Ziggurat - menene wannan? Symbolism ziggurat gine

Ziggurat - wannan m gine-gine da tsarin, kunsha da dama yadudduka. Gininsa ne yawanci square ko rectangular. Wannan yanayin ya sa shi yi kama da wani ziggurat mataki dala. Lower matakan da ake gina baranda. Rufin ne lebur babba bene.

Magina na zamanin d ziggurats kasance Sumerians, Babilawa, Akkadians, Assuriyawa, kazalika da mazaunan Elam. Kango na garuruwansu an kiyaye a kan ƙasa na ba-rana Iraki da kuma yammacin Iran. Kowane ziggurat na daga cikin Haikali, wanda kuma ya hada da sauran gine-gine.

tarihi Siffar

Facilities a cikin irin manyan falalen dandamali ya fara gina a Bagadaza a karo na hudu Millennium BC. Su nufi ba a san wani abu. A cewar daya daga version, irin wucin gadi tadawa amfani da su ajiye mafi muhimmanci da kayansu, gami da alfarma sauran kaya, a lokacin inundations.

Tare da gine-gine da kuma inganta fasahar kan lokaci. Idan tako tsarin da farkon Sumerians aka gadon kwana na jirgin ƙasa, cikin ziggurat a Babila, da yawa kamar yadda bakwai matakan. A ciki na wadannan Tsarin aka sanya na rãnã-bushe gini tubalan. Domin da waje cladding amfani da hadayu tubali.

Recent ziggurats Mesofotamiya aka gina a cikin shida karni BC. A da mafi m gine-gine ginen na zamaninsa. Da suka buga da tsaransa ba kawai a cikin size, amma kuma wani arziki daga waje ado. Ba yo gina a cikin wannan lokaci ziggurat Etemenanki zama samfur da aka ambata a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki, da Hasumiyar Babel.

Nufa ziggurats

A dama al'adu, gidaje da hakan ikon da aka dauke da ƙwanƙolin duwatsu. Sananne ne cewa, misali, tsoho Greek abũbuwan zauna a kan Dutsen Olympus. A Sumerians yiwuwa yana da irin wannan zama na gaba. Saboda haka, ziggurat - wani mutum da aka yi dutsen, wanda aka gina da waɗansu abũbuwan bautãwa ne inda ya shirya. Bayan duk, a cikin hamada Mesofotamiya da wani halitta tuddai cewa tsawo.

A saman ziggurat ya Hurumi. Jama'a ibãdar da aka gudanar a can. Don wannan karshen, akwai haikalin a gindin ziggurat. Top ne iya hawa kawai firistoci wanda wajibi ne su kula da alloli. Malamai su ne mafi daraja da kuma m estate na Sumerian al'umma.

Ziggurat Ur

Kusa da zamani Iraqi birnin Nasiriyah ne ragowar mafi kyau kiyaye Tsarin tsoho Mesofotamiya. Wannan ziggurat, gina a karni na 21 BC m Ur-Nammu. Grandiose ginin tushe ya 64 zuwa 45 mita, towered kan 30 m da kuma kunshi uku matakan. Yana da aka located a saman da wuri mai tsarki na da watã bautãwa Nanna, wanda aka dauke da majiɓinci, saint birnin.

By shida karni BC, ginin da aka mai tsanani dilapidated, kuma partially rushe. Duk da haka, na karshe mai mulki na biyu Mulkin Babila Nabonidus umurce su da su mayar da ziggurat a Ur. Ya bayyanar ya halartar gagarumin canje-canje - maimakon na asali uku bakwai hawa da aka gina.

Ya rage na ziggurat aka farko aka bayyana ta Turai masana kimiyya a farkon karni na 19th. Manyan-sikelin archaeological tono aka za'ayi da masana daga dakin tarihi na Birtaniya a lokacin daga 1922 zuwa 1934. A zamanin mulkin Saddam Hussein ta facade da manyan zuwa saman bene da aka gina.

Mafi shahara ziggurat

Daya daga cikin mafi girma da gine-gine da Monuments a tarihin 'yan adam ne Tower of Babel. Gina size ya haka m cewa labari da aka haife, bisa ga abin da Babiloniyawa so yin amfani da shi ya kai sama.

Yau, mafi masu bincike sun yarda da cewa Tower of Babel - ba almarar, amma a zahiri wanzu Etemenanki ziggurat. Tsayinsa ne 91 mita. Irin wannan ginin zai duba ban sha'awa ko ta yau nagartacce. Bayan duk, shi ne sau uku mafi girma fiye da saba don mu tara-panel.

Lokacin da aka gina shi da ziggurat a Babila, shi ne ba a sani ba. Ambaton shi yana kunshe ne a cikin cuneiform kafofin, dating daga na biyu Millennium BC. A 689 BC, Assuriyawa m Sennakerib halakar Babila kuma sami wani ziggurat. Shekaru 88 daga baya, birnin da aka gina. Etemenanki aka kuma gina ta Nebukadnezzar II - mai mulkin Neo-Kaldiyawa Empire.

A karshe ziggurat aka hallaka a 331 BC ta Alexander Mai girma. Rushe ginin ya zama mataki na farko da manyan-sikelin maimaitawa, amma mutuwar kwamandan da ya hana aiwatar da wadannan tsare-tsaren.

Bayyanar da hasumiyar Babel

Ancient littattafai da kuma na zamani tono sun yarda fairly daidai sake gina bayyanar da almara ziggurat. Shi ne mai gini da wani square tushe. A tsawon kowane daga sãsanninta, kamar yadda wani tsawo na 91,5 mita. Etemenanki kunshi bakwai tiers, kowanne daga abin da wani launi daban-daban.

Don hawa zuwa saman ziggurat, ya wajaba farko zuwa hawa a kan daya daga cikin uku tsakiyar staircases. Amma wannan shi ne kawai rabin hanya. Bisa ga Greek tarihi Herodotus, ya tafi a kan babban bene, za ka iya shakata a gaban wani m Yunƙurin. A saboda wannan dalili kasance musamman wuraren da cewa an kare daga iskar rãnã awnings. Matãkalai hawa kara ringed bango babba matakan ziggurat. A saman ya tsaya a manyan haikalin sadaukar domin Marduk - gunkin-majiɓinci, Babila.

Etemenanki ya shahara ba kawai domin ta m lokaci girma, amma kuma wani arziki daga waje ado. By domin na Nebukadnezzar II , kamar yadda kammala kayan for ganuwar da Tower of Babel yi amfani da zinariya, da azurfa, da tagulla, da duwatsu masu launuka dabam dabam, enameled tubali, kazalika da fir kuma Pine.

Origin kasa bene ziggurat ya baki, na biyu - a snow-fari, da kuma na uku da aka canza launin a cikin magenta launi, na huɗu - a blue, biyar - a ja, azurfa mai rufi ya shida da bakwai - zinariya.

addini muhimmanci

Kaldiyawa ziggurat aka sadaukar domin Marduk, wanda aka dauke da majiɓinci, saint birnin. Wannan ne gida sunan Mesopotamian bautãwa Bel. A Semitic kabilu, ya aka sani da Ba'al. A cikin manya bene na ziggurat aka located Wuri Mai Tsarki. Priestess rayu a can, suna maza Marduk. A kowace shekara a kan wannan rawa zaɓi wani sabon yarinya. Yana da aka daure su zama wani kyakkyawan budurwa daga mai daraja iyali.

A zaben ranar, amarya na Marduk a Babila grandiose festival, wani muhimmin kashi na wanda wani m cin duniya. By hadisin, kowace mace ya kamata a yi a kalla sau daya a rayuwa su dulmuya cikin soyayya da wani baƙo, wanda zai biya ta kudi. A daidai wannan lokaci daga farko jumla, ba shi yiwuwa su daina, komai kananan yawan iya zama. Bayan duk, ta kasance ba a bikin for albashi, amma kawai domin cika nufin alloli.

Irin wa annan halaye sun hadu da yawa daga cikin mutanen Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma an hade da sadaukarwa na haihuwa. Duk da haka, da Romawa, wanda ya rubuta game da Babila, ya ga a cikin wadannan rituals ne da wani abu na batsa. Saboda haka, tarihi Quintus Curtius Rufus Allah wadai, ga ambatar Mai idodi a wadda Ladies daga daraja iyalansu rawa, a hankali zubar tufafinsa. A irin wannan ra'ayi kafe a cikin Hadisin Kirista, shi ne ya sa a cikin Ruya ta Yohanna akwai irin wannan magana a matsayin "Babila mai girma, uwar karuwai da kuma abubuwa masu banƙyama na duniya."

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Symbolism ziggurat gine

Wani dogon ginin dake da ake dangantawa da ɗan adam so don samun kusa da sama. A mataki-dimbin yawa tsarin kama wani bene manyan a sama. Saboda haka, ziggurat da farko ya nuna mahada tsakanin sama duniyar Shaiɗan kuma mazaunan duniya mutane. Amma, ban da jimlar ga dukkan high gine-gine sa hankali a zamanin d Sumerians ƙirƙira da gine-gine da fom yana da sauran musamman fasali.

A yau hotuna da suke nuna da ziggurats, mun gan su daga saman ko gefen view. Amma mazaunan ƙasar Bagadaza aka kallon su, yayin da a gindin wadannan majestic gine-gine. Daga wannan ra'ayi ziggurat - 'yan sprouting daya bayan daya ganuwar, da na sama na Wanne ne don haka high cewa ga alama kamar yadda idan ta shãfe sama.

Abin da irin ra'ayi a kan Kiyayewa irin wannan spectacle? A zamanin d ganuwar kewaye birni don kare shi daga sojojin abokan gaba. Yana da aka hade da ikon da inaccessibility. Saboda haka, yawan jere vysyaschihsya babbar ganuwar don ƙirƙirar sakamakon cikakkar inaccessibility. Babu sauran gine-gine da siffar ba zai iya zama haka rinjawarwa nuna Unlimited iko zaune ɗabaƙõƙĩ a cikin ziggurat abin bautãwa.

Bugu da kari ya ba laifi ganuwar sun giant tsani masu girma dabam. Yawancin lokaci ziggurats uku na su - daya tsakiya da kuma biyu a kaikaice. Su sun nuna yiwuwar mutum tattaunawa tare da gumakansu. Firistoci hau kan saman da shi, to magana mafi girma da iko. Saboda haka, symbolism na gine-gine, ziggurats nanata ikon da gumakan da kuma muhimmancin da firistoci caste, tsara magana da su a madadin dukan mutane.

yin ziggurats

Ba wai kawai da babban size wuraren da aka tsara don mamaki da mazaunan ƙasar Bagadaza, amma kuma su na waje ado da kuma layout. Domin ta ziggurats aka yi amfani da mafi tsada kayan, ciki har da zinariya da azurfa. A ganuwar suna yi wa ado da hotuna na shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, da mythological tãlikai. A saman da aka zinariya mutum-mutumi na abin bautãwa a wanda daraja da aka gina a ziggurat.

A hanya daga kasa zuwa saman bai kasance mai saukin ganewa. Shi ne mai irin uku-girma Maze rubucen, dogon tsalle da yawa jũya. A tsakiyar bene ya jagoranci kawai don na farko ko na biyu bene. Sa'an nan muna da su matsa a wandar-wandar tafiyar maciji hanya - tafi kusa da sasanninta na ginin, har da gefen matakai, sa'an nan kuma, a kan wani sabon bene, je zuwa gaba span, wanda aka located a daya gefen.

Manufar wannan shirin ya yi hawa mafi tsawo. Firist lokacin hawan yi rabu da rãyuwar tunani da kuma mayar da hankali a kan allahntaka. Sha'awa, da Haikalin-Maze ma wanzu a zamanin d Misira da kuma na da Turai.

Ziggurats Mesofotamiya aka kewaye da gidãjen Aljanna. Shade itatuwa, da turare da furanni, da splashing marẽmari samar da ji na aljanna da ni'ima, wadda bisa ga gine-ginen, ya zuwa ya yi shaida da ni'imar abũbuwan bautãwa ne da suka rayu a kan saman. Har ila yau, kada ka manta da cewa ziggurat aka located a cikin tsakiyar birnin. Mazauna zo can zuwa dulmuya a cikin m hira da sharing nisha.

Ziggurats a wasu sassa na duniya

Ba kawai shugabanni Mesofotamiya gina m gine-gine, kokarin yin amfani da su su bar su suna ta wurin zamanai. A wasu sassa na duniya , kuma, akwai wuraren wanda siffar kama da ziggurat.

A mafi shahara da kyau-tsare gine-gine na da irin wannan suna located a cikin nahiyar Amirka. Mafi yawansu ba su yi kama da wani mataki dala. Ziggurat, kamar yadda wani gine-gine da tsari, da aka sani zuwa ga Aztecs, Maya da sauran kaya daga pre-Columbian America.

Mai mataki-pyramids taru a wuri guda, za a iya samu a shafin na tsohon birnin na Teotihuacan, wanda aka located game da hamsin kilomita daga babban birnin kasar na Mexico. The gine-gine irin na ziggurat ne a fili gane a cikin nau'i daga cikin shahararrun haikalin Kukulcan, kuma aka sani da El Kastlo. Wannan gini shi ne daya daga cikin alamu na Mexico.

A Turai akwai kuma zamanin d ziggurats. Daya daga cikinsu, mai suna cancho roano, located in Spain da kuma shi ne mai tunawa da zarar wanzu a kan Yaren Kasar Larabawa tartessiyskoy wayewa. An zaci cewa shi aka gina a cikin shida karni BC.

Wani sabon abu ga Turai yi ne a Sardinian ziggurat. Wannan ne mai matukar tsoho megalithic tsarin, gina a karo na hudu Millennium BC. Sardinian ziggurat ya mai sadaukarwa wuri, domin ƙarni akwai su gudanar da addini da kuma bikin. A tushe na dandali da tsawon kusan 42 mita.

zamani ziggurats

Ƙirƙira a zamanin da wani gine-gine da form kuma wahayi yau zanen kaya. Cikin shahararrun "ziggurat", gina a karni na ashirin, shi ne Lenin kabarin. Wannan nau'i na kabarin Soviet shugaban ta haifar hadin kai hasashe game da gamuwa da Bolsheviks tare da tsoho Mesopotamian asiri.

A gaskiya, da kama na da Lenin kabarin tare da ziggurat - mafi m - An shibtarsu da m fifiko na ta m Alekseya Schuseva. Don ganin wannan, kamar duba a cikin ginin Moscow ta Kazan tashar, da wani daftarin wadda master gabatar a 1911. Its main ginin kuma yana da halayyar tako tsarin. Amma sai ya yi aiki a matsayin samfur na gine-gine ba ziggurats Mesofotamiya, da kuma bayyanar da daya daga cikin gãnuwõyi na Kazan Kremlin.

Amma ba kawai Rasha a karni na ashirin zo up tare da ra'ayin gina wani ziggurat. A Amurka kuma, akwai wani gini na kama da zane. An located in West Sacramento, California. Kuma haka shi ne ake kira "Ziggurat Building." Its yi aka kammala a 1997. Wannan goma sha-ofishin gini tsawo 47 da rabi mita rufe wani yanki na bakwai da gona wajen kadada (28,000 m ²⁾ kuma yana a karkashin kasa filin ajiye motoci, tsara don fiye da daya da rabi da dubu motoci.