A shekara-shekara kasafin kudin na Rasha - halin kaka da kudaden shiga. Abin da aka hada a cikin kasafin kudin na Rasha

Kisa na jihar kasafin kudin - a key bangaren na gudanar da tattalin arzikin zamani Rasha. Wannan tsari qunshi wani jam'i na nuances. Shin gwamnatin Rasha mu jimre wa da kalubale daga cikin kasuwar? Yadda m kasafin kudin gaira da kuma yadda za a yi wani ragi?

Mene ne jihar kasafin kudin

Kalmar "kasafin kudin" ya zo daga English kasafin kudin ( "alabe"). An tsara a cikin wani nau'i na musamman sa na kimomi da kudaden shiga da kuma kashe kudi na kasar domin wani qayyadadden lokaci (yawanci a shekara). A kasafin kudin ya nuna monetary kafofin samun kudin shiga ga jihar taskar da kudin tsarin da aka kafa. A cikin daya tuhuma da wadannan nauyi?

Rasha ta kasafin kudin ne gwamnati da kuma amince da majalisar dokokin kasar. Ga kowane kasafin kudi shekara, mafi girma zartarwa dalĩli za bayar da rahoton a kan kisan na jihar kasafin kudin. Result ciyarwa iya zama daban-daban. Da fari dai, zai iya zama wanda bai isa ba (kudi sama samun kudin shiga). Abu na biyu, wasan kwaikwayon na babban kudi kimomi da jihar iya zama a cikin ragi (a lokacin da kudaden shiga ne, a maimakon haka, ƙetare halin kaka). Kuma uku, akwai wani kasafin (kudaden shiga da kuma kudi ne, kusan daidai).

kudaden shiga tsarin

A zuciya na jihar kasafin kudin kudaden shiga a mafi yawan kasashen - haraji (aikinsu, kudade), da batun kudin da rance. Rasha ta tarayya kasafin kudin a 2012 ya da wadannan tsarin kudaden shiga. A mafi kudaden shiga ga jihar kawo premiums (17.51% na kudaden shiga, ko kusan 4 tiriliyan 102 biliyan rubles). Na biyu mafi girma kudaden shiga karfe labarin aikinsu (17.49 4% ko game da 100 tiriliyan biliyan). Daga cikin classified kafofin samun kudin shiga Budget uku sanya wani haraji a kan ma'adinai hakar (10.49% na jimlar kudaden shiga, ko game da $ 2 tiriliyan 460 biliyan rubles). Amma ya kamata a lura da cewa, bisa ga gwamnatin rahotanni, 11,81% na kasafin kudin kudaden shiga - wannan "da sauran samun kudin shiga", shi nasa da ainihin uku a cikin riba tsarin.

Duk wadannan Figures daidai da karfafa kasafin kudin na Rasha. An raba tarayya bangare daya kasafin kudin da kudi abubuwa da cewa suna da alaka da dukiyar jama'a - fensho, inshora da kuma inshorar kiwon lafiya. Kamar yadda irin wannan, da tarayya kasafin kudin na Rasha a shekara ta 2012 aka kafa a farko wuri saboda kwastan aikinsu. Inshora premiums sun tafi a cikin jihar kudi.

tsarin kudi

Jihar kasafin kudin kashe kudi alaka, kamar yadda mai mulkin, da aiwatar da zamantakewa wajibai, tsaron kasa, kayayyakin more rayuwa zuba jari (sabon hanyoyi, sadarwa da sauransu. D.), kazalika da bashi da sabis. Rasha ta kasafin kudin a 2012 a hada da wadannan babban kudin abubuwa. Da fari dai, wadannan su ne zamantakewa wajibai (3 tiriliyan 185,8 biliyan rubles). Na biyu mafi girma sashe na kasafin kudin bayar wa ya kasa tattalin arzikin (1 trillion 712,2 biliyan rubles). A na uku wuri - tsaron kasa (797.6 biliyan rubles). Quite a bit bayan a kan tsaro ciyarwa (783 biliyan rubles). Sha'awa, da kudin na Rasha ta kasafin kudin hada da abin da ake kira "m articles", da kuma a wata babbar darajar - $ 1 trillion 841,8 biliyan rubles a 2012.

Kasafin kudin da jama'a bashi

Idan kasar kasafin kudin gaira, daya daga cikin manyan kafofin da ƙari ne gwamnatin rance. Suna iya zama ciki (bashi ne mutane da kuma kungiyoyi da suka sayi gwamnatin shaidu) ko waje, samu daga kasashen waje mazauna. A] aukacin jama'a bashi na kasa ya hada da adadin da rance babba da kuma ban sha'awa. Masana sun yi imani da cewa bashi darajar ya zama jinsin da key da daidaituwar tattalin arziki Manuniya.

Daga cikin su - da adadin bashin da capita, ta rabo a GDP da girma na fitarwa da kuma gwamnatin bayar wa a kan bashin da sabis. Wasu masana tattalin arziki yi imani da shi shi ne mai muhimmanci rabo daga jama'a bashin da kasashen waje musayar reserves. Harkokin waje na masu ba da bashi sau da yawa tantance creditworthiness na kasashen kan dukkan wadannan Manuniya.

Me kasafin kudin na iya zama wanda bai isa ba

Gwamnati na tsawon 2014-2016 shekaru aza kasafin kudin gaira Rasha. A cewar wasu masana, wannan ne saboda da cewa tattalin arzikin kasar shi ne a mika mulki, da kuma a wannan mataki ba shi da wani damar amsa kalubale na kasuwar. A sakamakon haka, da an tilasta wa gwamnatin damar da wuce haddi na kashe kudi a kan kudaden shiga gefen da kasafin kudin da za a fara gudanar da aiki wajen samo.

Babban matsalar a nan, manazarta ce - kasa cigaban da ba-ciro sassa na Rasha tattalin arziki, low muhimmancin bidi'a da samar da wuraren akwai sababbin hanyoyin fasaha. A daidai wannan lokaci, masana sun ce, matsalar hade tare da inganta ingancin ayyukan zamantakewa, ko sa a jihar. Tare da duk munasaba da wannan yanki na kasafin kudin kashe kudi.

Dalilai kasafin kudin ragi

Duk da cewa Rasha ta kasafin kudin a 2014 ne ya shirya tare da wata kasawa a cikin gwamnatin na Rasha Federation kada ka ware da wani ɓangare na kashe kudi zai zama har yanzu kasa da riba. Babban dalilai domin wannan ne ake kira biyu - m musayar kudi ga manyan duniya ago (samun kudin shiga, wanda shi ne kasafin kudin na Rasha a dalar Amurka, ya karu a ruble sharuddan), kazalika da in mun gwada hauhawar farashin man fetur. Daga cikin wasu dalilai, masana sun kira wani dadi fitarwa farashin Rasha kera. Godiya ga yanayi mai kyau, da kasafin kudin iya gyara a cikin fall. Duk da haka, kamar yadda manazarta lura, canje-canje na iya shafar, da kuma yiwuwar mika mulki ga wajen samo - kamar yadda a halin da ake ciki tare da wata kasawa. Duk da yake da shekara-shekara kasafin kudin da gwamnatin na Rasha ya sa wata kasawa na 0.5% na GDP. Sha'awa, da lamuni na duniya IMF shi ne kaffa: bisa ga kasa da kasa da tattalin arziki, da Rasha, da kasafin kudin da aka kashe tare da wani ragi na 0.3% na GDP.

Kamar yadda amince da kasafin kudin Rasha

A shekara-shekara kasafin kudin na Rasha da aka kafa a dama, saukarwa. Na farko, da gwamnatin yi aiki tare da shi, dauke da fitar lissafin kudin shiga da kuma kudi abubuwa, barata cikin halitta da kuma bincike na tattalin arziki halin da ake ciki. Yana da ya ƙunshi dukan tsarin da Rasha kasafin kudin. Sa'an nan aikin ne ya kawo wa jihar Duma ga shawara. A na gaba mataki na Duma wakilai, aika wani daftarin aiki da kwamitin kula da kasafin kudin, da haraji, banki da kuma kudi manufofin.

Akwai, da takardun sallama da gwamnatin, ana karatu da jami'an, masana, tattalin arziki, financiers, masana kimiyya. Sa'an nan da aikin da aka nuna ga shugaban Rasha, an aiko da wasu kwamitoci na Jihar Duma, kuma a karshe ta shiga majalisar na Lissafi, wanda ƙarasa. Wannan hanya ya hada da dubawa da kasafin kudin na aikin domin haramun ce, tushe na kudaden shiga da kuma kashe kudi bangarorin. Bayan haka, Jihar Duma fara hanya don tallafi da kasafin kudin a hudu karatu. Idan wannan mataki ne nasara, da amince da daftarin aiki da aka aika zuwa Tarayya Council. Idan akwai wani kasafin kudin da aka soma, da aikin ke da sa hannu na shugaban kasar na Rasha.

Muhimmancin da Rasha kasafin kudin

Income da kuma kudi abubuwa musamman da Rasha kasafin kudin - vacillates. Dabi'u na farko iya bambanta saboda kasuwar yanayi, ingancin da kasafin kudi hukumomi da kuma kudi cibiyoyin. Na biyu - gyara a kowace shekara da gwamnatin, dangane da manufar, wanda shi ya wadãtu da wani fifiko. A daukan hankali misali - da kudin da labarin "kasa tattalin arziki". A shekara ta 2009, da darajar da aka game da $ 1 trillion 63 biliyan rubles, a 2010 da adadi ya tashi zuwa 303 biliyan, da kuma a shekara daga baya ya karu da wani 336.

Misali na kasafin kudin Lines, wanda da magana ne shubuha, - "tsaron kasa." A shekarar 2009, jihar ciyar don tafiyar da wannan bangare na game da 712 biliyan rubles a shekara - muhimmanci kasa fiye da, 678. Amma, a 2011, akwai wani kaifi karuwa a tsabar kudi kwarara a kan tsaro - 793 biliyan rubles daga jihar kasafin kudin. A shekarar 2012, adadi ya ragu sake zuwa 783. A daidai wannan lokaci, jimlar tarayya kasafin kudin na Rasha daga shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2012, ya yi haƙuri girma.

Kisa da kasafin kudin na Rasha

Bayan duk da majalisu hanyoyin jihar Budget na Rasha ya fara wasa. Babban matsalar nan, bisa ga manazarta - tabbatar dace samu na haraji da kuma iko da ingancin da tsabar kudi canja wurin masu karɓa. A fannin nauyin da gwamnatin Rasha - kudaden shiga da kuma kashe kudi kasafin kudin na Rasha a matakin tarayya. Ga ci gaban kayayyakin aiki a cikin batutuwa alhakin zartarwa hukumomi na yankunan. Local gwamnati municipalities bi prescriptions na kasar babban kudi daftarin aiki a birane, kananan hukumomi da kuma gundumomi.

Sai ya faru da cewa Rasha kasafin kudin a wani shekara na rikicin ko koma bayan tattalin arziki a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya, na iya zama dalilin sequestration. Mafi sau da yawa wannan shi ne saboda da tabarbarewar halin da ake ciki na samar da makamashi kasuwanni. A ƙayyadaddu na wannan masana'antu ne irin wannan cewa man fetur farashin forecast, da masana, da wuya ka ce. Budget sequestration mafi yawa ana hade tare da rage kashe kudi a daidai rabbai (amma akwai iya zama abin da ake kira "kare" yankunan for kudade).

Rasha kasafin kudin siyasa domin cikin shekaru masu zuwa

A watan Yuni, 2013 a daya daga cikin Message na shugaban kasar mu ya kaddamarda sabon vectors a jihar kasafin kudi siyasa. Da fari dai, shugaban kasar ya bayyana cewa, halin da ake ciki a Rasha da kuma tattalin arzikin duniya da aka samar da sabon kalubale. Na biyu, Vladimir Putin ya bayyana a fili cewa tsarin ci gaban tattalin arziki na Rasha Federation, bisa high man farashin, ya m albarkatun domin kara tsauri girma (as kasance, misali, a 2000-2008). Aikawa suna girma sannu a hankali, da cinikayya balance a shekarar 2012, kusan babu canja, da kuma dangane da GDP ya ragu a kowane.

Vladimir Putin ya kuma zayyana lokaci na shirya sake fasalin kudin da kasafin kudin siyasa - 2014-2016 shekaru. Ya kafa da aiki wajen samar da zaɓuɓɓuka saboda jawo madadin kafofin samun kudin shiga, idan da kasawa za ta kara unpredictable hanya. Shugaban ya lura da cewa bukatar gyara dokokin da zai kafa wani elaboration na dogon lokaci, dabarun kintace ga Rasha tattalin arzikin da kuma jeri na kasafin kudi siyasa.