A kasa alama ce Austria - St. Stephen ta Cathedral. St. Stephen ta Cathedral: gine-gine, sauran kaya da kuma gani

National alama ce Austria da kuma ado na birnin Vienna ya zama wani babban haikalin St. Stephen ta Cathedral Katolika, cike da ban mamaki da sauran kaya da kuma ayyukan art. Ƙõramu ne babu kasa shahara catacombs, inda karya ragowar duk Austria sarakuna tun yarima wanda ya gina wannan shahararren haikalin, Rudolf VI na, kara saba'in da biyu Habsburg, Evgeniy Savoysky, da kuma da yawa daga cikin babban coci. Tare da ko dai na biyu hasumiyoyin da m view na tarihi da kuma kyakkyawan birni.

alama ce Vienna

Construction na babban coci da aka fara a cikin goma sha biyu karni, da kuma a yau shi ne mafi muhimmanci Gothic gini a Austria a total 107 mita high da kuma daukaka mafi hasumiya don 30. Baƙi sau da yawa hawa da kararrawa hasumiya, fatattakar ɗari uku da hamsin digiri. Yana da daraja da shi: view daga kararrawa-Ringer na cikin dakin ne kawai m. Kuma waɗanda 23 karrarawa na daban-daban masu girma dabam da suke da daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan jan hankali na coci na St. Stephen, da Cathedral aka yi wa ado na musamman, daya ne kawai "Pummerin" shi ne mafi girma kararrawa a Yammacin Turai. A fili bayyane daga sama rufi, inda haske tiles dage farawa daga biyu-gangarawa mikiya da kuma gashi na makamai na Austria.

Tu Haikali ado canja sau da yawa, don haka ga mutane da yawa ƙarni gine ya samu kusan dukan alamu na trends da igiyoyin up zuwa Baroque. Kowane bako na birni ya wadãtu da ba kawai mu wajibi amma kuma na farko alhakin ziyarci wannan jauhari na architecture. Kuma wata rana ne a fili ba ta isa dubawa. Saboda Church of St. Stephen - Cathedral babbar kuma a zahiri a kan kowane murabba'in mita na bãyan tẽkun dauke da wani musamman batu na amfani.

sauran kaya

babban coci taskõkin fiye da ban sha'awa: wata babbar adadin m altarpieces, gefen chapels, sauran kaya, Jeweled da zinariya reliquaries, littattafai, liturgical texts, tufafi. M da sarcophagi. Cover Friedrich III tombstones Tã, msl, takwas tons. Kwafi Evgeny huta a raba ɗakin sujada, ado da musamman whimsical. Idan muka yi la'akari da cewa da farko binne zo nan a farkon karni na sha biyu, shi ne zai yiwu da yanayin da burials gano samuwar hadisai a matsayin gine da kuma ciki mafita shirin.

A halin yanzu, St. Stephen ta coci - Cathedral Cathedral, akwai zaune da Archbishop na Vienna. The asali coci da aka gina a cikin tsakiyar birnin a 1147, da karni na sha biyar ta samu cikin halin yanzu kan iyakoki, da kuma na zamani look - kawai a cikin karni na sha shida. Mafi tsufa gine-gine - a Romanesque style, shi za a iya gani a jikin bango na babban coci, inda portal da biyu hasumiya, wadda daga baya har yanzu gina a cikin Gothic style - bayan wata wuta a 1258.

architecture

A 1340, wani Romanesque coci da aka a haɗe zuwa gabas Albert ta ƙananan waƙoƙi, a uku naves (mai suna a cikin girmamawa biyu na King Albert - Na farko da na biyu), su an kiyaye wannan ranar a asalin siffan. Arewa nave sadaukar da Virgin Mary, da cewa a tsakiyar - St. Stephen kuma sauran tsarkaka, da kuma kudancin nave aka sadaukar domin da sha biyun nan. A 1359 Rudolf IV aza sabon coci - Gothic, a wurinsa yanzu - da mafi kudu hasumiya, kafuwar wanda shi ne abin mamaki da karfi, ko da yake yana da matukar kananan - kawai daya da rabi mita. Lokacin da Yunƙurin a kudu hasumiya za ka iya ganin tsoho mutum-mutumi na St. Stephen ta Cathedral a Vienna, wanda da zarar aiki a matsayin ado na facade. Saboda haka, tare da wannan benci, wanda aka located kusa da mutum-mutumi na Saint Stephen, Count Shtarhemberg gudanar kula da Turks a lokacin da kewaye.

A arewa hasumiyar da aka gina a kan shẽkara ɗari, amma a 1578 an sanye take da wani kyakkyawan Dome a Renaissance style. Viennese fundamentally shi har yanzu alama kamar wani ruwa hasumiya, ko da yake kira Eagle, da kuma manyan daga shi zuwa mata nave portal Bears wannan sunan. Bayan St. Stephen ta Cathedral ya zama babban coci, da sculptor sassaka Rollinger kerarre da wani musamman juna na Choirs, da kuma a 1513 shi ta kafa wani jiki. Duk da ciki daga waɗanda sau aka yi, ba shakka, a cikin Baroque style. A 1647 ya fara da maimaitawa: bagaden bayyana na musamman da aikin Yakubu da Pokka, 1700-m - biyu gyaffan bagaden, da kyakkyawa ne ba na baya zuwa babba, aka rubuta biyu gumaka na Virgin Mary, a da zarar ya zama shahararren. haikalin da aka dagagge zuwa Akbishop shekaru 40 bayan da nasara a kan Turks - a 1722.

yaki

Lokacin da bam din na Cathedral of St. Stephen aka ba da suka ji rauni, da kuma m na Soviet sojojin ma bai cuce shi. Duk da haka, da Kwamandan Vienna Janar Sepp Dietrich umurce Hitler ta manyan bindigogi rushe dukan birnin cibiyar. Mafi yawan mu farin ciki, da wannan tsari da aka ba da za'ayi. Amma masĩfa zo daga ba jira: yan unguwa - looters washe dukan kusa da shaguna da kuma kafa su a kan wuta, da kuma wuta baza su a Haikali hadaddun.

A sakamakon sun mummunan: rufin rushe a wurare da dama, wata babbar kararrawa hasumiya rushe a Arewa da kuma fadi, da yawa ciki St. Stephen a Vienna, ko rollingerovskie Choirs, aka kusan gaba daya hallaka. Kiyaye bagade da - godiya ga tubali sarcophagi - mafi muhimmanci da sauran kaya.

Cathedral mayar da masu sa kai, da kuma an yi ne kawai a shekarar 1960. A Disamba 1948, sama da babban nave akwai wani rufin, kuma a watan Afrilu 1952, an iya ci gaba da sabis. Na biyu lokaci na maido ya fara a 1980, shi ci gaba da wannan rana. Mayar da farar ƙasa ganuwar da mutummutumai, wanda akwai da yawa, da kuma lokacin mana har ma da mafi wuya kayan.

protomartyr

St. Stephens Cathedral wanzu ba kawai a Vienna. Wannan mutumin, da farko shahidi, girmama a dukan Kirista denominations. Ya zo daga Yahudawa al'umma da kuma zauna a Urushalima. A lokacin da ya hadisin wa'azi game 33-36 shekaru., Wannan shi ne, nan da nan bayan tashinsa da hawan Yesu zuwa sama Almasihu, aka kawo kotu da kuma sinedrialnomu jajjefe. A cikin littafin "Ayyukan Manzanni," da aka rubuta a cikin daki-daki, game da sabis zuwa ga Kristi da kuma yarda da shahadar. Orthodox ya kyautata wa memory a kan Janairu 9, da kuma Katolika - 26 Disamba.

Shi ne ba a bayyana, Stephen mutu a kan hukuncin kisa ko kawai lynched da taro, ba tare da jiran kotu. Ya ce abin da ya ba tukuna shiga sani na mutane, har ma tsohon Sahaban da Ubangijinsu, kuma may waɗanda suka ji misalai, ya kuma ga mu'ujizan da ya yi. Stephen yi magana game da abin da ya gani tare da nasa idanu: zaune a hannun dama na Uba. Yana da jũna bashi da kyau. Ta bayyana kisan scene ba son lapidatsiyu (kamenovanie), a maimakon haka, daidai ne a taron, da a kan wanda na sanin yakamata da na Ubangiji Cross. Bugu da kari, nan da nan bayan da kisa da kotun akwai m - na farko Roman ikon da aka ga mai kyau, amma yana daukan lokaci mai tsawo. Kashe Stephen addu'a domin kisan gillar. A jana'izar shi busa "babban makoki" (Ayyukan Manzanni 8: 2).

Hungary

Basilica (Cathedral) na Saint Stephen Budapest karrama matsayin babban haikalin kasar, kiran da saint a Hungarian - Istvan. Wannan shi ne wani saint, ba Protomartyr, amma sarki da kuma kasar ta kafa. Yana da saboda shi ne daya daga cikin mafi girma a majami'u a Turai, tare da tsawo daga cikin kararrawa hasumiya a cikin tasa'in da shida da mita. Gina a neo-gargajiya style, wanda ya Popular a karni na sha tara. Wannan babban coci - wani m misali na tsaurara kuma dunkule litattafansu. A farko m - Hild - lasafta ba duk dama, da kuma rana daya, bayan shekaru masu yawa bayan mutuwarsa, Dome rushe. Daidai kurakurai zo daga wanda zai gaje shi - miklós ybl. Ya ya iya bayar da majestic bayyanar da haikali wasu lightness da airiness, kamar yadda kararrawa hasumiyar da Dome tunawa kadan eclectic.

Dole ne in ce cewa ya shawarci yi na Eifel, don haka da zane tabbatar da abin dogara, tun sa'an nan kome kara ya gaza. Vienna St. Stephen ta Cathedral iya zama alfahari da irin wannan arziki unguwa. Ciki da Basilica ne marmari: gilding, sassaƙa, da ƙawa da zane-zane, da mutummutumai da alheri da sararin majestic bagaden. Taska daga cikin Dome aka yi wa ado da wani scene halitta. A daya daga cikin kararrawa hasumiyai ne wani kallo bene ga m yawon bude ido wanda zai iya hawa karkace bene da kuma dakunan ga m biyu lif. A karo na biyu da kararrawa hasumiyar wannan shafin ba - akwai mai kararrawa yin la'akari da tara ton.

Jamhuriyar Czech

Amma Czech St. Stephen ta Cathedral (Litomerice, a cikin Ústí yankin) sadaukar Protomartyr. Wannan Kapitulna, babban coci da Ikklesiya da coci da aka gina a cikin gine-gine da style na Baroque. Ya tsaye high a kan Dome tudu, wanda ake kira - Dutsen St. Stephen. Romanesque Basilica bayyana a nan baya a 1157, sa'an nan a cikin karni na sha shida ya sake a cikin Gothic style.

A 1664 da coci da aka hallaka, sa'an nan da Italian Domenico Orsi a cikin shekaru hudu da ya gina daya daga cikin mafi kyau Baroque gine-gine a Turai tare da free-tsaye kararrawa hasumiya, da alaka da babban gina wani arched gada. Gabar a cikin babban coci kunshi hudu dubu bututu, ya sanya a cikin Rococo style.

Jamus

Bavarian babban coci na St. Stephen (Passau) ne ma ban sha'awa: Haikali tsawon - 102 mita, nisa - 33, tsawo - 30 gina a cikin marigayi Gothic style tare da Baroque abubuwa. Bavarians la'akari da shi daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan jan hankali, tare da shahararrun gidãje. Gothic da Baroque rai kamar yadda masu sukar ce, shi ne ba a ciki, shi ne babu kasa majestic da pompous. Na uku mafi girma a duniya da kuma most zuciya da sauransu, kuma, shi ne a nan a Turai. Ya kawai yana 5 Littattafan, 229 rajista da kuma kusan 18 dubu bututu. Jikin-ma'aikacin, shi sauti a nan a kullum.

A 720 shekara ta housed St. Stephen ta Episcopal Church, gina a shafin na wani wuri Kirista coci na St. Severin. Da sauƙi, tun da Cathedral da aka gina da yawa sau - yaƙe-yaƙe, gobara, har ma da lokacin da kanta ne mai wuya a iya kai mana wani ruwan tekun Atlantika tsohon gine-gine. A 1221, shi ya fara kusan karni-tsohon gini a kan site na Cathedral, kuma a cikin 1407th kusan ɗari biyu shekara sake fasalin kudin - a cikin marigayi Gothic style. Saboda haka mu gina dukan gabashin ɓangare na haikali - da transept, mawaka, ta ƙara farkon Gothic nave. Mun yi aiki a kan wannan aiki na gwaninta haka da yawa gine-ginen, da kuma gama Hans Glapsberger a cikin farkon karni na sha shida. Saboda haka muna ganin wannan shi ne yanzu da Bavarian St. Stephen ta Cathedral.

Austria

Bari mu koma zuwa cikin mafi girma da kuma mafi sanannen haikalin da sunan domin ya kawo domin shata wasu daga cikin cikakkun bayanai. Alal misali, kawai da tsawon rufin nave ne daidai to 110 mita. Da ban sha'awa, ba da shi? A tsawo daga cikin kunya ga gutter - 38 mita (tare da wani karkata daga cikin rufi a wasu wurare don a kwance zuwa 80 digiri) dauke da rufin frame yake gaban wuta itace (2000 mita), shi ne a yanzu, Ya sanya daga karfe (kamar 600 ton). Kuma da shafi kanta - 230.000 multicolored tiles cewa an rufe tare da m glaze. Yana shi ne domin sun sa gashi na makamai da kuma makamai na Austria Vienna.

Uku nave Basilica bayar da shawarar cewa ya kamata uku da shigar da portal, amma shi ba. A Cathedral of St Stephen ta ƙofar, daya ne kawai - ne tsakiya portal, da ake kira Giant, ko in ba haka ba Gate Refayawa. Found a lokacin da gina wata babbar kashi (an yanke shawarar cewa, shi ne dragon na mammoths a lokacin da wani ra'ayin) da shawarar irin sunayen. A ko dai gefen wannan ƙofar, suka sauka arna uku-matakin hasumiya. Pagan, ba saboda a tsakiyar zamanai hadu a nan ecumenism. Just marmara da sauran dutse aro daga lalace Roman Haikali. Sama da hasumiyai yakan Lancet taga a kan tsakiyar facade, kuma dukan portal da aka tsara dangane da Lãhira iyãma. A tympanum - Almasihu da kuma mala'iku, hagu da dama - manzanni da masu bishara da Luka da Mark a matsayin shaidu na Last iyãma. Kuma a kasa da su, cewa shi ne, a kan manya da ginshiƙai, da su ne a kan hagu - aljannu da gatura da igiya madaukai da chimeras. A dama - da mũnãnan ayyuka na maza. Sami kirtani kugi game da inabi - alama ce ta tarayya.

Sculptural hotuna da bagadansa

A sculptural hotuna nuna Church Fathers: Saint Ambrose matasa sanguine, choleric haihuwa Saint Jerome, Grigoriy Veliky girma phlegmatic da melancholic matasa St. Augustine. Duk da matãkalai railings a kan fences a ado da kawa: uku-yi magana ƙafafun da wata alama ce da Triniti Mai Tsarki, mirgina up, da kuma hudu - sauka, wadda alamar kome a duniya - yanayi, temperaments, zãmunna. Kansu shingen dogwaye - da dama ado: maciji cin juna, toads da kadangaru. Akwai kuma kare da cewa ba ya bari duk wannan mugunta a kan bagade inda firist wa'azi.

Kila 'yan Ibada a cikin ƙasa, inda a can ne don haka da yawa bagadansu, kamar yadda shi ne St. Stephen ta Cathedral (Vienna, kasar Austria). Su goma sha takwas, fãce ga waɗanda suke a cikin ɗakin sujada. Celebrities - high (tsakiyar) da kuma Wiener Noyshtadsky. Last - mamaki da kyau gini - da Gothic bagaden tare da zane-zane da kuma itace carvings - da aka kafa a 1447. Its sunan ya fito daga birnin a cikin abin da aka halitta da kuma inda shi ne karon farko da. Katako sculptures gilded kishin scenes daga rai na Virgin Mary. Open bagaden bude yatsun ne kawai a tashin matattu. A waje gefen - adadi na 72 tsarkaka. Babban bagaden da aka halitta da Tobiya Pock, gine-gine da tsirkiya bayyana Baroque rubutu. A bisa kan fikafikan wanda aka nuna gari St. Stephen. Ya sanya daga baki marmara bagaden farko Vienna. Statue a kusa da bagaden - St. Florian da Leopold, ya zama majiɓinci na gari, da kuma Saint Roch - m da annoba, wanda, ya yi yawa, yana da yawa gaya St. Stephen ta Cathedral.

catacombs

A farko coci a 1137 aka located a kan ƙasa na zamanin d hurumi, inda mutane da aka binne a cikin m Roman sau. Catacombs, sauran karkashin Haikalin, ya ci gaba da bauta wa ga burials, amma da taro burials fara kawai a 1732, a lokacin da, saboda annobar Charles VI ya binne mutane a cikin gargajiya birane makabartun haramta. Har 1783, a lõkacin da umurnin Joseph II karkashin kasa necropolis aka rufe, muna da ya binne goma sha dubu mutane a cikin catacombs. Catacombs wadannan farfajiyoyi da kaburburan fara da za a kira kawai idan romanticism a cikin karni na sha tara. A lokaci guda, da kuma yawon bude ido ya fara ziyarci St. Stephen ta Cathedral. Photo dauka a nan a ƙwaƙwalwar, zai zama wani rayuwa samu ya burge.

A catacombs - da taro na Masterpieces, shi ne m wuri na yawon shakatawa da aikin hajji. Alal misali, kabarin Friedrich III, inda kayan ado ne 240 guda. A wani pedestal - mythical dodanni, tsarin kwanyarsu, dabbobi. A ganuwar da sarcophagus siffanta dukkan ayyukan kirki a lokacin rayuwa. A saman - da sufaye, da firistoci, bishops, duk gidajen da ya gina, da yin addu'a domin ceton ran Frederick. A sarcophagus na ja marmara da aka kirkiro ya kuma umarci mai shi ga shekara talatin har mutuwarsa.