A amfani da Mercury a cikin zamani masana'antu. The kaddarorin da kuma halaye na Mercury

Mercury ne mai matukar muhimmanci da karfe da aka yi amfani a cikin kusan dukkan bangaren masana'antu. Saboda haka, kasashen da dama ana samun saurin bunkasuwar Mercury masana'antu da kuma fadada da search filin. Abin da wuri ba da yin amfani da Mercury a cikin zamani masana'antu - yi kokarin fahimtar wannan labarin.

Mene ne Mercury

Wannan sinadari da kuma guda karfe wanda yake a cikin ruwa a jihar a yanayinsa. The m launin toka - cewa kama Mercury, wani photo na wanda aka bai kasa.

Mercury iya kawai solidify a sosai low yanayin zafi. Na da alchemists ba zai iya samun hardening na karfe. Kuma kawai a 1759 da Rasha Academician MV Lomonosov da I. A. Braun gudanar yin shi. Gaskiyar cewa a cikin shekara a Rasha sun mai tsanani frosts, kuma tare da taimakon musamman garwayayye, masana kimiyya sun saukar da yawan zafin jiki zuwa -56ºS. A karkashin irin wannan yanayi, da Mercury bayar da umarnin rike da kama wani karfe. Bayan wani dogon lokaci, wasu alchemists gano cewa sakamakon jejjerawa na Mercury, lokacin da yawan zafin jiki ya ragu zuwa -270ºS.

Mercury a tarihin 'yan adam

Mercury da aka sani ga mutum tun lokacin da. A farko ambaci shi ake samu a cikin records na V karni BC. e. A yawa nazari Mercury a India da kuma China. A mafi tsohuwar India makaranta na Alchemy da aka sani da "Rasayana" ko "hanya na Mercury." An tsunduma a gaban warkewa kwayoyi da kuma daban-daban kwayoyi.

Ancient mutane sami Mercury a cikin yanayi kamar yadda cinnabar. Su yi amfani da shi a matsayin ja fenti. Sunan "cinnabar" ake dangantawa da tsoho labari kuma yana nufin "dragon ta jini". Wannan halayyar Mercury da ake dangantawa da addini. A wancan lokaci, mutane sun gaskanta cewa shi ne jinin kisassu a duwatsun alfarma halittun - da dragon. Saboda haka Mercury an dauke curative abu iya bi da marasa lafiya. Daya daga cikin wadannan warkewa jamiái ya Mercury maganin shafawa.

Ancient alchemists ĩmãni Mercury tushen duk karafa da su lamarinsa. Su sun natsu da cewa za ka iya samun zinariya daga Mercury da sulfur. Amma bayan yawa gwaje-gwaje da kuma gwaje-gwajen, ya bayyana cewa babu wani daga wannan ra'ayin za su yi aiki ba. Ta yaya masana kimiyya da dama ne aka kashe a wani yunkurin bude wani zinariya halittar dabara. Wadannan nazarin ci gaba har sai da 30-ies na XX karni, har kimiyya suka fara samar hanzari. A sakamakon rediyoaktif lalace, masana kimiyya sun samu daga barga isotopes na Mercury da zinariya, amma sun kasance sosai 'yan. Kuma Farashin na karfe ne sosai high.

Yadda cire Mercury

Babban kuma kusan kadai masana'antu tushen Mercury ne ma'adinai cinnabar. Ya kunshi 86% na Mercury sulfide, da sauran aka gyara - impurities na sauran ma'adanai. Yawanci cinnabar yana da nau'i na m precipitates arziki a impurities da yayi kama da hatsi na sababbu siffar. Rare-kafa lu'ulu'u na rhombohedral, bipyramidal siffar. Wani lokaci samu takwarorinsu.

Ƙarfe Mercury daga cinnabar ta shirya dumama a cikin wani bude tube, wanda ya samar da lamba tare da oxygen. A lokacin dumama, da kananan Mercury droplets daga ƙarƙashinsu saukar tare da sanyi katangu. Yawancin lokaci tama gawarwakin faruwa a m zurfin da ake tsare da quartzites, limestones, dolomites da shales. Duniya most adibas na Mercury da ake samu a Spain, Amurka, {asar Yugoslavia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan. Manyan lu'ulu'u na Mercury tama mined a kudancin kasar Sin.

Ainihin Properties na Mercury

Wannan ma'adinai yana da musamman Properties wanda yin amfani da Mercury a cikin zamani masana'antu, wani muhimmin kashi na shi. Mercury an dauki mai guba da kuma m karfe. Amma ta jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties a yankunan da yawa na mutum aiki ne da muhimmanci.

jiki Properties

Mercury ne diamagnetic, tun da shi zai iya samar da wani m gami da sauran karafa da ruwa mahadi - amalgam. Mercury da solidification zafin jiki ne -38,83ºS da karfe tafasa a 356,73 ° C. Yana evaporates a dakin da zazzabi. Wani muhimmin halayyar Mercury - shi ne diamagnetic. Wannan yana nufin cewa tattara ruwa karfe bukukuwa na al'ada maganadisu ne ba zai yiwu ba.

sinadaran Properties

Kamar yadda da daraja karafa, Mercury ne barga a bushe iska. Yana interacts da acid, salts, ba-karafa. Tare da ruwa, alkalis da kuma wadanda ba oxidizing acid Mercury ba amsa. A yanayin zafi sama da 300 ° C shi reacts tare da oxygen ta samar da mercuric oxide.

A amfani da Mercury a cikin zamani masana'antu

A tsakiyar zamanai da ruwa karfe ne rayayye a yi amfani da magani domin hade kasar da kuma yi na daban-daban na'urorin. Yau, ba shi yiwuwa a sami wani bangare na tattalin arziki da cewa ba ya amfani da Mercury. Properties da kuma aikace-aikace na wannan ma'adinai aka bayyana da masana kimiyya daga ko'ina cikin duniya a yawa kimiyya karatu.

Alal misali, Mercury da ake amfani a aikin noma da iri domin tabo. A sinadaran masana'antu da shi da ake amfani da matsayin mai kara kuzari domin samar da acetylene acetaldehyde. Amfani da Mercury cathodes damar zama ruwan dare daga gishiri caustic soda da chlorine.

Mercury ne mai muhimmanci bangaren a yi na Paints ga karkashin ruwa tasoshin. Gaskiyar cewa rayuwa a seawater kwayoyin a haɗe zuwa bottoms, daga jirgi da taimakawa wajen lalata da kuma ci daga karfe sassa. Dauke da Mercury a cikin tawada a ƙarƙashin rinjayar teku chlorine siffofin sulemu cewa poisons cutarwa kwayoyin.

Mercury da ake amfani da ko da a samar da ji. Samuwa a cikin abun da ke ciki gishiri daidai degreased fluff. Mafi aminci madadin, wanda zai bayar da wannan sakamako, ba tukuna samu. Har ila yau, da Mercury abubuwa a matsayin mai kara kuzari a lokacin kwayoyin kira a cikin fata tanning.

Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, da Mercury da kullum da aka yi amfani da magani. Yau, a kan ta da asali nuna antiseptic da diuretic kwayoyi. A Mercury maganin shafawa shirya a zamanin d India, da girke-girke na wanda ya tsira zuwa yau. Saboda Properties na rushe da sauran karafa (tin azurfa) Mercury da ake amfani da yi na hakori fillings.

A amfani da Mercury a cikin masana'antu ne ma alaka da ikon ƙafe a dakin da zazzabi. Alal misali, don tsabtace man fetur. Kamar wancan ne, da karfe danshin da zazzabi facilitates gyara na matatar tafiyar matakai.

Mercury kida

Physicochemical Properties ne mai babbar dalilin da yin amfani da Mercury auku a daban-daban na'urorin kuma inji. Metal vapors na Mercury an yi amfani da turbines. Irin raka'a ne musamman m idan a cikin taro wani ruwa kadan da kuma sanyaya inji shi ne kawai iska.

A lantarki rectifiers amfani da ruwa Mercury cathode. Su ka damar maida uku-lokaci AC da wutar lantarki zuwa DC iko. Ko da astronomical dalilai amfani da Mercury na'urorin - sãsanni. Bã su da wani musamman jirgin ruwa tare da ruwa karfe, da farfajiya abin da hidima a matsayin madubi a lokacin da suka lura da halittu. Har ila yau da yin amfani da Mercury a zamani masana'antu aka bayyana a samar da daban-daban yadawa famfo interrupters thermometers.

A da yawa rassan magani ta yin amfani da wani Mercury-ma'adini fitilu, wanda aka irradiated tare da hasken ultraviolet. Haka ma, wani makawa likita kayan aiki ne sananne ma'aunin zafi da sanyio don auna yanayin jiki.

Nawa ne Mercury: Farashin a kasuwannin duniya

Farashin Mercury da aka kafa a kan wannan manufa kamar yadda sauran karafa. Saboda haka, kudin na wannan ma'adinai shi ne dogara a kan ƙarar da wadata da kuma samarwa Mercury tsarki. A kasuwannin duniya farashin Mercury ya auku da cika fuska a cikin past watanni shida. Saboda haka, idan talakawan farashin a karshen 2014 amounted zuwa Amurka $ 75 / kg, a cikin watan Maris 2015 - 55 na dalar Amurka / kg. Amma free saya da ruwa karfe ne kusan ba zai yiwu, tun Mercury da dangantaka da chemically abubuwa masu haɗari. Ko don zubar da cikin ya zube Mercury wajibi ne a biya wani adadin.

Amma ga kayayyakin dake dauke da Mercury, da darajar dogara a kan adadin na karfe da sauran samar da halin kaka. Alal misali, shi ne cheap ma'aunin zafi da sanyio Mercury. Price Pharmacy jeri daga 25 zuwa 50 rubles.

Mercury ne m ga kiwon lafiya

Duk da tartsatsi amfani da Mercury a masana'antu, an dauke matukar hatsari sinadaran. By da sharudda na cutar da rayuwa da kuma kiwon lafiya na Mercury nasa ne da farko aji na Hazard. Yawanci, Mercury ne ingested da inhalation na ta vapors, wanda suke odorless. Yana Mercury danshin ne mai hatsari.

Don sa mai tsanani da guba da kuma kiwon lafiya da matsaloli, quite a kananan adadin daukan hotuna da ma'adinai. A lokacin mafi girma maye rinjayar da huhu, kodan, na rigakafi, juyayi, narkewa kamar tsarin, idanu da kuma fata.

Dangane da dalilin da yanayin guba rarrabe m, m kuma na kullum siffofin. Easy toxication faruwa a lokacin da abinci mai guba. Bayan da hatsarori a Enterprises daga cikin sinadaran masana'antu ko a sakamakon aminci keta bayyana m nau'i na guba. A wannan yanayin, da mãsu haƙuri an rage shafi tunanin mutum aiki, sha, za a iya bayyana convulsions, hangen nesa da hasara, baldness, kuma ko da cikakken inna. A tsanani lokuta na m guba na iya zama m. Kullum guba ne ya sa ta m daukan hotuna zuwa Mercury da kuma iya bayyana dogon bayan da lõkacin fatara daga aiki tare da shi. Mutane da wannan nau'i na cutar na kara hadarin hauhawar jini, da tarin fuka da kuma atherosclerosis. Akwai lokuta inda na kullum toxication Yanã shafi tunanin mutum matsaloli.

Biya musamman da hankali ga Mercury na'urorin ya kamata a jawabi ga mata masu ciki. Mercury vapors ne mai babbar barazana ga ci gaban da tayin. Idan yara suna ba, shi ne mafi alhẽri maye gurbin al'ada Mercury ma'aunin zafi da sanyio lantarki.

Zubar da Mercury sharar gida

A tartsatsi amfani da Mercury gudunmawarsu ga babban taro na tururi a cikin yanayi na manyan birane. Yanzu ko'ina amfani da mai kyalli fitilu wanda dauke daga 30 zuwa 300 MG na narkakkar azurfa. Kuma a cikin wasu fitilu shi sau da yawa more. Bisa kididdigar da, a kowace shekara game da 100 miliyan. Wadannan fitilu zama unusable da bukatar magani. Kawai karamin sashi na su kara musamman dashi, da kuma sauran nan da nan ya aiko don a landfill, inda, saboda halakar da mutunci da gilashin Mercury cikin yanayi.

Bugu da kari, Mercury da ake amfani da a samar da batura da accumulators cewa ba sake yin fa'ida a cikin babban. A wannan hanya, domin a shekara zuwa landfill samun game da 40 ton na Mercury. Wannan adadi ne manya-manyan, don haka matsalar da zubar da Mercury-dauke da abubuwa ne ƙwarai da gaske. Uncontrolled handling na Mercury sharar gida, m hali zuwa na'urorin dauke da ruwa karfe, babban mai barazana ga lafiya da rayuwar mutane. Kowa ya san abin da irin matsala za a iya kawo wani talakawa Mercury ma'aunin zafi da sanyio. Price inept handling iya zama daraja rai.

Yanzu gwamnatocin dukkan kasashe suna aiki a kan batun na Juyin Mercury-dauke da sharar gida. A saboda wannan dalili, akwai na musamman kamfanonin da tsunduma a cikin tarin unusable kayan aiki da kuma Mercury abubuwa. Suka rarraba su a cikin gyara (plinths, gilashin, karfe) da kuma sarrafa. Daga kowane irin sharar tubalan aka kafa, wanda aka cushe a musamman kwantena (pouches, roba bags, gwangwani) kuma ya isa zuwa wurin aiki.