Al'adu Rasha ƙasashe a cikin 12-13 ƙarni - babban matakai na raya kasa

Al'adu Rasha ƙasashe a cikin 12-13 ƙarni, saboda da intensification na mulkin gargajiya fragmentation, yanã raunanar da rinjayar Kiev. A kan karkata daga cikin sau daya girma jihar ci gaba kananan mulkin gargajiya mulkoki. Wannan polycentrism taimaka wa da dama na al'adu, wanda aka riga muhimmanci tashi daga Kiev tasiri da kuma ci gaba da asali shugabanci. Arewa Rasha ya wakilta Vladimir-Suzdal da Novgorod sarauta, yamma - Galicia-Volyn. Arts, gine-gine, adabi, kimiyya - Waɗannan su ne babban trends cewa halin da al'adu na Rasha ƙasashe 12-13 ƙarni. A takaice bayyana wadannan igiyoyin kasa.

architecture

Kowace daga cikin Rasha mulkoki da'awar jagorancinsa al'adu ci gaba. A kwaikwayo na birnin Kiev a kowane daga cikinsu suna gina kamar Cathedrals na St. Sophia, kafa Golden Gate. A tsawon lokaci, akwai wani abun koyi da kansa musamman style, halayyar tsoho Rasha gine. Vladimir ɗauka cewa Cathedral, Church na Ceto a kan Nerl, Dmitrievsky Cathedral - cikin shahararrun gine-gine Masterpieces, wanda shi ne sanannen domin da al'adun da Rasha ƙasashe 12-13 ƙarni.

Wallafe-wallafe. birchbark

Harafin farko a Birch haushi da aka samu a Novgorod a 1951. Sun nema a mayar da 11-12 karni. Yana daga baya aka samu Birch haushi a Pskov, Vitebsk, kuma Smolensk, Staraya Russa. M haruffa bayyana zamantakewa al'amurran rayuwa a cikin waɗannan kwanaki. Akwai lawsuits, probate da administrative ya tanadi, umarni. Daga cikin m Finds sun haruffa kwatanta koyo a zamanin d Rasha. Kamar yadda shi ya zama sananne, ɗumbin mafiya yawan Rasha 'yan ƙasa daga daban-daban na zamantakewa dabam a wancan zamanin san yadda za a karanta da kuma rubuta. Kuma rubuce-rubuce horar ba kawai maza amma kuma mata.

Books kuma Fassarori

A babban wuri a cikin adabi na lokacin da aka bai wa tauhidin littattafai. Al'adu Rasha ƙasashe a cikin 12-13 karnoni, cike a ayyukan fassara daga duk aka sani harsuna. A babbar yawan tauhidin treatises aka fassara a cikin Rasha. A tsawon lokaci, sai na fara fassara da kuma wadanda mutane wallafe-wallafe. Rayuwar manyan mutanen da alkawarinsu, kuma so. A wannan lokaci a cikin gidajen lama na rubuta daban-daban tarihin da kuma tarihin. An yada wani sabon irin wallafe-wallafen aikin - "koyarwa". Mafi fi sanin rubuta records tsira wa yau: "Umarni daga Monomakh", "Kwanta."

kimiyyar yanayin halitta

Dannawa ilmin kimiyya na mutum da na sararin samaniya - daya daga cikin manyan wuraren da cewa halin da al'adu na Rasha ƙasashe a cikin 12-13 ƙarni. Harkokin waje na Rubuce-rubucen, ya bayyana tsarin da duniya da sararin samaniya, da bambancin da Flora da fauna, an rayayye fassara da kuma rarraba. Hakika, a waɗannan kwanaki, duk halitta mamaki da aka fassara a cikin addini sharuddan, amma ayoyin da aka bai wa dole abu domin nan gaba da bincike.

Zanen 12-13 karni

Al'adu Rasha ƙasar ne halin da zargin Rasha icon zanen. Wannan addini motsi a cikin art da ya zo mana daga Rum, amma daga baya ya canza kama zuwa wani zalla Rasha art shugabanci. M asceticism na Byzantine icons kadan shige gaisuwa Outlook na gabashin Slavs. Babban batutuwa na Rasha icons kiyaye Byzantine sunayen. Alal misali, Byzantine ya zauna ya fi kowa image na Virgin "Oranta" - addu'a, "Odigidriya" - rike da wata baby a ta makamai, "Eleusa" - latsa Child. Biyu main yankunan da aka kasaftawa iconography - Novgorod, wanda yana amfani da haske, cikakken launi, da kuma Kiev ta amfani da mafi dabara inuwõwi da rabin-sautunan.

A lokaci guda, da tartsatsi aikace-aikace crafts - dutse sassaƙa da itace. Stone sassaka qawata haikalin da kuma manyan gidãje, kuma itace alamu samu ko da a rayuwar yau da kullum: suka yi wa ado da abubuwa na rayuwar yau da kullum da kuma dafa abinci kayayyakinsa.

A duk na mulkin gargajiya fragmentation, da al'adun da Rasha ƙasashe a cikin 12-13 ƙarni shi ne a wani babban matakin. Bugu da ari, ta ci gaba da hana farko daga cikin Tatar-Mongol sojojin a Rasha ƙasa, kuma ya kafa na Tartar karkiya.