wanda ya tara abubuwan da ya dace da aikinsa.

Svetlana Aleksievich ya yi irin wannan magana. An ba Nobel Prize for littattafai sau ɗaya a cikin dukan rayuwarsu, don haka marubucin ya kirkiro ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyaun rubutun.

Batun da Alexeyevich yayi magana shine hoton "dan fata", wato, mutumin da yake da tunanin Soviet psyche, wanda ke zaune a zukatan mutanen Rasha kuma ya tilasta su su yanke shawara. Wannan mutumin Alexievich ya la'anta azaman samfurin wani zamani.

Marubucin ya kira 'yan Rasha "bayi na Utopia" wadanda suka yi tunanin cewa suna da "hanyar Rasha ta musamman", ruhaniya na musamman wanda bai bambanta da ruhaniya na ƙasashen Yammacin Turai ba. Marubucin ya ga ceton ƙasarmu a matsayin ƙaryar wannan bauta na har abada da kuma jujjuyar mutanen Rasha zuwa dabi'u na wayewar Yammaci.