Colima (kogin) inda?

Yana kawai don haka ya faru da cewa sunan Kolyma don nuna a fakaice a yankin da cewa hadawa da Magadan yankin da kuma Yakutia, fated zama tsakiyar kasar Final tsarin tips. A nan ne mafi m sansanonin, da kuma sunan wannan babban kyau kogin arewa maso gabashin Rasha ne har yanzu dangantaka da m danniya. Amma za mu yi magana game da ban mamaki hydronyms - iko m Kolyma kogin dauke da duk rayuwa - da kuma kabilu da dogon selivshimsya tare da bankuna, da kuma a yau mun ba su tunanin zama ba tare da bude waɗannan ƙasashe Rasha matafiya.

A kadan tarihi

Da farko Kolyma River (Halyma Yakut) da aka ambata a cikin rahoton Pomor-Explorer Mihayly Staduhina, shugaban na balaguro, wanda wuni a samu na sabon ƙasashe a cikin daruna da Indigirka Alazeya (1639), kazalika da tushe a shekarar 1644, a cikin ƙananan kai na da Kolyma hunturu bariki. Ya kuma bayyana inhospitable mazauni - warlike Chukchi, kare da kansa hanyar rayuwa da kuma dauki lokaci zuwa bayar liyãfa ga kowa. Yukagirs, Tungus, Chukchi, Evenki, ya daidaita a kan wadannan gaba da obzhivshie inhospitable wurare, tafiyar da kama kifi, farauta, kare sledding daga baya.

Nizhnekolymskiy garu hunturu sansanin shi ne masomin gaba expeditions kuma trekking a cikin search for nauyi uncharted yankuna. Daga 1647-1648 shekaru dauka ƙasar da ruwa balaguro, kammala hoton yankin m kwatancin.

Shahararren iyakacin duniya Explorer Dmitry Laptev, wanda ya iso matsayin wani ɓangare na Great Arewa Fe, a 1741 aka bayyana a cikin babba kai na cikin kogin, da kuma kawo bakin Kolyma River, musamman ta dama ducts Stone Kolyma, musamman tsarin - wani ganewa Shiriya, wanda daga baya ya zama zaunanniyar for yawa bincike ayyukan. Daga nan sanannen yin yawo Wrangell, Billings da sauran daidai shahara explorers. Wannan shi ne labarin da gano wadannan wurare, inhospitable, matsananci, amma m da endearing m kyau na arewa. Bari mu bincika inda Kolyma River da aka haife, wanda daukawa ruwanta, wanda hanya da aka yi da kuma abin da ya gana da shi.

Asalin sunan

Masana kimiyya sun zo ba tukuna zuwa yarjejeniya game da Asalin sunan (Colima). Evens - 'yan asalin mazaunan wadannan wurare, kira ta Kullu, wanda aka fassara daga Turkish nufin kogin. Yau da wannan sunan ne kiyaye kawai ga dama source na Kolyma River. Michael ya kira shi Stadukhin Yakov kuma daga baya saba wa zamani mutum - Kolyma. Tabbatar da etymological connection tsakanin Kullu da Kolyma ba zai yiwu a wani, da kuma rigima shiriritar game da Asalin sunan Yukagir ma ne ba tare da shaida. Kila har abada zama wani asiri da wani ban mamaki sunan - Kolyma River. Ina ta farko, mun koyi on.

headwaters

Kolyma kafa a biyu a haɗa Okhotsk- Kolyma upland source: kogin Ayan Yuriakh, ta sauka a tsakaninsu kankara Halkan kunya da kuma kogin Kullu fito daga biyu ƙarƙashinsu, a cikin dutse zai dinga Suntar-Hayata. Shi ne daga nan cewa kogin zirga-zirga a kan arewa zuwa Arctic Ocean.

Kolyma River inda gudana

A daron da yawa gandu rusuna a kan sararin ƙasa da Magadan yankin, Khabarovsk Krai, Yakutia, ya shãfe wasu wuraren Chukotka da Kamchatka. Bayar da damar gudanar da hanya zuwa cikin teku ta cikin permafrost, skirting da m duwatsu, da Kolyma River empties a cikin Gabas Siberian Sea tare 3 iko bãkunansu:

• Eastern - shipping Stone Kolyma ciwon m tazarar kilomita 20 m. bakinka shi ne tsayin 50 km da kuma zurfin - game 9 m.

• matsakaici - Pokhodsk Kolyma, hannun riga tsawon na 25 km, da nisa daga 0.5 zuwa 2 km da kuma zurfin 3.5-4.5 m.

• West - Kolyma Chukchi, kuma yana da matukar ban sha'awa girma: tsawon kilomita 60, da nisa daga 3-4 km da kuma zurfin - 8-9 m.

Delta tsawon na da tushe ne game da 110 km, kuma ta yankin 3 kara kusan dubu square. km.

A tsawon da halaye

Mene ne tsawon kogin? Colima yana da tsawon kilomita 2129, kuma idan kun ƙidaya daga tushen Kenelichi - River, a dama tributary Kullu, shi qara har zuwa 2513 km. Kusan 1400 km Kolyma gudana a fadin expanses na Magadan yankin, da sauran ta hanya gudanar ta hanyar Yakutia, da kuma kafofin suna located a cikin Khabarovsk Abuja.

A yankin na kogin kwari ne quite ban sha'awa - 643 dubu sq. M. km. A kan hagu banki ta'allaka da Kolyma Valley, ta halitta rarraba daruna na Kolyma da Indigirka. A tsarin abun da ke ciki na tsaunuka hada da mahara inclusions na daskarar igneous kankara na ga Mesozoic lokaci, wadda tabbatar da kasancewar zinariya adibas a cikin wadannan yankunan. A fashewar yanayi na dutsen headwaters na kogin tare da m Rapids hankali bada hanya zuwa filayen na Kolyma filayen kwari a kan amincewa-kwari kwarara. A gado musamman meander ƙunshi wata babbar lamba na hannayen riga. Wasu wurare tare da bankuna ne sosai ban sha'awa - da ruwa wanke tafi da lawa kankara, fallasa da ake kira "Tala", tsoho sako-sako da adibas - m wurare domin archaeological nazarin cewa sun samu ƙasusuwan mammoths. A wasu wurare da tekun marshy ko an rufe shi da m laka cewa zai iya kashe dabbobi kuma ko da mutane.

Bayan da Kolyma River tsaunuka hanya aza a fadin expanses na Yakutia - babban zinariya-qazanta jijiyoyinmu daga cikin Rasha jamhuriyar. A nan, hagu-banki gefe na Kolyma kwaruruka hankali ya wuce daga filayen arewacin tundra.

Kolyma River: inflows

A gefen dama na kogin zuwa arewa maso yammacin stretch na dutse-schist Kolyma duwãtsu rufe ƙwarai coniferous ciyayi. Ga fara duk aikin gandu na Kolyma - Bahapcha, Buyunda, Balygychan, Sugoy, Korkodon, Berezovka, Kamenka, Omolon, ƙanana da manyan Anuy. Hagu aikin gandu -. Seimchan, dauke da, Yasachnaya, Popovka, Zyryanka, Ozhogina, Sededema River, da dai sauransu Ba a banza a zamanin d Legends hada da 'yan asalin mutanen Gabashi Siberia, da Kolyma River idan aka kwatanta da yawa yara, cherished, nurtured da tashe 35 yara. Wannan shi ne yawan aikin gandu - fiye ko žasa da muhimmanci a cikin Kolyma kogin akwai. A cewar labari, tsufa uwa kogin ya ba da yara a umarni: ya zama m, mai zurfi, kama kifi, kula da mutanen da suke zaune a kusa da nan. Daya kawai inflow Omolon ya kamata ya zama wani goyon baya da ita. Lalle ne, wannan ambaliya a gaban dukan free of kankara a cikin bazara, ciyar da Kolyma.

A tortuous hanya zuwa cikin teku

Writhing a duk inda, da Kolyma River kan hanyarsa daga kudu-maso-yammacin zuwa arewa maso yammacin, wani lokacin da cika fuska barin kaikaice da kuma yin wata babbar gwiwa. Saboda haka, to hagu tributary da Kolyma Shumikha a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa yankin arewa maso gabashin, sa'an nan ke kudu maso gabashin, hankali aligns shugabanci na arewa zuwa mahaɗar tsakãninsu ta River Zyryanka. Saboda haka, karkatacciyar da Kintsa, Kolyma kai Vyatkina yankuna, inda sake shigar da kudu-maso-gabas, sa'an nan ya musanya shugabanci to arewa maso yammacin daga birnin Srednekolymsk da kuma sake jũya zuwa arewa-maso-gabas. Wannan shugabanci yana kiyaye da babban Omolon inflows, amma bayan mahaɗar tsakãninsu da kogin Anyuya, ya jũya bãya, to arewa maso yamma, ajiye riga wannan shugabanci ga Bay a cikin Arctic Ocean.

Wannan inganta samuwar meandering cikin jam'i na kwarara. Alal misali, a kasa Verkhnekolymsk Shipanovskaya kwarara Halicci manyan isa yankin domin Shipanovsky Island a cikin ƙananan kai na cikin kogin bakinka Konyaeva 'yan kananan bututu kafa dukan watsi da tsibiran, ya kira yau a tsibirin. Ya tashi daga babban tashar a yankin na fili crosses Zahrebetnaya bututu an haɗa zuwa a Kolyma Nizhnekolymsk, samar da wata babbar elongated tsibirin 110 km tsawon da nisa jere daga 10 zuwa 20 km.

hydrological halaye

Kolyma - ciyar da gauraye rafi, zai fi dacewa snow-ruwan sama tare da gradation 47% kuma 42%. 11% da dama a kan ƙari na ruwan karkashin kasa. A lokacin rani da ruwa matakin saukad da muhimmanci, tanã fita kawai a lokacin ruwa sosai. Faruwa da kuma gajere ambaliya. Da yawan zafin jiki na ruwa a cikin kogi consistently low, yawanci ba more mafitar 10-15 ° C, da kuma kawai ga m permeates bazara rãnã m yankunan Yuli ƙarshe iya dumama zuwa 20-22 ° C. Kolyma aka daskarewa a watan Oktoba, a cikin sanyi shekaru - a karshen watan Satumba. Daskare Earsbe kankara gantali, da kuma abin da ya faru na sludge samuwar rataye kankara dams, tsowon lokacin da dabam daga kwanaki 2 zuwa wata.

Free na kankara Kolyma River zuwa saman kalanda bazara. Break-up iya wuce daga 2 zuwa 18 kwanaki, shi ne sau da yawa tare da cunkoso da ban sha'awa.

shipping

An fara daga bakin kogin Bahapchi, Colima zama navigable. Duk da haka, yau da kullum motsi tasoshin ne da za'ayi daga tashar jiragen ruwa Seimchan. A tsawon lokaci na aiki kewayawa lokaci ne 4-5 watanni. Babban tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Kolyma - Seimchan, Zyryanka, Cherskii.

adam amfani

A cikin ƙananan kai na cikin kogin ɓullo da kama kifi, hakar ma'adanai. Iko kyau arewacin kogin yau ga wani mutum, samar da shi ba kawai nau'in kifi, amma kuma da wutar lantarki samar a Kolyma HPP. Wannan hydroelectric shuka su. YI Frishter gina kusa da kauyen Sinegorye da kuma haifar da wani yawa na wutar lantarki, wanda yake da isasshen 95% na yankin. Kolyma HPP - kawai babba mataki na cascade samar da wutar lantarki tashoshin Kolyma. Yau ƙare gina Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP, wanda shi ne karo na biyu mataki na cascade. A 2013, mun aikata da farko na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa naúrar, da kuma cikakken commissioning na tashar za ta samar da wadata da tsaro na yankin da kuma tasiri ci gaba da hakar ma'adinai masana'antu na yankin.

Kuma yanzu da rai da cikakken mai ɓuɓɓuga da kuma jarumi ne ba da cikakken binciken da Kolyma River. Hotuna gabatar a wannan ɗaba'ar nuna ta kyakkyawa da ikon, na taimaka wa mai karatu ya yi tunanin da ban mamaki laya daga cikin m Arewa Belle River.