A farko kaddamar da wani roka a sararin samaniya. Recent makami mai linzami gabatar da. Statistics Space Launch

Yau, kowane roka jefa, wanda ake gaya a cikin labarai, ga alama a yau da kullum na rayuwa. Interest a kan wani ɓangare na talakawa mutane, kamar yadda mai mulkin, taso ne kawai a lokacin da ta je grand ayyukan for nazarin sararin samaniya , ko da idan akwai wani mai tsanani hatsari. Duk da haka, ba haka ba da dadewa, a farkon na biyu da rabi na karni na karshe, kowane fara jifa sanya a lokacin da daskare dukan ƙasar, ga nasarorin da kasawa duba kome. Shi ne ma a cikin farkon na sarari shekaru da kuma Amurka, sa'an nan a cikin dukan ƙasashe inda na shirin unfurled nasu jirgin zuwa taurari. Wannan nasarorin da kasawa daga waɗanda shekara aza harsashin ginin a kan abin da ya karu roka kimiyya, da kuma tare da shi da ƙaddamar da shafukan, kuma mafi nagartaccen inji. A takaice, da makami mai linzami da ta tarihi, tsari da fasali da kuma statistics cancanci da hankali.

Babban abu a cikin wani dunƙule

Booster ne bambance-bambancen da multistage ballistic harsashi, wanda manufarsa shi ne kawar da wasu kaya a cikin sarari. Dangane da manufa jawo inji roka zai iya kawo shi zuwa wani geocentric madawwama biyu, ko yin hanzari tserewa Duniya ta nauyi zone.

A mafi yawan lokuta, da roka jefa ne saboda ta mike matsayi. Sosai da wuya amfani da iska fara irin lokacin da na'ura da aka farko tsĩrar da via jirgin sama ko wasu irin na'urar da wani tsawo, sa'an nan kuma gudu.

multistage

Daya hanyar zuwa rarraba roka - da yawan su bijiro da batun kafa, saukarwa. Inji ciki har da daya kawai, irin matakin, da kuma a lokaci guda iya haihuwa a dangi a cikin sarari, to date, akwai zama ba fãce wani mafarki na zane-zane da kuma injiniyoyi. A protagonist a jefa site na duniya - a Multi-mataki na'ura. A gaskiya, shi kunshi dama juna roka jerin hada da jirgin da kuma rarraba kan kammala da manufa.

Bukatar irin wannan tsari ne da wahala daga shawo Duniya ta nauyi. Da makami mai linzami dole cire daga surface na da kansa nauyi, hada da yafi ton na man fetur da kuma propulsion tsarin, da kuma dangi nauyi. A kashi sharuddan, da karshen ne kawai 1.5-2% na taro na roka jefa. Detaching shaye jirgin na matakai facilitates aiki da ya rage da kuma sa jirgin ya fi dacewa. A irin wannan shiri akwai wani downside: shi ya sa na musamman bukatunsu cosmodrome. Bukatar wani sashi free mutane, inda ya ciyar a mataki zai fada.

Reusability

An fahimci cewa a cikin irin wannan shiri, da kara amfani ba za a iya amfani da fiye da sau daya. Duk da haka, masana kimiyya suna kullum aiki don ƙirƙirar kama ayyukan. Cikakken reusable roka zuwa kwanan bai zama saboda bukatar yin amfani da high-tech, mutane ne ba tukuna akwai. Duk da haka, akwai aka aiwatar da wani shirin partially reusable tsarin - ne American "Space Jigila". Ya kamata a lura da cewa daya daga cikin dalilan da cewa developers suna yin jihãdi ga ƙirƙirar reusable roka - shi ne sha'awar rage kudin da jefa motocin. Duk da haka, da "Space Jigila" bai kawo ana tsammanin sakamakon a cikin wannan ma'ana.

A farko roka jefa

Idan ka koma ga tarihin matsalar, bayyanar da ainihin roka gabãta halittar ballistic makamai masu linzami. Daya daga cikin su, da Jamusanci "V-2" aka yi amfani da Amirkawa na farko yunkurin "isa fitar da" ga halittu. Ko kafin yakin, a farkon 1944, a yawan tsaye runs aka za'ayi. A roka kai tsawon kilomita 188.

More gagarumin sakamakon da aka samu bayan shekaru biyar. Akwai wani makami mai linzami jefa a cikin Amurka a landfill White Sands. Yana kunshi matakai biyu: da makamai masu linzami da "V-2" da kuma "WAC-Corporal" kuma ya iya isa wani tsawo na 402 km.

Da farko Booster

Duk da haka, a farkon na sarari shekaru yana dauke su 1957. Sai na fara da farko real a kowane ji na m roka, Soviet "Sputnik". The jefa aka za'ayi a Baikonur Cosmodrome. A roka ya samu nasarar sun jimre da wannan aiki - sa a cikin sarari guda na farko wucin gadi Duniya da tauraron dan adam.

The jefa "Sputnik" da gyare-gyare "Sputnik-3" tsirar a total na hudu sau, uku daga abin da suke yi nasara. Sa'an nan kuma, a kan tushen da wannan naúrar da aka halitta dukan iyali na jefa motocin, an halin high dabi'u na iko da wasu sauran halaye.

The jefa cikin sarari, kerarre a shekarar 1957, wani alama taron a mutunta mutane da yawa. Yana alama farkon wani sabon mataki na mutum bincike na kewaye yankin, a zahiri bude sarari zamanin, ishãra zuwa yiwuwa da kuma gazawar da dabara na lokaci, da kuma ba da Tarayyar Soviet da wani gagarumin amfani a kan Amurka a sarari tseren.

A zamani mataki

Yau dauke da mafi yawan iko kara amfani roka "proton-M" ta samar a Rasha, da Amurka "Delta-IV Tã», kazalika da Turai "Ariane 5". Da ƙaddamar da irin wannan ba ka damar duba roka zuwa cikin falaki, ya ta'allaka ne a tsawon kilomita 200 da kuma wani dangi yin la'akari har zuwa 25 ton. Kafin geopromezhutochnoy kewayewa irin wannan na'urorin ya sami damar kawo game 6-10 ton to geostationary - 3-6 tons.

Yana da daraja zaune a kan boosters "proton". A Soviet da kuma Rasha nazarin sararin samaniya, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa. Yana da aka yi amfani da ga aiwatar da daban-daban sarari shirye-shirye, ciki har da aika wani sarari tashar kayayyaki "Mir". Tare da taimako a cikin sarari da aka tsĩrar "Dawn" da "Star", mafi muhimmanci MKS raka'a. Duk da cewa ba duk da latest gabatar da na roka daga irin wannan sun samu nasara, "proton" shi ne har yanzu mafi mashahuri gabatarwa: a shekara samar game 10-12 shi yana farawa.

waje abokan aiki

"Ariane-5" shi ne wani analogue na "proton". Wannan roka yana da yawan bambance-bambance daga Rasha, musamman, ta jefa shi yafi tsada, amma yana da mafi load iya aiki da shi. A geopromezhutochnuyu kewayewa "Ariane-5" shi ne iya kawo biyu da tauraron dan adam a lokaci daya. Da shi shi ne kaddamar da wani sarari roka daga irin wannan shi ne farkon aiwatar da "Rosetta" manufa bikin bincike, wanda bayan shekaru goma na jirgin ya zama wani tauraron dan adam da nisan kafa Churyumov-Gerasimenko.

"Delta-IV» ya fara "aiki" a shekara ta 2002. Daya daga cikin gyare-gyare, Delta IV Tã, bisa ga data for 2012 ya most dangi a cikin jefa motocin a duniya.

aka gyara na da nasara

A nasara makami mai linzami jefa ba kawai bisa manufa fasaha halaye na na'urar. Yawa ya dogara da zabi na jefa kushin. Location Baikonur taka muhimmiyar rawa a nasarar da manufa jawo na'urar.

Kuzarinsu domin kau da tauraron dan adam madawwama biyu an rage lokacin da kwana na son yayi dace da Latitude a cikin yankunan da farkon aka yi. Shi ne mafi muhimmanci da la'akari da wadannan zažužžukan su fara da inji, ya isa zuwa geosynchronous falaki. Manufa wuri zuwa fara kamar roka - yana da ekweita. A sabawa mataki a kan ekweita sakamakon a bukatar kafa gudun a 100 m / s mafi girma. By wannan siga tsakanin fiye da 20 jefa shafukan duniya mafi m matsayi shagaltar Turai Kuru located a latitud 5º, Brazilian Alcantara (2,2º), kazalika da Sea Launch, iyo jefa site da ciwon da ikon gudu kai tsaye roka daga ekweita.

mayar da hankali da aikata laifuka

Wani batun da aka alaka da duniyar tamu ta juyawa. Fara daga ekweita roka nan da nan samun quite mai ban sha'awa gudun a cikin shugabanci na gabas, wanda ake dangantawa kawai tare da juyawa daga cikin Duniya. A wannan batun, duk da jirgin hanya, kamar yadda mai mulkin, suna gudu a cikin wani easterly shugabanci. Ba sa'a a wannan batun, Isra'ila. Ya ya shiryar da makami mai linzami zuwa yamma, yin wani karin ci nasara da duniya ta juyawa, kamar yadda da gabashin kasar suna located maƙiya jihar.

filin daga abin da ya faru

Kamar yadda aka ambata a riga, ya ciyar roka, saukarwa fada wa Duniya, don haka kusa da spaceport ya kamata a sanya dace da wannan yanki. Kyau zabi - ruwayen teku. Mafi yawa daga cikin sarari cibiyoyin da haka located a bakin tekun. A misali mai kyau - da Cape Canaveral jefa site da kuma Amurka posted a nan.

Rasha jefa site

Spaceports kasar mu da aka halitta a lokacin Cold War, sabili da haka ba za a iya located a Arewa Caucasus da kuma Far East. A farko ƙasa domin kaddamar da roka ya zama Cosmodrome, located in Kazakhstan. A nan akwai low girgizar kasa aiki, mai kyau weather mafi yawan shekaru. Zai yiwu hadarin abubuwa makamai masu linzami a Asia yana da wani sakamako a kan aiki site. Baikonur akwai bukatar a hankali sa jirgin hanya zuwa shaye mataki ba, a gidaje yankunan da makamai masu linzami da ba fada cikin sararin samaniyar kasar Sin.

Free cosmodrome, dake a cikin Far East, yana da mafi nasara jeri na fall na filayen: sunã fãɗuwa ga teku. Wani jefa site, inda za ka iya sau da yawa ganin kaddamar da roka - Plesetsk. An sanya zuwa arewa na duk sauran irin wannan wurare na duniya da kuma shi ne manufa domin aikawa motocin a cikin iyakacin duniya falaki.

Statistics makami mai linzami gabatar da

Tun farkon karni na ayyuka a jefa site na duniya ya auku markedly. Idan muka kwatanta biyu jagorancin kasashen a wannan fannin, Amurka da kuma Rasha, na farko shekara samar muhimmanci m gabatar da fiye da na biyu. A lokacin daga 2004 zuwa 2010 m, tare da America cosmodrome kaddamar 102 roka sun samu nasarar kammala su aiki. Bugu da kari, akwai biyar gaza gabatar da. A kasar mu samu nasarar kammala 166 arba'in, yayin da takwas ya ci tura.

hadari "proton-M" Daga cikin karin bayanai na gaza gabatar da na'urorin a Rasha. A lokacin daga 2010 zuwa 2014 a sakamakon irin kasawa da aka rasa ba kawai boosters, amma kuma 'yan Rasha da tauraron dan adam, kazalika da daya waje agaji. A irin wannan halin da ake ciki tare da daya daga cikin mafi iko jefa abin hawa ya ba su tafi ba a gane shi: An sallami jami'an da hannu a cikin abin da ya faru na wadannan kasawa, mun fara ci gaba da ayyukan hažaka da sarari masana'antu a kasar mu.

Yau, kamar yadda 40-50 shekaru da suka wuce, mutane sun har yanzu sha'awar nazarin sararin samaniya. A halin yanzu mataki na yiwuwar daban-daban da cikakken kasa da kasa hadin kai, wanda ake samu nasarar aiwatar a cikin ISS aikin. Duk da haka, da yawa al'amurran bukatar da za a inganta, kyautata, ko kuma bita. Ina so in yi imani da cewa tare da gabatarwar sabon ilmi da fasaha da farko-rubucen statistics zai zama mafi m.