Alloyed karafa: description da kuma aikace-aikace siffofin jerin

A ci gaba da aka gano tare da kammala. Inganta yiwuwa na masana'antu da kuma amfanin gida ta hanyar amfani da kayan da m halaye. Wannan, musamman doped karfe. Su bambancin aka ƙaddara gyara damar gwada yawa da kuma gwajin kwari abun da ke ciki na alloying abubuwa.

Halitta-gami karfe

Da farko ya zubi da baƙin ƙarfe, wanda yana da kaddarorin daban-daban daga dangi, shi ya halitta-doped. A smelleded prehistoric meteor baƙin ƙarfe dauke ƙãra yawa na nickel. An samu a zamanin d Masar kaburburan 4-5 millennia BC. e., gina na wannan gine abin tunawa Qutab Minar a Delhi (V c). Japan damask takuba sanya na baƙin ƙarfe, molybdenum cikakken da Damascus karfe ƙunshi tungsten, hali na zamani high gudun. Waɗannan su ne da karafa, da tama wanda aka mined daga wasu wurare.

Gami da zamani samar iya ƙunsar halitta gyara na ƙarfe da nonmetallic asalin, wanda aka nuna a cikin su halaye da dukiyoyinsu.

tarihi hanya

Kafuwar ga ci gaban doping aka kafa gaskata Crucible narkewa hanya domin karfe a Turai, a XVIII karni. A wani karin m version na crucibles amfani a zamanin da, ciki har da na smelting na Damascus da kuma Damascus karfe. A farkon 18th karni, da fasahar da aka inganta a kan wani m sikelin, da kuma yarda ka daidaita da abun da ke ciki da kuma ingancin da fara abu.

• A lokaci daya bude more kuma mafi sabon sinadaran abubuwa, tura masu bincike zuwa gwaji smelting gwaje-gwajen.
• Korau tasiri na jan karfe a kan karfe quality.
• Open tagulla dauke da 6% baƙin ƙarfe.

Gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar cikin sharuddan gwada yawa da kuma gwajin kwari da tasiri a karfe gami da tungsten, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, cobalt, chromium, platinum, nickel, aluminum, da sauransu.

A farko masana'antu samar da karfe alloyed da manganese, kafa a farkon na XIX karni. Yana kuma ya ci gaba tun 1856 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Bessemer aiwatar da smelting.

doping Features

Modern siffofin da damar ya narke karafa alloyed na wani abun da ke ciki. A ka'idodi na wannan fasahar:

1. Alloying aka gyara suna dauke ne kawai idan an gabatar da kuma musamman da abun ciki na kowane wuce 1%.
2. Sulfur, hydrogen, phosphorus dauke impurities. A nonmetallic inclusions ana amfani da boron, nitrogen, silicon, rare - phosphorus.
3. Volume doping - shi ne gabatarwar da aka gyara a cikin zubi abu a cikin metallurgical masana'antu. A surface ne a aiwatar da surface Layer yadawa jikewa zama dole sinadaran abubuwa a high yanayin zafi.
4. A ƙari tsari, gyaggyara crystalline tsarin "yaro" na kayan. Sun iya ƙirƙirar ko kawar shigar azzakari cikin farji na mafita da kuma sanya a iyakoki na ƙarfe, kuma ba na ƙarfe ba Tsarin, da samar da wani inji cakuda hatsi. A manyan rawa a nan taka da mataki na solubility na abubuwa a juna.

alloying aka gyara

A cewar janar rarrabuwa, duk karafa kasu kashi baki da kuma canza launin. Don hada baki da baƙin ƙarfe, Chrome da manganese. Masu launin kasu kashi hur (aluminum, magnesium, potassium) nauyi (nickel, tutiya, jan), da daraja (platinum, da azurfa, zinariya), mai tsaurin karafa (tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, titanium), huhu, da rare duniya da kuma rediyoaktif. By alloying karafa hada da wani gagarumin iri-iri na haske, m, daraja da kuma tsaurin ba ferrous da duk black.

Dangane da rabo daga wadannan abubuwa da kuma tushe karfe Massey na karshe kasu kashi low-gami (3%), srednelegirovannye (3-10%) da kuma high (fiye da 10%).

alloyed steels

Technologically, da tsari ne mai saukin ganewa. Cikin kewayon ne sosai tartsatsi ne. Babban makasudin da wadannan steels:

• Kara ƙarfi.
• Inganta thermal aiki da sakamakon.
• A karuwa a lalata juriya, zafi juriya, zafi juriya, zafi juriya, da juriya ga m aiki yanayi, sabis rayuwa.

Babban aka gyara - ferrous da kuma gami tsaurin karafa, da suka hada da Cr, mn, W, V, Ti, Mo, da kuma launin Al, Ni, Cu.

Chromium da nickel - babban aka gyara fassara bakin karfe (X18H9T) da kuma tsaurin, wanda aiki yanayin halin high yanayin zafi da kuma buga lodi (15H5). A wani adadin har zuwa 1.5% da ake amfani da bearings da kuma gogayya sassa (15HF, SHH15SG)

Manganese - wani muhimman hakkokin bangaren na lalacewa-resistant steels (110G13L). Kananan yawa inganta deoxidation, rage taro na phosphorus da sulfur.

Silicon da vanadium - abubuwa da cewa wani adadin ya karu elasticity da aka yi amfani da sarrafa daga marẽmari (55S2, 50HFA)

Aluminum ne dace da baƙin ƙarfe da manyan lantarki juriya (H13YU4).

A gagarumin halayyar da tungsten abun ciki na barga high-gudun kayan aiki steels (P9 R18K5F2). Alloyed rawar soja domin karfe da wani abu fiye da albarka kuma resistant zuwa aiki fiye da daya carbon karfe kayan aiki.

Alloyed karfe a cikin amfanin yau da kullum. Lokaci guda da aka sani abin da ake kira gami da m Properties samu kamar yadda doping hanyoyin. Kamar wancan "katako karfe" ya ƙunshi 1% chromium da kuma 35% nickel wadda kayyade ta high thermal watsin, halayyar ga itace. Diamond ma qunshi 1.5% carbon, 0.5% chromium da 5% na tungsten, wanda characterizes shi kamar wani musamman m, ire-iren su lu'u-lu'u.

baƙin ƙarfe doping

Jefa mari steels bambanta daga gagarumin carbon abun ciki (daga zuwa 2.14 6,67%), high taurin da kuma lalata juriya, amma low ƙarfi. Domin fadada cikin kewayon Properties da zanga-zanga aikace-aikace, shi ne doped da chromium, manganese, aluminum, silicon, nickel, jan, tungsten, vanadium.

Saboda da musamman halaye na baƙin ƙarfe abu da kuma ta doping - a mafi rikitarwa aiwatar fiye da na karfe. Kowace daga cikin aka gyara rinjayar da hira da carbon siffofin da shi. Tun da manganese taimaka wa samuwar da " 'yancin" na graphite, wanda inganta karko. Gabatarwa da sauran carbon kuma yana da sakamako na miƙa mulki ga rago jihar, whitening baƙin ƙarfe da kuma rage ta inji Properties.

A fasahar da wahala low narkewa zafin jiki (a kan talakawan har zuwa 1000? C) ne, alhãli kuwa mafi yawan alloying abubuwa ne ma fi wannan matakin.

Mafi yadda ya kamata don baƙin ƙarfe hadaddun alloying. A lokaci guda, ya kamata ka yi la'akari da kara da alama na fata da simintin gyaran kafa, fatattaka hadarin Fitar lahani. Don gudanar da wani tsari da ya fi dacewa a electromagnetic da kuma shigar da Tanderu. M jerin matakai ne a high quality-zafi magani.

Chromium Cast mari suna halin high lalacewa juriya, ƙarfi, zafi juriya, da juriya ga tsufa da kuma lalata (CHH3, CHH16). Suna amfani da sinadaran aikin injiniya da kuma a samar da kayan aiki metallurgical.

Jefa baƙin ƙarfe alloyed da silicon, an halin high lalata juriya da kuma juriya da sakamakon m sinadaran mahadi, ko da yake m inji Properties (CHS13, CHS17). Form sassa na sinadaran na'ura, piping da farashinsa.

Wani misali na rikitacciyar alloying ne zafi-resistant simintin mari. Su dauke a cikin abun da ke ciki da kuma baki alloying karafa kamar chromium, manganese, nickel. Suna halin high lalata juriya, sa juriya da kuma juriya high gajiyan karkashin yanayi na high tasiri - sassa na turbines, farashinsa, Motors, sinadaran masana'antu kayan aiki (CHN15D3SH, CHN19H3SH).

An muhimmanci bangaren shi ne jan karfe, wanda ya ƙunsa wani hadadden tare da sauran karafa, da simintin halaye na gami ƙaruwa.

jan gami

Ana amfani da a cikin tsarki tsari da kuma hada da jan gami da samun m iri-iri dangane da rabo daga cikin manyan kuma alloying abubuwa, tagulla, da na tagulla, nickel da azurfa, da sauran nelziybery.

Tsabta tagulla - tutiya gami - ba doped. Idan ya hada da a ri alloying maras ferrous da karafa , a wani adadin - shi aka dauke su multicomponent. Bronze - shi gami da sauran ƙarfe aka gyara, na iya zama tin ko tin-dauke, doped a duk lokuta. Inganta ingancin ta yin amfani da mn, Fe, Zn, Ni, SN, Pb, Ka kasance, Al, P, Si.

A silicon abun ciki na jan karfe mahadi inganta su lalata juriya, ƙarfi kuma elasticity. tin, da kuma gubar, - kayyade inganci da antifriction tabbatacce halaye zumunta machinability. nickel da manganese - gyara, haka ake kira deformable gami da ma suna da kyau sakamako a kan lalata da juriya; baƙin ƙarfe inganta inji Properties da kuma tutiya - fasaha

Suna amfani da wutar lantarki, aikin injiniya a matsayin asali albarkatun kasa domin yi na wani iri-iri wayoyi, a kayan ga Manufacturing m aka gyara domin sinadaran kayan aiki, in inji aikin injiniya da kuma na'ura yi, a bututu da kuma zafi exchangers.

aluminum doping

Amfani da wani simintin ko aikata gami. Doped Metals ta da asali ne mahadi da tagulla, manganese, ko magnesium (duralumin, da dai sauransu), da karshen - a fili tare da silicon, ake kira silumins, tare da duk yiwu zabin ake doped amfani Cr, MG, Zn, Co, Cu, Si.

Copper qara ta plasticity. Silicon - da fluidity da ingancin zaben 'yan wasa Properties. chromium, manganese, magnesium - inganta ƙarfi, aiki dũkiyarsu da kuma matsa lamba machinability lalata juriya. Har ila yau, kamar yadda alloying aka gyara bayar da tasu gudunmuwar da juriya ga tsufa da kuma m aiki yanayi iya soma B, Pb, ZR, Ti, Bi.

Iron - wani makaruhai bangaren, amma a kananan yawa ake amfani da su samar da aluminum tsare. Silumin amfani da su jefa m sassa da housings a inji aikin injiniya. Duralumin da punching wani aluminum-tushen gami - wani muhimmin albarkatun kasa domin yi na ƙwanso abubuwa, ciki har da aza-hali Tsarin cikin jirgin sama gini, Shipbuilding da na'ura.

Alloyed karafa suna da hannu a cikin duk yankunan da masana'antu irin waɗanda cewa sun inganta inji da fasaha halaye, kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da lokacin da na fara abu. Cikin kewayon alloying abubuwa da yiwuwa na fasahar zamani na da damar yin daban-daban gyare-gyare da cewa mika capabilities a kimiyya da kuma fasaha.