A tattalin arziki mamaki ba tambaya ... Iri tattalin arziki mamaki

Kalmar "tattalin arzikin" yana da saiwoyinsa a zamanin tsohuwar Girka da kuma shi ne mai hade da na biyu Tushen "oikos" da "Nomos". Farko a Greek aka fassara a matsayin wani gidan ko a gona, da kuma na biyu - da dokar. Sakamakon haka, tattalin arzikin - mai sa na dokokin, dokoki, ma'aunansa na housekeeping. A fassarar da wannan ra'ayi domin fiye da biyu millennia isasshen canza kuma Ya wadãtar.

Modern fassarar da ra'ayi

Da fari dai, tattalin arzikin - da tattalin arzikin kanta (tarin abubuwa, kayan aikin, abubuwa, abubuwa na ruhaniya da kuma kayan duniya, wani mutum wanda ya yi amfani da su samar da ya dace da yanayi na rayuwa da kuma biyan bukatu).

Wannan fassarar da lokaci a karkashin review - ta ji kamar an kafa da kuma amfani da rai goyon bayan tsarin, kazalika da rike da inganta da yanayin zama na 'yan adam.

Abu na biyu, da tattalin arziki - a kimiyya (a jiki na ilimi tare da gaisuwa ga tattalin arziki da kuma hade adam aiki) a kan m amfani da daban-daban, yawanci iyakance, albarkatun saduwa da m bukatun mutum da mutum da ta al'umma a matsayin dukan. na mutum dangantakar tasowa a kan aiwatar da management.

Tattalin arziki a matsayin kimiyya da matsayin tattalin arzikin kanta terminologically bambanta ta hanyar gabatar biyu etymologically alaka Concepts - "tattalin arziki" da kuma "tattalin arzikin". A farko - kai tsaye tattalin arzikin (da tattalin arzikin a zahiri bayyanuwar), da kuma na biyu - tattalin arziki kimiyya - tattalin arziki ka'idar. Wannan dissection taimaka wa mafi fahimtar manufar.

An yi imani da cewa tattalin arzikin a matsayin kimiyya da aka farko fassara ta fice Falsafa na tsufa - Socrates (470-390 KZ ...). Abin baƙin ciki, ya aka wa'azi a babban murabba'ai da kuma tituna, don haka ba su da wani rubuce shaida wannan. Bayan mutuwar Falsafa aikinsa aka ci gaba da almajiransa mafiya kurkusa - Plato kuma Xenophon. Suka gaya mutãne, da a kan abin da ya yi aiki Socrates.

Ya kamata a bayyana cewa kai tsaye amfani da kalmar "da tattalin arziki" a cikin Rasha harshen an dauki ba daidai ba, don haka shi aka maye gurbinsu da Kalmar "hasashe kan tattalin arziki."

Daga cikin ra'ayi na haƙiƙa ji na ra'ayi (as wani tsarin tattalin arziki, da kuma jiki na ilmi game da shi), kuma wasu marubuta gane uku darajar da tattalin arzikin: mutum dangantakar tasowa a cikin tsari na samar farko, bi da rarraba, sa'an nan da musayar, kuma a karshe, mabukaci kaya da kuma ayyuka.

Saboda haka, tattalin arzikin - da aikin noma, da kimiyya da shi, kazalika da gudanar da mutum dangantakar a cikin tsari.

Fassarar ma'anonin "tattalin arziki mamaki da kuma matakai"

Waɗannan su ne sakamakon lokaci daya rinjayar da babban yawan Sanadin tattalin arziki fuskantarwa. Tattalin arziki da matakai da mamaki suna samar ci gaba da halittu farfadowa da halakar (su ne a ci gaba da motsi). Wannan shi ne su ake kira gabban. Misalan irin mamaki da kuma matakai na iya zama: musayar kaya, . Fatarar, kudi, marketing, da dai sauransu Amma siyasa marketing tattalin arziki mamaki ba tambaya.

Tattalin arziki da aiwatar - mataki na ci gaba da kayan samar, da kuma ta m sojojin (. Direct kera, da basirarsu, ilimi, basira, da fasaha, da dai sauransu) da kuma kafa a kan tushen da su samar da dangantakar, ciki har da tare da gaisuwa ga ikon mallakar dangantakar a kan samuwa wajen samarwa (masu zaman kansu, m, jihar, da sauransu. d.), musayar ayyukan a kan tushen da rabo daga aiki da kuma dangantaka a rarraba data kasance dũkiya.

Tu tattalin arziki matakai biyu takamaiman adam hulda Layer za a iya bambanta: na farko daya - da surface (a bayyane gani), da kuma na biyu - da ciki (boye daga kallo). Bincike gani bayyana huldar cinikaiya ne samuwa ga kowa da kowa, don haka tun suna yara, mutum Forms hankula tattalin arziki tunani dangane da ainihin sani game management inji. Wannan irin tunani ne muhimmi a cikin mafi sau da yawa na ra'ayin wani. An iyakance zuwa wani zama na gaba na rai guda, kuma sau da yawa yana dogara ne a kan wani m da kuma daya-gefe bayanai.

Hasashe kan tattalin arziki ma yana neman su gane ciki ciki da kuma yadda wasu tattalin arziki mamaki m tare da wasu (su causal dangantaka).

A rarrabuwa daga wadannan matakai

Zamantakewa da tattalin arziki mamaki ya kasu kashi Game da jinsunan, kazalika da iri, bisa sharudda kamar zamantakewa yanayi da bukatu na al'umma, da yanayin su aiwatar a wani musamman al'umma. Wannan rabo ne matukar, duk da haka, yana taimaka wa sa su ciki abinda ke ciki da kuma yawan siffofin na aiki.

Nau'in na tattalin arziki mamaki za a iya subdivided kan wadannan yankunan:

1. A yanayi na zamantakewa batutuwa damar rarrabe sassa uku na tattalin arziki matakai da kuma mamaki:

• aji harafin (da babban 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma tuki da karfi - da dacewa azuzuwan).
• kasa harafin (babban tuki karfi - da al'umma).
• wani a kasar harafin ( 'yan wasan kwaikwayo - zamantakewa kungiyoyin da duwatsu na yawan na kasar).

2. Features na da abinda ke ciki sun hada da wadannan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki mamaki da kuma matakai:

• Tare da gaisuwa ga warware kowa matsaloli na kimiyya da fasaha juyin juya halin.
• dangane da warware takamaiman matsaloli tare da gaisuwa ga aiki na banki da kuma masana'antu babban birnin kasar.
• a magance matsaloli na Inter-kabilanci dangantakar;
• Tare da gaisuwa ga warware matsalolin da} ungiyoyin 'yancinsu da walwalarsu.

3. A ikon yinsa da kuma zurfin da ayyuka ya gano wadannan tattalin arziki matakai da kuma mamaki:

• kasa da kasa da kuma na cikin gida.
• gida da kuma manyan sikelin da sauransu.

Zamantakewa da tattalin arziki mamaki kuma za a iya rarraba su zuwa: hallakaswa da kuma sanyata, tsaka da kuma barga.

A tattalin arziki, mafiya yawa daga cikin matakai ne m. An muhimmanci al'amari ne ba kawai gaskiyar ganewa na dangantaka tsakanin tattalin arziki da matakai da kuma mamaki, amma kuma su Hasashen da ingantaccen management ta bada wani ilmin lissafi quantitation. Wannan hulda da statistics. Kamar wancan ne wanda kungiyar na Manuniya abubuwa a matsayin dalilai (haddasawa), da haddasa tsauri wani sa na Manuniya cewa an kira a matsayin m.

Nazarin dangantaka suna classified bisa yanayi, dangane da hanyar da nazarin sadarwa. A tattalin arziki mamaki ba sun hada da: da wutar lantarki na jikin lalata da wata tsakiya, a ray na hasken rana, da dusar ƙanƙara, da dai sauransu ...

tattalin arzikin hanya

Yana da wani kimiyya da gaisuwa zuwa hanyoyin da ilimi da kuma nazari na tattalin arziki al'amurran tattalin arziki da mamaki. Yana yanke shawarar ware janar da kuma takamaiman hanyoyin da sanin tattalin arziki mamaki.

Bi da bi, da farko ya kunshi wadannan hanyoyin:

1. Jari gabban (duk matakai da kuma abubuwan da suka faru suna bincikar a ci gaba da kuzarin kawo cikas, m ci gaba da kuma dangantaka ta kusa).
2. Kimiyya abstraction (bukata kasafi na gagarumin fasali na karatu mamaki da kuma matakai, yayin guje wa secondary).
3. Unity na tarihi da kuma ma'ana ilimi (jarrabawa na al'umma cikin sharuddan da tarihi jerin Baya ga ma'ana da tsarin nazari da nuna jerin fitowan da kuma ci gaba na tattalin arziki da dokokin da Categories).

Private hanyoyin nazarin tattalin arziki sakamakon hada da:

1. Tattalin arziki da kuma ilimin lissafi (definition of ingantaccen da kuma gwada yawa halaye na wadannan mamaki da kuma na wani jam'i na bambancin mafi dace bayani na tattalin arziki matsala).
2. bincike da kuma kira Hanyar (hadaddun tattalin arziki mamaki ya kasu kashi na farko sassa, baya hõre cikakken bincike, sakamakon wani sa dangantakar da duka tsarin dangane da tari na mutum sassa).
3. mai hoto Hanyar (visual misali na dangantaka da daban-daban tattalin arziki Manuniya a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da tsauri tattalin arziki halin da ake ciki).
4. Hanyar zamantakewa yi (aiwatar da abin da tattalin arziki mamaki karatu a hankali farko, sa'an nan kuma samu a cikin shakka daga wannan binciken ya tabbatar da kimiyya substantiation ko hana zamantakewa yi).
5. Hanyar shigar da kuma cire (miƙa mulki daga m to total fil, da kuma mataimakin versa).

tattalin arziki analysis

Shi ne tsanaki sa na hanyoyin, da dabarun da kuma hanyoyin da ake amfani domin ya sami tattalin arziki karshe tare da gaisuwa ga wani musamman mahaluži.

Tattalin arziki da bincike - tsarin gwaninta a cikin wadannan yankunan:

1. Analysis na tattalin arziki mamaki da kuma matakai a kan su causal dangantaka da juna, wanda ake rinjayi tattalin arziki dalilai na ra'ayin wani kuma haƙiƙa dokokin.
2. Kimiyya substantiation na kasuwanci da tsare-tsaren.
3. Identification na tabbatacce kuma korau dalilai, kazalika da yawa ji na ayyuka.
4. Watsuwar ci gaban tattalin arziki trends da kuma sanin ko za a mataki na ba-farm reserves.
5. A tallafi na dace da isasshen management yanke shawara.

A analysis ya hada da tattalin arziki mamaki da muhimmanci da maki: kafa dangantaka, da kuma karin dogaro da juna na interdependencies da kuma dalilai.

Rashin aikin yi a matsayin wani misali na tattalin arziki mamaki

Ta babban dalilin - wani canji a bukatar dangane da kasuwanci ake kullum canja a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da tamanin da tara babban birnin kasar na ma'aikata.

Rashin aikin yi - da tattalin arziki sabon abu a cikin kasuwar siffofin da ayyukan da suka shafi samar, wanda aka bayyana a gaskiyar cewa tattalin arziki aiki yawan yana da wani aiki da wani barga samun kudin shiga ga dalilai daban.

Dalilan dauke da wani tattalin arziki da sabon abu

Su za a iya classified bisa fuskar daban-daban tattalin arziki koyaswar:

• Malthusianism (babban dalilin rashin aikin yi - da wuce haddi na yawan).
• fasaha ka'idar (wani fasaha bidi'a "Firaministan" da ma'aikata daga masana'antu tsari).
• Keynesianism (rashin tara (tasiri) dangi zuwa bukaci kayayyakin da kuma samar da abubuwan).
• monetarism (bisa ga wakilin, Friedrich Hayek, a cikin hanyar wannan tattalin arziki sabon abu abubuwa sabawa na albashi da kuma ma'auni farashin su barga matakin da Jihar kasuwa domin, sakamakon zargin da wani tattalin arziki m jeri na mutum albarkatu, wanda, bi da bi, take kaiwa zuwa wani Jihar rashin daidaituwa a bukatar da kuma samar da aiki).
• Akidar Karl Marx ka'idar ( "zumunta ragi", a cikin hanyar wanda, bi da bi, shi ne zuwa hawansa babban birnin kasar kwayoyin abun da ke ciki a lokacin da ajiya, dangane da wanda (musamman a cikin 'yan jari hujja samarwa) akwai dangi karu a bukatar aiki).

A duk cikin sama theories, ba shakka, yadda ya kamata alama causation irin wannan tattalin arziki mamaki yadda rashin aikin yi. Don takaice su, za ka iya samun isasshen na duniya na definition na haƙiƙa dalilai domin da samuwar: da rashin tara bukatar duka biyu da kayayyaki da kuma dalilai na samarwa a karkashin yanayin da kara kwayoyin abun da ke ciki na babban birnin kasar.

Dukiya a matsayin wani sabon abu tattalin arziki

Da farko, ta yi kamar yadda alaka tsakanin 'yan adam da gaisuwa ga yin amfani da ruhaniya da kuma kayan kaya, kazalika da yanayin halittarsu ko a matsayin tarihi ƙã'idar, jama'a kyau disposition.

Property kamar yadda yake a da tattalin arziki da aminci bayyana a lokacin samuwar al'ummar dan Adam.

A kan aiwatar da monopolization da dukiya, don haka ya yi magana, kiyaye da dukkan siffofin da tattalin arziki da kuma wadanda ba m tilastawa aiki. Saboda haka, tsoho yanayin samar da ya kasance fraught tare da karin tattalin arziki tilastawa, goyon baya har ta dama na bawa ikon mallakar, Asian - ikon mallakar dama a kan ƙasa, a karkashin feudalism - ikon mallakar duka biyu a kan mutum da kuma a kan ƙasa.

A tattalin arziki tilastawa don aikin da aka mayar da daga dukiya kai tsaye a kan yanayin samar da ko daga ikon mallakar babban birnin kasar.

Wannan tattalin arziki sabon abu - shi ne samuwar wani sosai hadaddun da Multi-girma isa. Tarihi, an san cewa dukiya yana da siffofi biyu: general kuma masu zaman kansu. Su bambanci a cikin yanayi, da siffofin da kuma hanyoyin da ingancin danganta, matakin na socialization. Tsakanin su akwai wani m hadaddun hulda.

Da fari dai, su da na kowa muhimmanci farkon, kuma sũ, kullum alaka a matsayin bambancin (da bambanci tsakanin su, ba za a iya kawo har quite kishiyar). A dangane da wannan zaman kansa dukiya za a iya canza kama zuwa wata na kowa, da kuma mataimakin versa. Abu na biyu, dauke da wani tattalin arziki da sabon abu, nuna da babban matakai na tattalin arziki al'amurran da rayuwar al'umma, ba za a iya canja.

A bambancin da asali siffofin ikon mallakar

Private dukiya ne zuwa kashi da wadannan iri:

• guda (mutum);
• hadin gwiwa (divisible kuma basa).
• overall.
• kwashe su a kai har na jam'iyya ko jiha, ko Magance monopolies.

Da abun ciki na kowa dukiya dogara ne a kan girman da al'umma da kuma ta status. Yana iya zama duka a iyali mataki (gidaje), kuma a matakin na al'umma ko jam'iyya, ko jiha ko kuma jama'a (da mutane).

Tattalin arziki sakamakon, misalai daga waxanda suke da baya (rashin aikin yi da kuma dukiya) aka ba su, ba su saniyar ware. Wannan na iya kuma sun hada da hauhawar farashin kaya, deflation, ci gaban tattalin arziki, a duniya, duk ayyukan, da sauransu. N. Da tattalin arziki da mamaki ba tambaya, misali, irin wannan hanya a matsayin zabe. Duk wani jiki ko sunadarai sabon abu ko tsari (kankara narkewa, danshin, electrolysis, da dai sauransu) Shin ba tattalin arziki.

A tattalin arziki, da akwai tattalin arziki mamaki cewa an dauke su da sauki, tasowa kafin sauran da kuma samar da tushen ga zargin more hadaddun. Irin wannan misali za a iya bauta wa musayar kaya.

Jamhuriyar tattalin arziki Hanyar

Su ne Model tattalin arziki mamaki - siffarsu ta dai da harshen amfani da ilmin lissafi lissafi mai tsauri da kuma m haruffa don gane aikin dangantaka tsakanin wadannan mamaki ko tafiyar matakai. Wannan kwakwalwa wani idealization daga cikin abu.

Feature - da izgili gare nazari da kasafi na irin wannan abu a matsayin cikakken abu da cewa ba ya wanzu a zahiri, amma da hidima a tushe gina ka'idar. A kan aiwatar da gina irin wannan abubuwa bincike ƙwarai simplifies gaskiya, ya gangan abstracted daga muhimmi Properties ko a gaskiya anka su rumfa fasali. Wannan ba ka damar ganin mafi fili bincikar sadarwa da kuma gabatar da su, yafi a cikin ilmin lissafi al'amari.

A daidai da na yanzu hanya, idan ya zama dole don bayyana sabon abu, sa'an nan ya gina wani ilmin lissafi model da ta nuna ta asali fasali. Wannan ne ya bi da binciken da ake fassara a matsayin gaskata ga lura facts, ko dai kamar yadda maganganun da ba su saba wa tattalin arziki halin da ake ciki.

A na gaba mataki - tarin empirical data for m gwaji na model. Subject zuwa samun wadannan lamba gwaje-gwajen da m sakamakon irin wannan model za a iya zaci cewa msar tambayar sakamakon samu empirical goyon baya.

Shawara da gazawa daga cikin hanya

An bayyana a gaskiyar cewa tamkar ilmin lissafi model sanye take da iyaka da ganewar da. A ainihi, shi fizge kuma ya bayyana ne kawai daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan. A wahala take kaiwa zuwa m matsaloli na aikace-aikace samu yabo ilmin lissafi fuskantarwa.

Wani muhimmin hasara ne da cewa duk da zaton sa a gaba a cikin ilmin lissafi, ba tare da togiya, za a iya gwada a wani m hanya. Wannan ya nuna yiwuwar gina duka biyu m da m, ko ƙarya model.

Ilmin Lissafi tunani - yana da hikimar tantance tunani. Yana dissects da sabon abu a cikin ta bangaren sassa, wanda zai iya haifar da rashin dangane da nuna gaskiya, musamman tare da gaisuwa ga al'amarin rayuwa. A ake kira m lissafi tsoma baki tare da magana da ƙayyadaddu na huldar cinikaiya a cikin al'umma.

Tattalin arzikin kasar a shekarar 2015

A cewar mataimakin shugaban babban bankin Ksenii Yudaevoy, a yau a cikin kasar da tattalin arziki da halin da ake ciki ne sosai wuya: ganiya na kumbura (na yanzu adadi - 8.9%) zai zama a farkon kwata na wannan shekara (iya isa 10%), yayin da zai dauki dangane da kayayyakin abinci har ma mafi girma darajar (game da 12%). A cewar ta, duk da cewa da weakening na ruble kan Amurka dollar ya kusan 40%, da kuma Yuro - 20-30%, da hauhawar farashin kaya kudi ba zai yarda da m dabi'u kamar yadda na yau akwai wani canji a bukatar shigo da kayayyakin for gida, wanda qara farashin ne sosai a hankali.

OPEC ta yanke shawara tare da gaisuwa ga adana Ƙa'idodi ga mai samar da suna zahiri tilasta Central Bank ga la'akari da wani sabon labari a cikin abin da tattalin arzikin kasar zai ci gaba a nan gaba (a cikin hali na matsakaici-lokaci akan rage farashin man fetur zuwa wani darajar $ 60 da ganga). A cewar duk wannan K Yudaeva a cikin wannan halin da ake ciki zai hawansa sake fasalin kudin na Rasha tattalin arzikin, guda biyu tare da shigo da canzawa da kuma rarraba.

Daria Zhelannova (mataimakin darakta na "Alpari" hikimar Department) kuma ya yi imani da cewa mafi darajar kumbura, kuma wani gagarumin weakening daga cikin ruble za a iya lura zuwa karshen hunturu 2015. Ta shawara ba to nauyin da kansu tare da rance da kuma ba sayan da kudin akalla wata shida. D. Zhelannova da shawara cewa shi ne mafi kyau ga kawai jira fitar da lokaci.

Saboda haka, a karshen yana da daraja don tunatar da cewa tattalin arzikin mamaki (misalai :. rashin aikin yi, dukiya, cin hanci da rashawa, da hauhawar farashin kaya, da dai sauransu) an ya rinjayi wani babban yawan takamaiman Sanadin tattalin arziki fuskantarwa. Game da tattalin arziki, matakai, to, wannan yana nufin duk wani tsari da rinjayar da samar, musayar kuma amfani da kayan dukiya.

Yana da daraja ambaton cewa zaben hanya tattalin arziki mamaki ba tambaya, kazalika da wani sinadaran dauki ko ta jiki tsari.