Akwatin gidan wagon: description. Sufuri na mail. Rasha Post - aiki da kuma isarwa daga mail

Mail - mafi muhimmanci sifa sadarwa, ha mutane daga dukan kasashe da mutanen. Manzanni tsĩrar da muhimmanci saƙonni a cikin kwanaki na Fir'auna. Tun daga nan, da hanyoyin da bayarwa na rubutu da aka ci gaba da inganta. Aika Mail Vans haruffa da kuma parcels zahiri aiwatar tun farkon gina farko Railway Lines.

tarihi bayanai

Aika saƙonni a kan dawakai manzanni aikata tun lokacin da. A cikin XV karni da popularization na akwatin gidan rubutu girma ƙara muhimmanci, a sakamakon akwai na farko akwatin gidan wagon. A karni daga baya, wani Lab kuraye da sleds aka maye gurbinsu da high-tech na cikin gida kocina sanye take da tura absorbers, fitilu da sauran halayen fasaha ci gaba.

A mafi kusa analogue na akwatin gidan wagon ne "tram" - doki-kõma carriages yanã gudãna a kan reluwe. Sun fara da za a yi amfani da a farkon na XIX karni, kuma sun kasance sosai na kowa, musamman a Birtaniya da kuma wasu kasashen Turai.

Daga doki to tururi gogayya

A 1825, da Turanci injiniya da kuma kirkiro Dzhordzh Stefenson gina farko gwaji jirgin tsakanin garuruwa na Darlington da Stockton-on-Tees a kan wanda cruised "tururi karusa" nasa zane. A na biyu Railway layi tsakanin Manchester da Liverpool sa a cikin aiki a 1830. Wannan layi ya fara gudu a locomotive su safarar fasinja da kaya mota a cikinsa, a cikin wasu abubuwa, ka sadar da sakonni.

Birtaniya gane cewa wannan yanayin na kai zai taimaka wajen bugun sama da isar da mail. Da farko, akwatin gidan carriages aka ɗora Kwatancen uwa musamman dandali. Duk da haka, da loading / saukewa tsarin da ake bukata da yawa lokaci. 06.01.1838, a kan London-Birmingham line koro na farko taba sadaukar mail mota. Daga Satumba wannan shekara, haruffa da kuma parcels fara warware hanya, yana yiwuwa significantly rage lokaci tsakanin aika da sako da ta samu.

duniya kwarewa

Ganin cewa dogo kai ne kawai dan kadan dogara a kan vagaries na weather, azumi isa da bãyukansu zuwa m jadawalin, ya hankali zama babban Hanyar sakon bayarwa. Bayan Ingila ta mail mota ya fara da za a yi amfani da yawa m ƙasashe:

• Belgium (1841);
• Jamus (1848);
• France (1848);
• Rasha (1861);
• USA (1864).

Rasha daular

1837 ya zama shekara na haihuwa na jama'a dogo kai a Rasha. A ranar 27-kilometer stretch na "St. Petersburg - Tsarskoye Selo - Pavlovsk" cruised locomotives ƙara iya aiki da wani sashe har zuwa 300 fasinjoji. Ganin Birtaniya kwarewa, da lambar akwatin gidan waya sashen ya kamu da Tsarskoselskaya w / d sufuri rubutu. Parcels an ɗora Kwatancen a cikin kãyansu mota, parcels da haruffa ake tsĩrar da jikilarku.

A farko musamman tsara zip layukan dogo wagon cewa a yarda su tafi rike rubutu, ya fara aiki a 1861. Kafin cewa, hanyoyin isar sun "bitty": karusa na kaya a bales da kuma 'yan canja motocin fasinja, carriages shari sufurin kaya dandamali, jigilar kayayyaki, da dai sauransu

A 1869 aka kafa Railway sufuri management adireshin. A wannan lokaci, saƙonni da kuma parcels hawa da 35 w / d Lines, ciki har da kasashen waje. By karshen 1903 a Rasha sarrafa kusan 600 akwatin gidan Vans.

Tarayyar Soviet

Land na Soviets kara farko na gina sabon layin dogo Lines. Akwai high-gudun injuna na sabon ƙarni: dizal da lantarki locomotives. A nodal Lines na manyan prizheleznodorozhnye pochtampy aka kafa. Akwatin gidan wagon ya zama tushe, mafi m hawa na isar da haruffa.

Tun 1962 ya fara gudu post-kaya jiragen kasa, ciki har da up to 12 e-mail, da kuma har zuwa 8 kaya motoci. Duk wani daga cikin abun da ke ciki na ~ angarorin da za a iya sauƙi undock da hašawa zuwa ga sauran abun da ke ciki. Daga bisani, da jiragen kasa na kasar ya koma 23 na wadannan jiragen kasa da kuma yawan akwatin gidan kekunan shanun aka gabatowa 900 raka'a. A rubutu da za a bi a cikin shakka daga maimaitawa, zama na musamman hatimi - "PV".

Rasha

A XXI karni ne har yanzu da za'ayi isarwa "Mail na Rasha" rubutu ta dogo. Duk da haka, da girma na kayayyakin ki muhimmanci. Idan a bara na Tarayyar Soviet yi a 1319 akwatin gidan kekunan shanun da 2007 raka'a a 1079 ya kasance a cikin sahu. Yau, akwai sau biyu a matsayin kasa.

Duk da haka, ba wanda zai iya magana game da karkatar Railway mail. A yankunan da yawa, w / d kai - mafi m (sau da yawa kadai) hanya na sadarwa. A shekarar 2005, da St. Petersburg shuka "Vagonmash" gina wani sabon mail 61-531 gyaggyarawa da mota. A da shi na samar da wani dadi yanayi domin ma'aikata, a TV, obin na lantarki, kwandishan, tarho. Tasiri wuta danniya tsarin zai ajiye m kaya.

Modern sarrafa kansa kasawa tsarin iya rike da tashi daga duk wasu ma'aikata biyu, maimakon shida. A sakamakon ya karu ajiya sarari, loading damar da mota ya karu zuwa ton 22. Babban yanayin harkokin sufuri za su zama reusable kwantena, ɗora Kwatancen cikin kwantena.

Tun da 2009, da isar da "Mail na Rasha" za'ayi, ciki har da sabon motoci Torzhok shuka. Model 61-906 aka tsara don mail bayarwa a cikin kwantena. bayani dalla-dalla:

• Halatta gudun: 160 km / h.
• Capacity: ton 22.
• Yawan ma'aikata: 4.
• Number of ƙofofi domin loading 4.

Motar da aka sanye take da kwandishan, dumama, samun iska.

ci gaba

A farko model na mail kocina suke ajizai biyayya. Short kuma kunkuntar, sun bayar da dan sarari ga ma'aikata da kuma rubutu. A hankali inganta zane. A Ingila, ƙirƙira wani na'urar cewa ba ka damar da sauri, a kan gardama to load bags na parcels da haruffa. A kan lokaci da aka sanye take gabatarwa, inda ma'aikata iya aiwatar da warware saƙonni, daki ga sauran da abinci. Wasu model sun dadi daki domin saman shugabanci.

Abin sha'awa akwai wani ci gaban a Amurka mail motoci plying a kan "Wild West." Saboda m hare-haren da 'yan fashi, sun hankali suka yi ƙarfi, sai ya juya a cikin wani sansanin soja a ƙafafun. Rakiyar mail wagon da aka za'ayi dauke da makamai a. Ƙwanso da aka gashi, located a kan kewaye loopholes domin harbe-harben a bude ƙasa magnesium jiniyoyi hasken yankin domin da dama kilomita.

Modern mail mota - wani hadadden, wanda aka bi da tare da tashi daga wani irin. Yana damar da liyafar, ajiya, kasawa da sufuri ta jiragen kasa na kwantena da jakunkuna na parcels, haruffa, parcels, telegrams da sauran iri saƙonni.

daban na motoci

Daban-daban kayayyaki na mail Vans aka tsara don rabin ƙarni:

• Courier.
• lambar akwatin gidan waya da kuma warehousing.
• akwatin gidan kasawa.
• mobile iko motoci.
• da jama'a.
• birki.

al'amurra

A raya ƙasashe, da lambar akwatin gidan waya dabam dabam da w / d na sufuri da aka rage. The gudun ya yace jirgin sama da kuma motsi - hanya motocin. Duk da haka, saboda da high load iya aiki da kuma ikon rike tashi a tafi, irin wannan delivery ne har yanzu yanzu.

Daya daga cikin na farko kasashen da lambar akwatin gidan waya kekunan shanun daina amfani, sun Amurka. Har 40s Railways hawa game da 300 ton na parcels, haruffa, parcels. Akwai fiye da 9,000 hanyoyi. A baya can, an shari rubutu kawo w / E kamfanin ta babban kudaden shiga da kuma rufe da asarar daga harkokin sufuri na mutane. By 1950, a sakamakon canje-canje a cikin US City Service manufofin yawan Lines aka rage zuwa 794-x. Kuma a 1962, kawai 262 zauna hanya tsakanin manyan birane.

A 1967, da City Service ya soke da kai daga consignments ta dogo. Warwarewa daga m kwangila ya kai ga kudi matsaloli w / d kamfanonin da aka rufe, da yawa fasinja hanyoyi. Karshe lokacin da mail jirgin kasa a Amurka koro daga New York - Washington 30.06.1977 shekara.

A Birtaniya, da mafi yawan mail ɗauke da dogo. A cikin 90s akwai wani Royal Mail kamfanonin na jihar kamfanonin, da zirga-zirga alamu sun canza. A shekarar 2003, kamfanin ya yanke shawarar dakatar da bayarwa na mail jiragen kasa, amma daga baya na hanya an mayar. Har ila yau, akwai kamfanoni da cewa sarrafa daga cikin kasuwar.

A sararin Asian sarari mail jiragen kasa ne a rare hanya ya sadar mail. Alal misali, a 2016, da hanya Beijing - Moscow a Bugu da kari ga kaya mota na sauri kasa da kasa fasinja hanyoyi kaddamar yau da kullum da jirgin kasa, kunsha kawai na akwatin gidan Vans. Sin ya yi niyyar kara da harkokin sufuri na haruffa da kuma parcels daga cikin "New hanyar siliki" tare da tsawo daga hanyoyi zuwa manyan birane a Turai.