Roba zaruruwa. Roba polyamide fiber

Roba zaruruwa fara da za a samar industrially samar a shekara ta 1938. A lokacin, wanda akwai riga da dama dozin jinsunan. Domin dukkan su suna da, a kowa ne cewa farawa abu ne low kwayoyin nauyi mahadi juya zuwa polymers da sinadaran kira. Dissolving ko dab da polymers samu shiri ne da za'ayi na gyare-gyaren ko kadi bayani. Suna kafa daga bayani ko narke, kuma amma sai suka an hõre kammala.

jinsunan

Dangane da siffofin da cewa faye hali tsarin macromolecules, roba zaruruwa yawanci kasu kashi hetero da carbon sarkar. Tsohon hada da wadanda samu daga polymers wanda macromolecules wasu fiye da carbon, da kuma sauran abubuwa ne ba - nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen da sauransu. Wadannan sun hada da polyester, polyurethane, polyamide da polyurea. Carbochain roba zaruruwa suna halin a cewa su main sarkar gina na carbon atoms. Wannan kungiyar hada polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylonitrile, polyolefin, polyvinyl barasa, da kuma sunadarin flourine-dauke.

Polymers hidima a matsayin dalilin shiri na hetero-zaruruwa samu da polycondensation da samfurin da aka wanda ya canja daga narke. Carbochain samu ta hanyar sarkar Polymerization da kuma samuwar ne kullum daga mafita, a rare lokuta, daga narke. Za ka iya ganin wasu daya roba polyamide fiber, wanda aka kira siblon.

Samar da ake ji

A kalma kamar siblon saboda mutane da yawa ne cikakken baƙo, amma a baya a kan takardar shafuka tufafin da za a iya gani da acronym BBM, m viscose high modulus zaruruwa. Sa'an nan da kera tunanin cewa wannan suna zai duba nicer fiye da siblon cewa za a iya hade da nailan da Caproni. Production na da irin wannan roba zaruruwa ne daga itatuwa, kamar yadda idan shi bai duba wuce yarda.

Features

Siblon bayyana a cikin farkon 70-ies karni na karshe. Yana da wani ingantattun rayon. A mataki na farko, da shiri na itace ɓangaren litattafan almara, shi ne ware a cikin m form. Babbar lambar yana kunshe a cikin auduga - game da 98%, amma saboda auduga zaruruwa, kuma ba tare da wannan yi kyau kwarai thread. Saboda haka, katakai ake amfani da su samar da angaren litattafan almara, a musamman softwood, a cikinsa shi ya ƙunshi 40-50%, da kuma sauran - da ba dole ba gyara. Suna da ake bukata domin rabu da a samar da roba zaruruwa.

A aiwatar da samar

Roba zaruruwa ake samar a saukarwa. A mataki na farko da zamanin] aular tsari, a lokacin da itace kwakwalwan kwamfuta na duk superfluous abu canjawa wuri zuwa cikin bayani, da kuma haifar da wata rashin lafiya na dogon polymer sarƙoƙi a raba da wani ɓaɓɓake. Babu shakka, akwai ba kawai na kudin ruwan zafi, daban-daban Additives samar reagents: Soda da sauransu. Kawai dafa tare da Bugu da kari na sulfates samar da wani ɓangaren litattafan almara da ya dace domin samar da siblona, tun yana kasa impurities.

Lokacin da ɓangaren litattafan almara da aka riga narkewar, shi aka aiko zuwa bleaching, bushewa da kuma matsi, sa'an nan kuma motsa zuwa inda kana bukatar shi - shi ne samar da takarda, watau, Cellophane, kwali da kuma fiber, cewa shi ne babban samar. Abin da na gaba da ya faru da ita?

aftertreatment

Idan bukata kafin su sami roba da kuma halitta zaruruwa ne na farko dole shirya wani kadi bayani. Cellulose ne mai ɗamfarar wanda da wuya a soke. Saboda haka, yana da mafi yawa ana tuba a cikin wani ruwa mai narkewa ether ditiougolnoy acid. Kan aiwatar da canji a cikin wani abu ne quite lengthy. Farko da zafi Alkali cellulose, bi da wani dehydration magani, a cikin wani bayani yayin da motsi ba dole ba abubuwa. Bayan kadi taro da aka niƙa, sa'an nan kuma sanya shi a cikin wani na musamman jam'iyya inda predsozrevanie fara - akwai wani rage na cellulose kwayoyin da kusan rabin saboda oxidative ƙasƙanci. Next akwai wani dauki Alkali cellulose da carbon disulfide don samar da xanthate. Wannan taro na orange-kamar kullu ditiougolnoy acid ester fara abu. Wannan bayani na da danko ne ake kira "viscose".

Next zo da tacewa cire karshe impurities. Narkar da iska da aka dakatar ta cikin "effervescence" ether a vacuo. Duk wadannan ayyukan kai ga gaskiya cewa xanthate zama kamar matasa zuma - rawaya da stringy. A wannan kadi bayani ne a shirye.

da samun zaruruwa

A bayani da aka extruded ta hanyar da spinneret. Wucin gadi roba zaruruwa ba kawai spun a cikin gargajiya hanya. Wannan aiki ne da wuya a kwatanta da wani sauki yadi zai zama daidai a faɗi cewa yana da wani tsarin sunadarai da damar miliyoyin kõguna na ruwa viscose zaruruwa zama m. A cikin Rasha ƙasa na viscose ɓangaren litattafan almara samu da kuma siblon. Nau'i na biyu na fiber da rabi sau da karfi fiye da na farko daya, halin fi juriya da alkalis, nama bambanta gare hygroscopicity ƙananan mataki na shrinkage da crease. Kuma da bambance-bambance a cikin matakai na samar da viscose da siblona bayyana a lokacin da coagulation wanka bayan da mutu ne kawai "mutane" roba zaruruwa.

Chemistry taimako

Domin viscose cikin wanka yana cike da sulfuric acid. Yana ne aka yi nufi ga bazuwar na ether, inda wani m cellulose zaruruwa. Idan dole a samu siblona wanka aka kara tutiya sulfate, partially hydrolyzed ester na samar da wani cikas ba, don haka filaments zai dauke saura xanthate. Saboda haka abin da ya bada? A zaruruwa aka sa'an nan hõre mikewa da kafa. Lokacin da polymeric zaruruwa ne ragowar xanthate samu ja polymeric cellulose, sarƙoƙi tare da fiber axis, maimakon sanya su ka, kamar yadda shi ne hali na al'ada viscose. Bayan jawo wani ja na zaruruwa da aka yanka a cikin shpatelki 2-10 millimeters a tsawon. Bayan 'yan mafi hanyoyin da za'ayi latsa zaruruwa cikin bales. Ton katako isa ya samu 500 kg na ɓangaren litattafan almara, wanda aka samar daga 400 kg siblona zaruruwa. cellulose kadi ne da za'ayi game da kwana biyu.

Abin da ya yi tare da siblonom?

A cikin eighties, wadannan roba zaruruwa suna amfani da Additives zuwa auduga zuwa yarn spun mafi alhẽri, kuma bai kece ba. Daga siblona sanya substrate karkashin wucin gadi fata, da kuma ta yin amfani a cikin yi na asbestos. Sa'an nan da injiniyoyi sun ba su da sha'awar a cikin halittar wani sabon abu, ake bukata a matsayin yawa fiber kamar yadda zai yiwu ga ganin.

A cikin West a lokaci high modulus viscose rayon zaruruwa amfani don samar da yadudduka abin da ya bambanta a ƙarfi ne, kuma cheapness idan aka kwatanta da auduga, amma da kyau tunawa da danshi da kuma numfashi. Yanzu Rasha ba ya zama dũkiyar auduga yankuna, don haka siblon high tsammanin. Kawai da bukatar da shi ba tukuna manya-manyan, don haka kamar yadda yadudduka da kuma tufafi m samarwa yanzu kusan babu wanda aka sayen.

polymer zaruruwa

Suna kullum kasu kashi na halitta, roba da kuma wucin gadi. Halitta zaruruwa ne waɗanda samuwar aka yi a karkashin yanayi. Suna kullum classified ta asalin, wanda tantance su sinadaran abun da ke ciki a kan dabba da kayan lambu. A farko kunshi gina jiki, wato carotene. Wannan siliki da kuma ulu. A karshen kunshi cellulose, hemicellulose da lignin.

Wucin gadi roba zaruruwa suna samu ta hanyar sinadaran aiki na polymers wanda wanzu a yanayi. Sun yarda da su acetate, rayon, alginate da kuma gina jiki zaruruwa. Kamar yadda raw kayan for su shiri ne kraft ko sulfite itace ɓangaren litattafan almara. Saki na roba zaruruwa kerarre a cikin nau'i na taushi da kuma igiyoyi, kazalika a cikin nau'i na matsakaitan fiber wanda aka sarrafa tare da sauran zaruruwa a lokacin da masana'antu tsari na daban-daban yadudduka.

Roba polyamide fiber samu daga polymers samu artificially. A feedstock amfani a irin wannan tsari da polymeric zaruruwa kafa daga m mikakke macromolecules ko dan kadan branched Tsarin ciwon gwaji taro - fiye da 15,000 amu kuma wani sosai kunkuntar kwayoyin nauyi rarraba. Dangane da irin roba zaruruwa iya samun babban mataki na ƙarfina, da wani gagarumin darajar dangi da elongation, elasticity, da juriya ga mahara lodi, kananan saura nakasawa da m dawo bayan kau na load. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ban da amfani a Textiles da suka yi an yi amfani da matsayin baiwa, kashi a yi na composites, kuma shi duka ya kai ga na musamman Properties na roba zaruruwa.

ƙarshe

A baya 'yan shekaru, wanda zai iya tsayar da wani sosai kwari karuwa a yawan ci gaba a cikin cin gaban sabon polymeric zaruruwa, musamman para-aramid, polyethylene, zafi-resistant, kumshin, wanda tsarin - a core-harsashi heterocyclic polymers, wanda sun hada da daban-daban barbashi, misali, azurfa ko wasu karafa. Yanzu nailan abu - wannan ba wani saman aikin injiniya, kamar yadda a yanzu akwai wata babbar lamba na sabon zaruruwa.