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Alkadienes: jiki Properties, da sinadaran dũkiyarsu da kuma aikace-aikace. The jiki Properties na alkadienes: tebur, photo, misalai

Dangane da yawan mahara shaidu tsakanin carbon atoms gane da dama azuzuwan na hydrocarbons. Bari mu zauna a kan diene mahadi, musamman su tsari, jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties.

tsarin

Mene ne alkadienes? Jiki Properties wannan aji na gudanar da mahadi kamar irin waɗanda na alkanes da alkenes. Dienes da ciwon da janar dabara SpN2p-2 hadaddun dangantaka, don haka koma zuwa unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Wadannan links za a iya sanya shi a cikin wurare mabambanta samar da wata diene daban-daban zaɓuɓɓuka:

  • cumulated a cikin abin da mahara shaidu suna located a garesu na daya carbon zarra.
  • conjugate (conjugate), a cikin abin da daya guda biyu bond aka located tsakanin;
  • ya zama ruwan dare, a cikin abin da tsakanin biyu shaidu aka located 'yan guda jinsunan.

A cikin irin wannan abubuwa duka hydrocarbons, yana tsaye a biyu bond ne SP2-matasan jihar. Abin da halaye ne alkadienes? Jiki Properties na wadannan mahadi aka ƙaddara daidai da su tsarin fasali.

nomenclature

A cewar din nomenclature, diene hydrocarbons aka kira su da wannan manufa, bisa ga abin da ya bada sunan ethylenic fili. Akwai wasu rarrabe siffofin da cewa za a iya samun sauƙin bayyana ta wurin a cikin kwayoyin na biyu biyu shaidu.

Da farko, dole ne ka gano a cikin carbon kwarangwal na da mafi tsawo carbon sarkar a cikin abin da abun da ke ciki na da biyu biyu shaidu. Bisa ga yawan carbon atoms aka zaba tushe ga sunan, sa'an nan kari na baya baki -diene aka kara a cikinta. The lambobin nuna matsayin kowane connection, suka fara da mafi ƙasƙanci.

Alal misali, tsanaki nomenclature pentadiene-1 abu 3 yana da wadannan tsarin:

H 2 C = CH-CH = CH-CH 3.

A tsanaki nomenclature ya kiyaye wasu sunayen: Allen, butadiene, isoprene.

iri isomerism

Alkadienes wanda jiki Properties dogara ne a kan yawan carbon atoms a cikin DNA, da dama iri isomeric

  • matsayi biyu shaidu;
  • carbon kwarangwal.
  • giciye-aji bayyanar.

Mu yanzu juya zuwa matsalolin da suka shafi da definition na yawan isomers a diene hydrocarbons.

Hari ga isomers

"Ƙayyade da yawan isomeric mahadi kuma suna da jiki Properties na alkadienes" - a cikin 10th sa a makaranta shirin a kan kwayoyin sunadarai darussa da dalibai suna tambayi yawa tambayoyi daga wannan hali. Bugu da ƙari kuma, reference za a iya samu a hade da unsaturated hydrocarbons a guda jihar jarrabawa sunadarai.

Alal misali, dole ne ka saka duk isomers abun da ke ciki na C 4 H 6, da kuma ma ba su da sunan din nomenclature. Da farko, za ka iya yin duk alkadienes, da jiki Properties na waxanda suke da kama ethylene mahadi:

H 2 C = CH-CH = CH 2.

Wannan fili shi ne wani gaseous abu wanda yake shi ne insoluble a ruwa. A cewar din nomenclature, shi za a mai suna 1,3 butadiene.

Lokacin da motsi mahara bond tsarin za a iya samu isomer na wadannan nau'i:

H 3 C-CH = CH = CH 2

Yana yana da wadannan sunan: Butadiene 1,2

Bugu da kari ga mahara bond matsayin isomers ga abun da ke ciki C 4 H 6 kuma za a iya gani interclass isomerism, wato wakilan da aji na alkynes.

Peculiarities diene mahadi

Yadda za a samu alkadienes? Jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties daga cikin wakilan wannan aji za a iya karatu a cika kawai idan da wanzuwar m hanyoyin da dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma masana'antu samar.

Ganin cewa a cikin mafi bukaci a zamani masana'antu su ne butadiene da isoprene, la'akari da zabin domin samun diene hydrocarbons data.

A cikin masana'antu da wadannan wakilan da unsaturated mahadi samu a cikin dehydrogenation na m alkanes ko alkenes kan mai kara kuzari da abubuwa a matsayin chromium oxide (3).

Raw Materials for wannan tsari ne ware da aiki na hade gas daga man fetur ko mai ladabi kayayyakin.

1,3-butadiene aka hada daga ethyl barasa a cikin dehydrogenation da dehydration Academician Lebedev. Yana da wannan tsari shafe ta amfani da matsayin mai kara kuzari aluminum ko tutiya oxides kuma sunã gudãna a zazzabi na 450 digiri Celsius, aka dauka a matsayin tushen masana'antu kira na butadiene. A lissafi na wannan tsari ne kamar haka:

H5OH ------ 2C 2 H 2 C = CH-CH = CH 2 + 2h 2 Ya + H 2.

Bugu da ƙari, wanda zai iya bambanta divil isoprene kuma a qananan yawa da pyrolysis man fetur.

Features na jiki halaye

A wadda Jihar tari ne alkadienes? Jiki Properties tebur wanda ya ƙunshi bayani game da narkewa yanayin zafi, ruwan, ya nuna cewa ƙananan membobin wannan aji ne gaseous jihohin da ciwon low tafasar batu da kuma narkewa.

Tare da kara dangi kwayoyin taro na Trend na karuwa daga wadannan Manuniya, da miƙa mulki daga ruwa Jihar tari.

Yana taimaka maka ka bincika daki-daki, ga jiki Properties na alkadienes tebur. Photo depicting kayayyakin samu daga wadannan mahadi aka gabatar a sama.

sinadaran Properties

Idan dauke ruwan dare (ba conjugated) biyu shaidu, suna da wannan fasali kamar hankula ethylenic hydrocarbons.

Mun bincikar da jiki Properties na alkadienes, misalai na yiwu sunadarai interactions yi la'akari butadiene -1,3.

A mahadi da ciwon conjugated biyu shaidu, da hakan reactivity kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da sauran iri dienes.

Bugu da kari dauki

Domin duk iri diene halin da maida martani a fili. Daga cikin su mu lura halogenation. Wannan dauki results a cikin hira da diene to daidai alkene. Lokacin da hydrogen da aka dauka a wani wuce haddi adadin, shi ne zai yiwu a sami cikakken hydrocarbon. Mun wakiltar aiwatar a cikin nau'i na wani lissafi:

H 3 C-CH = CH = CH 2 + 2h 2 = H 3 C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3.

Halogenation ya shafi maida martani a diene fili tare da wani diatomic kwayoyin na chlorine, aidin, bromine.

Hydration dauki (Bugu da kari na ruwa kwayoyin) da kuma gidrogalogenirovaniya (ga diene mahadi da ciwon biyu bond a farko matsayi) gudana ta hanyar da Markovnikov mulki. Its ainihi ta'allaka ne da cewa a lokacin da katsewa na hydrogen atoms suna haɗe zuwa carbon atoms wanda da kadan adadin hydrogen da hydroxyl kungiyoyin ko halogen kwayoyin halitta suna a haɗe zuwa C kwayoyin halitta, a cikin abin da kadan adadin hydrogen aka located.

Lokacin da diene kira auku attaching ethylenic fili kwayoyin ko don alkyne diene da ciwon conjugated biyu shaidu.

Wadannan interactions ake amfani wajen samar da iri daban-daban cyclic gudanar da mahadi.

Polymerization wakilan diene mahadi ne na musamman muhimmancin. Jiki Properties na alkadienes da su yi amfani da ake da alaka da wannan tsari. A da Polymerization kafa rubbery high-kwayoyin fili. Alal misali, daga butadiene-1,3 butadiene roba za a iya shirya da ciwon da fadi da masana'antu aikace-aikace.

Halaye na mutum mahadi diene

Mene ne jiki Properties na alkadienes? A takaice bincika fasali na isoprene da butadiene.

Butadiene -1,3 gas ne a gas da ciwon musamman kaifi wari. Wannan fili shi ne lokacin da na fara monomer domin samar da latices na roba rubbers, robobi, da kuma jam'i na gudanar da mahadi.

2-methylbutadiene-1,3 (isoprene) - shi ne mai colorless ruwa, wanda shi ne wani tsarin bangaren na halitta roba.

2-chlorobutadiene-1,3 (chloroprene) ne mai guba ruwa, wanda shi ne dalilin da yi na roba acetylene, masana'antu samar da roba chloroprene roba.

Roba da kuma roba

Roba da kuma rubbers ne elastomers. Akwai wani rabo na rubbers, roba da kuma halitta.

Halitta roba ne mai matuƙar na roba taro, wanda ake samu daga cikin Milky ruwan 'ya'yan itace. Latex - a dakatar da lafiya barbashi na roba a ruwa, wadda ta wanzu a wurare masu zafi itatuwa irin su Hevea brasiliensis, da kuma a wasu shuke-shuke.

Wannan unsaturated polymer yana da wani abun da ke ciki na (C 5 H 8) n, wanda talakawan kwayoyin nauyi jeri daga 15,000 zuwa 500,000.

Nazarin sun gano cewa tsarin naúrar yana da nau'i na halitta roba -CH2-C = CH-CH2-.

Babban halaye banbamta da shi za a iya lura da kyau kwarai sassauci, ikon jure gwaji inji iri, don kula da siffar bayan mikewa. Halitta roba ne iya narke a cikin wasu hydrocarbons, forming danko sosai mafita.

Hakazalika, diene fili, shi zai iya shiga cikin wani Bugu da kari dauki. Kamar yadda wani bambancin isoprene polymer abubuwa percha. A wannan dangane akwai aka ƙara sassauci, kamar yadda yana da bambance-bambance a cikin tsari na macromolecules.

Products sanya daga roba, da wasu drawbacks. Alal misali, a cikin hali na kara yawan zafin jiki sun zama m, canza ta siffar, zazzabi rage-rage su da wani wuce kima fragility.

Domin mu rabu da wadannan shortcomings, da masana'antu koma ga roba vulcanization. Jigon wannan tsari ne to ba shi zafi juriya, sassauci a lokacin da tanadin sulfur.

A tsari faruwa a yanayin zafi a cikin kewayon 140-180 ° C in na musamman kayan aiki. A sakamakon roba aka kafa, a cikin abin da sulfur abun ciki ya kai kashi 5%. Ta "stitches" roba macromolecules, kafa cibiyar sadarwa tsarin. Bugu da kari ga sulfur a cikin roba yana da ƙarin fillers: dyes, plasticizers, antioxidants.

Saboda high bukatar a masana'antu domin roba kayayyakin, da asali adadin samar synthetically.

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