Alexei Gorky. Maxim Gorky. Aleksey Maksimovich Peshkov: biography, kerawa

Idan ka tambaye: "Me kuke tunani game da aikin na Alekseya Gorkogo", 'yan kaxan mutane za su iya amsa wannan tambaya. Kuma shi ba saboda wadannan mutane ba su karanta, kuma saboda gaskiyar cewa ba duk san da kuma tuna cewa wannan shi ne wani sananne marubuci Maxim Gorky. Kuma idan ka shawarta zaka fi wahalad da aiki, tambaya game da ayyukan Alekseya Peshkova. Ga daidai kawai 'yan zai tuna cewa shi ne ainihin sunan Alekseya Gorkogo. Yana ba kawai wani marubuci amma kuma wani aiki jama'a adadi. Kamar yadda ka sani, za mu mayar da hankali a kan wani gaske kasa marubuci - Maxim Gorky.

Yara da matasa

Shekaru na rayuwa Gorky (Peshkov) Alekseya Maksimovicha - 1868-1936. Da suka je wa muhimmin tarihi lokaci. Biography Alekseya Gorkogo m, da suka fara da mafi yawan yara. A gida gari na marubuci ne zuwa Nizhny Novgorod. Mahaifinsa, Maxim Peshkov, aka manajan wani steamship kamfanin, ya mutu a lokacin da ya kasance ne kawai shekaru 3 da haihuwa. Bayan rasuwar uwar Alesha miji remarried. Yana ba, sa'ad da yake shekaru 11 da haihuwa. Kara ilmi na matasa Alexei aka tsunduma kakan.

A matsayin dan shekaru 11 da haihuwa yaron, nan gaba marubuci ya "je mutane" - ya sanã'anta ya burodi. Wanda ya aikata ya kawai ba aiki: akwai wani tuya, wani Manzo aiki a shagon, wani na'urar wanke kwanoni a cafeteria. Ya bambanta da tsananin kakan, kaka ne mai kyau mace da kuma wani mai bi da kuma mai girma bayar da labarun baka. Ita ce ta shuka a Maksimu Gorkomu soyayya na karatu.

A 1887, marubucin yayi kokarin kashe kansa, wanda ya zai gama da m ji lalacewa ta hanyar labarai na kakarta ta mutuwa. Abin farin, ya tsira - da harsashi ba ya buga da zuciya, amma lalace huhu, wanda ya sa matsaloli tare da numfashi tsarin.

Rayuwa a nan gaba marubuci ya wuya, kuma ya iya tsayawa ba, ya gudu daga gida. Yaron ɓace, ɓata mai yawa a kusa da kasar, gani gaskiyar rayuwa, amma ta hanyar mu'ujiza gudanar ya ci gaba da bangaskiya a cikin manufa Man. Ya bayyana da yara rayuwa a cikin gidan kakansa a "Yara" - na farko, na daga cikin autobiographical trilogy.

A 1884, Alexei Gorky kokarin shigar da University of Kazan, amma saboda da kudi halin da ake ciki zai san cewa wannan ba zai yiwu ba. A wannan lokacin, nan gaba marubuci ya fara gravitate zuwa romantic falsafa, bisa ga abin, da cikakken mutum ba a son real mutum. A lokaci guda, ya gana da akidar Karl Marx ka'idar da ya zama mai taimako ga sabon ideas.

Bayyanar wani wanda aka ce masa

A 1888, wani marubuci na wani dan gajeren lokaci aka kama domin dangane da akidar Karl Marx da'irar N. Fedoseyev. A 1891 ya yanke shawarar fara tafiya ta Rasha da kuma karshe ya iya isa Caucasus. Aleksey Maksimovich ne kullum tsunduma a kai-ilimi, ceton up da kuma fadada su ilimi a fannoni daban daban. Ya amince da aikata wani aiki ba, kuma duk mai lura da kwaikwayo, to, su bayyana a farkon labaru. Bisani, ya kira wannan lokaci da "My University".

A shekarar 1982, Gorky koma zuwa gidajensu su sa su farko matakai a cikin wallafe-wallafen filin a matsayin marubuci a dama lardin bugu. Domin da farko lokacin da ya pseudonym "Gorky" ya bayyana a cikin wannan shekara a cikin jaridar "Tiflis", wanda aka buga labarinsa "Makar Chudra".

Wanda aka ce masa aka ba zaba kwatsam: ya alluded zuwa "m" Rasha rayuwa da kuma cewa da marubuci zai rubuta kawai gaskiya, ko ta yaya m shi yana iya zama. Maxim Gorky gan rayuwar talakawa mutane kuma ba zai iya da ta sito hali ya yi watsi da zaluncin da ya kasance a kan wani ɓangare na arziki azuzuwan.

Farkon aikin da nasara

Alexei Gorky tsunduma a cikin farfaganda, ga abin da ya kasance a karkashin akai dubawa na 'yan sanda. Tare da Korolenko a 1895 ya labarin "Chelkash" da aka buga a cikin most Rasha mujallar. Wadannan da aka buga "Old Isergil", "Song na Falcon," "na da mutane". Sun kasance ba musamman daga wallafe-wallafen ra'ayi, amma suna da kyau a layi tare da sabon ra'ayin siyasa.

A 1898 ya fito da littafinsa "makala da Stories", wanda ya m nasara, da kuma Maxim Gorky samu duk-Russian fitarwa. Bari labarunsa ba sosai m, amma sun bayyana ne da rayuwar da na kowa mutane, daga kasa da cewa kawo Alekseyu Peshkovu fitarwa a matsayin kawai marubuci wanda ya rubuta game da m aji. A wannan lokacin, shi ya rare kamar yadda L. N. Tolstoy da A. P. Chehov.

A lokacin daga 1904 zuwa 1907 an rubuta cikin play "Filistiyawa", "The Lower acan karkashin", "Bani da Sun", "Summer Folk". Ya farko ayyukansu ba a social fuskantarwa, amma haruffan suna da nasu halin iri da kuma musamman hali zuwa rayuwa, wanda shi ne sosai kamar masu karatu.

sauyi aiki

Marubuci Alexei Gorky ya mabiyin akidar Karl Marx taimako ga zaman dimokuradiyya, da kuma a 1901 ya rubuta "The Song na m Petrel", wanda ya kira ga juyin juya halin. Domin gabatarwa na bude sauyi mataki, ya aka kama shi kuma ya tura daga Nizhny Novgorod. A 1902, Gorky gana da Lenin a cikin wannan shekara ta zaben a matsayin memba na mallaka Academy of Kyawun lettres an soke ta.

A marubuci shi ma mai girma Oganeza: daga 1901 ya kasance shugaban wallafa gidan "Ilimi", wanda aka buga da mafi kyau marubuta na zamani. Ya goyi bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci motsi ba kawai a ruhaniya, amma kuma financially. The Apartment na marubuci amfani da matsayin hedkwatar ga yunkuri da muhimmanci events. A ya Apartment a St. Petersburg ko magana Lenin. Bayan da Disamba m tawaye a 1905 Maksim Gorky daga tsoron a kama a lokacin, ya yanke shawarar barin Rasha.

Rayuwa kasashen waje

Alexei Gorky tafi Finland da kuma daga can - to Yammacin Turai da kuma Amurka, inda ya tattara kudi domin yaki da Bolsheviks. A farkon, akwai sadu da shi amiably: marubuci svol sani da Theodore Roosevelt da kuma Mark Twain. A Amirka, an buga sanannen labari "Uwar". Duk da haka, daga baya, da Amirkawa suka fara yi fushi da siyasa ayyuka.

A lokacin daga 1906 zuwa 1907, Gorky zauna a tsibirin Capri, inda ya ci gaba da tallafawa Bolsheviks. A lokaci guda, shi halitta na musamman ka'idar "Allah-ginin". A ra'ayin shi ne cewa halin kirki da kuma al'adu dabi'u da muhimmanci fiye da siyasa. Wannan ka'idar da aka tushen "Confessions" da labari. Ko da yake Lenin ƙaryata wadannan imani, marubucin ya ci gaba da bin su.

Koma zuwa Rasha

A 1913, Aleksey Maksimovich koma zuwa ga mahaifarsa. A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, ya rasa bangaskiya a cikin ikon mutum. A 1917, dangantaka da yunkuri rincabewa, ya masanan basu ji dadin a cikin shugabannin juyin juya halin.

M gane cewa duk ƙoƙarinsa na ajiye kawo dukkan kada hadu da martani na Bolsheviks. Amma bayan kisan gillar da Lenin a 1918, ya gane da suka gaskata ba daidai ba, kuma ya koma zuwa ga Bolsheviks. A 1921, duk da wani sirri gamuwa da Lenin, ya ba zai cece su daga kisa na abokinsa, da mawãƙi Nikolai Gumilyov. Bayan haka, ya bar Bolshevik Rasha.

sake-ƙaura

A dangane da tabbatarwa daga tarin fuka harin a kan Lenin da neman dauki na gaggawa na Gorky bar Rasha zuwa Italiya, zuwa birnin Sorrento. Akwai ya ya gama autobiographical trilogy. A zaman gudun hijira, marubucin ne har zuwa 1928, amma ta ci gaba da lambobi tare da Tarayyar Soviet.

Ya fita ba wallafe-wallafen aiki, amma rubuta riga daidai da sabon wallafe-wallafen trends. Daga gida sai ya rubuta labari "The Artamonov Business" labaru. An fara m aiki "The Life of Klim Samgin" cewa marubuci ba su da lokaci zuwa gama. A dangane da mutuwar Lenin, Gorky rubuta wani littafi na tunanin game da shugaba.

Koma gida, kuma na karshe shekaru ransa

Alexei Gorky da dama tafiye-tafiye zuwa Tarayyar Soviet, amma ba su zauna. A 1928, a lokacin tafiya zuwa kasar, ya aka nuna "gaban" gefe na rayuwa. Admiring marubuci ya rubuta makala a kan Tarayyar Soviet.

A shekarar 1931 ya koma Tarayyar Soviet for kyau a sirri gayyatar da Stalin. Aleksey Maksimovich ci gaba da rubuta ba, amma a cikin ayyukansu ya yaba da image na Stalin da kuma dukkan shugabannin, ba a ma maganar game da yawa danniya. Hakika, wannan Jihar harkokin bai dace da marubuci, amma a lokacin da kalamai ne saba wa hukuma, ba jure.

A 1934, Gorky ta dan ya mutu, kuma Yuni 18, 1936 a karkashin m yanayi, ya mutu kafin karshen Maxim Gorky. A karshe tafiya na kasa marubuci gan kashe dukan ƙasar ta jagoranci. A akwatin jefa kuri'a tare da toka aka binne shi a Kremlin bango.

Features Kai Maksima Gorkogo

Aikinsa shi ne na musamman a cikin wancan shi ne a cikin tsawon rushewar tsarin jari hujja, ya ya iya vividly kai jihar al'umma ta hanyar da bayanin da na kowa mutane. Bayan duk, babu daya kafin shi ba bayyana a cikin wannan daki-daki, ga rai na ƙananan strata al'umma. Yana da wannan tsirara gaskiya na aiki aji sanã'anta shi da mutane ta soyayya.

Da bangaskiya a cikin mutum za a iya gani a farkon ayyukan ƙwarai, ya yi imani da cewa mutum zai iya da taimakon ruhaniya rayuwa yin juyin juya hali. Maxim Gorky ya iya hada m gaskiya da amana a cikin kyawawan dabi'u. Kuma shi ne wannan hade da sa aikinsa na musamman, heroes - tunawa, kuma mafi yi Gorky marubuci aiki.