Architect Foster Norman: A Biography, ayyukan

A duniya ta yau tsara birnin m Foster Norman ne sosai a matsayin wani classic hi-tech style. Ya gine-gine da m Foster da kuma abokan dõgara a kan mafi na ra'ayi birni-kafa ayyukan a kasashen a kan dukkan nahiyoyi. Wannan jama'a Birtaniya ne ya lashe duniya naiprestizhneyshih kyaututtuka: da Pritzker (analog Nobel shafi gine) da kuma na mallaka (mafi girma a cikin UK). Jamus bayar da shi da mafi domin a cikin filin na al'ada "Ga yabo" na aikin na zamani na majalisar dokokin kasar. Ya halitta a yawan ayyukan ga Moscow-City, shi ma wani girmamawa memba na Rasha Academy of Arts.

Foster Norman ya zo zuwa ga nasara ne kawai godiya ga basira da kuma arfi.

Fara na aikin

Haife high-tech classic a shekarar 1935 a Manchester (UK). Uba na m an aiki a kamfanin, ƙera tururi turbines da kuma janareto. A ra'ayi na kayan matsaloli na iyali na 16-shekara da ya tilasta wa barin makaranta da kuma samun wani aiki a cikin baitul ta garinsu. Norman mahaifin mafarkin na wani ma'aikaci ta aiki domin ɗansa. Bugu da kari ga asali aikin, matasa Foster ma karatu kasuwanci doka. Duk da haka, ofishin aikin bai kira ga matasa Guy.

Ko sa'an nan, wahayi zuwa gare ta da gine na Manchester, Foster Norman fara sketching ƙirƙira wani gini. Daya daga cikin clerks, abokan aiki ga daya daga wadannan zane-zane, ya shawarci shi ya yi da fasaha gine.

Duk da haka, da aiwatar da farko mafarki da aka riga da wata daya-shekara soja a Burtaniya Royal Air Force, kuma daga baya - shekaru biyu daban-daban unskilled jobs: wani gidan burodi, a factory, a furniture store. Bayan wucewa cikin hira, Foster Norman dauki wani aiki a cikin kwangila sashen na gine-gine da kamfanin dillancin mataimakin manajan. Yin kasuwanci aikin, da ya gane cewa domin ya zama wani m, a tabbatar da ilimi.

samuwar

21-yaro ne dan shekaru da aka bai wa wuce gasar a kan dacewa sashen na University of Manchester. Duk da haka, da ci bai isa ga samun tallafin, ba da dama ga karatu a gwamnatin kudi.

Saboda haka Foster Norman sanã'anta kudi domin ya biya hakkin karatunsa, da aiki 'yan sa'o'i a rana, mai tuya, da mai sayarwa, har ma da mai gadi a wani kulob na dare. Amma samun a UK da ilimi ba cikakken gamsar da masu sana'a burinsu na matasa m. Its gine janyo hankalin kasashen waje dodanni skyscrapers. Foster Norman gudanar da wani horo ba ne a cikin US Yale University. Bayan kammala karatu, matasa masu sana'a da abokinsa da kuma classmate Richard Rodgers koma zuwa Burtaniya, inda aka rubuta da gine-gine da studio "Team 4".

Haihuwar high-tech

A karo na farko da ayyuka - zane na zama gine-gine da cewa ƙawata m ƙasa na Cornwall, da kuma babbar London Apartment "Mews House" - akwai wani mai ladabi gargajiya gine.

Zama a cikin wani m search, yana neman ci gaba a spatially American gine-gine da ra'ayoyi na yi, wannan matasa tawagar ya halitta sabon salon na gine - high-tech. Kuma, ba shakka, na daga cikin na ra'ayi ideas tsara wani sabon shugabanci m Norman Foster. Ya kayayyaki na zamani da lãbãri yafi masana'antu da gine-gine. A sauyi a aikinsa ya fara a 1966, da aikin na gina gine-gine tsara don masana'antu da samar da kwakwalwa "Rilayens Gudanarwa".

M jituwa ta mafita, kamewa da kuma ladabi da zane na wannan gini da aka yi da Britons magana da wani sabon star a cikin filin na architecture. A da shi marubucin ir} iro yi amfani da ilmi na profiled karfe, aikin ba kawai rawar da m diaphragms, amma kuma asali haske reflectors, haske ta hanyar su saka a kyalli shambura. Wannan gini shi ne na karshe aikin "Teams na hudu", wanda aka halitta a tare da haɗin gwiwar Richard Rogers, m Norman Foster.

Hotuna da wannan halittar fili ya nuna da kerawa na ta designers, jin free don amfani a gina wani mini ne abar ƙyãma na kayan da Tsarin, bisa ƙirƙira asali fassarar da ciki juz'i na sarari, yayin da samar da wani musamman da ultramodern facades. Yana da aka ba aikin sana'a. Halitta da gine-ginen halittar yayi magana don kansa: a duniya gine da aka haifi wani sabon salon - high-tech.

Own kamfanin, su ideas

Bayyananne to duk wani juyin juya halin da a gina yi ka'idojin qaddamar da Norman Foster. Ayyukan da hi-tech za a maye gurbinsu da na al'ada post-da-katako tsarin tsarin a cikin expressive-span "iyo" bangaranci zane. Suna bambanta da karin tunanin madubi glazed facades kuma, ba shakka, da sabon ka'idojin a ãyõyinMu wayoyi. Outwardly, wannan gine halitta da mafarki surreal.

A 1967, da m sansanonin da zaman kamfanin "Foster kuma abũbuwan shirkinsu", a cikin wanda har zuwa shekarar 1983 (har zuwa mutuwar wani abõki) yana aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar shahara m Buckminster wanki. New abokin Foster ta shahara gine-gine da halittar da kuma qwarewar da span haske domes cewa rufe manyan birane sarari da kuma samar da dama ga sarrafawa na mutum Multi-manufa sarari tare da m microclimate goyon.

High-tech, ya samu karin ma'ana godiya ga cikawa, ya jaddada m Dome, same ta magana a cikin London docks da fasinja tashar "Fred Olsen Center" (1967), a wani gini na "Willy Faber da Dyuma" (Ipswich, 1974)

A gaba alama gini, wanda ya kawo duniya daraja ga m, ya zama Sainsbury Center, gina a gabashin kasar Birtaniya a 1977, a Jami'ar. Foster ta ra'ayin - to gama karkashin rufin daya ne gaba daya daban-daban a cikin aikin yankunan: gidan kayan gargajiya, a gidan cin abinci, da jami'a da kanta, a hunturu lambu ya kasance wani rabo.

Zai yiwu tare da wannan lokaci-sararin sama ra'ayi gine-gine da kamfanin canje-canje. A cikin umurnin na arziki masu zaman kansu masu zuba jari suka fara samar Norman Foster kayayyaki. 10 mafi kyau daga gare su, za mu gabatar a wannan labarin. Building, halittar wanda ya kashe da basira da kuma rai, yanzu wani ɓangare daga cikin birane wuri mai faɗi da birane da yawa. Bari mu fara mu mai rumfa yawon shakatawa.

London: ginin-kokwamba

Atypical gine cewa London yi tare da bit na ci mutumci da ake kira "batsa gherkin" ko "sexy sigar." Amma mafi sau da yawa sorokaetazhnoe gini na Swiss hedkwatar inshora kamfanin Swiss Re, ta hanyar, daya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya, da ake kira "Gherkin" (The Gherkin). Ta aka ba keta, kamar yadda ya ji tsõron, da gine-gine da bayyanar da Birtaniya babban birnin kasar, daidai shige cikin shi. Dubban ma'aikatan da aiki a nan. Restaurants da kuma sanduna suna located a saman bene na halittar Burtaniya.

New York: Tower Horst

Hearst Corporation kafofin watsa labarai daular a cikin birnin, wanda da yan unguwa kira "Big Apple", har ma ya samu kyauta daga Foster. aikin m zaci m bita na gida dadewa yi. A ra'ayi na tarzomar da shekaru 30 na babban mawuyacin, Amirkawa sun daskarewa, kuma sai dakatar da gine-gine na classic skyscraper katako, ƙunci kwanciya kafuwar kuma ƙananan benaye.

Sama da su, Norman Voster gina wani kyalkyali gilashin bangarori triangular ergonomic hasumiyar da giant windows na sulke gilashin a cikin abin da ma'aikata da aka sani wallafa Cosmopoltan "da kuma Esquire suna aiki a yanzu. Gwaninta daga cikin m ne zuwa kore gini: ƙaho da ya halitta iska ya kwarara amfani ga kansa samun iska da kuma ruwan sama da ruwa da cewa ya fadi a kan rufin, - don kwandishan tsarin da kuma ga watering shuke-shuke.

France Bridge "Viaduct Villot"

Wannan gini, wucewa da tsawo daga cikin shahararrun Eiffel Tower, Norman Foster shiga su ayyukan (saman 10). Photos of gada a kan Tarn River, mikewa daga kudu na Faransa zuwa Spain, nuna bambantakarsa na wani m ra'ayin. A gada tsakanin jihohin rinjayar iyali tsayi ginshiƙai, kilomita roadway, shrouds sau uku anticorrosion shafi. Ya ba kawai unloaded sha daga m wuraren da cunkoso ya karauka A-75, amma kuma janyo hankalin da yawa yawon bude ido, zama sananne gine-gine alama na Faransa.

London filin wasa "Wembley"

The most zuwa kwanan filin wasa a duniya, ya haifar da wani zamani image wanda yana da hannu a Norman Foster, maraba da farko masu sauraro a shekara ta 2007. A almara fagen kwallon kafa, da motherland na kasar a cikin zamani nau'i daukan up to 90 dubu kallo! Architect elegantly yi gargadin yiwuwar crowding (yawanci abin da ke faruwa a mashiga ruwa da kanti a filin wasa.) Mutane a tsaye zo via escalators, da ciwon a total tsawon mita 400. Babban siffa daga cikin aikin ne m baka na 130 mita a tsawon, goyon bayan wani zamiya rufin wani wasanni makaman. Glowing Triomphe da dare a bayyane daga dukan sassa na London.

Irin wannan rufin tsarin yana da muhimmanci ga Lawn kula. Saboda halitta hasken rana kai dace kula da Lawn na filin wasan.

Jamus. Berlin. Reichstag

A wannan gini, ba tare da ƙari, kokarin samun dukan baƙin da na Berlin. Tsohon Reichstag, wanda a yanzu ake kira Bundestags, fãce tarihi jan hankali, ya zama a high-tech abin mamaki. A lashe a cikin shekaru 90 da gasar domin ta sake gina Norman Foster ya ba kawai kawota cikin ginin Tarayya Majalisar (Bundestags) gilashin Dome samar da wani 360-mataki view of birnin - zuciyar Jamus, amma kuma sanya wani muhimman hakkokin zana na ciki girma. By sauran m m harsashi na ginin da m ya halitta na musamman da haytekovskogo ciki yanayi. Wannan shi ne cimma da taimakon zamani bangarori da kuma karfe Tsarin. Bright, halitta dutse kuma na ado kankare ba na zamani gabatarwa na Bundestags a lokaci guda majestic da ergonomic bayyanar.

Kazakhstan. Astana. "Khan Shatyr"

Kada ka yi zaton wani m gina mafi girma a alfarwa a duniya? The tambaya ne rhetorical. A gini rufe wata babbar yankin na 10 kwallon kafa filayen. Its musamman rufin ganganci tsara a cikin wani nau'i na musamman QFontDatabase mazugi. Its musamman da suka bambanta - a cikin jeri na bangaren (da m aro da ra'ayin of Art Nouveau). Dubban igiyoyi, fastening shi rigidly, a lokacin da gina hasumiyar a lokaci guda da aka gyarawa 650 masana'antu masu hawa. The sosai ginin sun kasance kamar wani show!

Ciki da wannan cancanta haytekovskogo wurare ne Kazakhstan ta most shopping da kuma nisha cibiyar da dama, gidajen cin abinci da shaguna, manyan kantunan, kulake, cinemas.

Duk da haka, da hallmark na "Khan Shatyr" ne na musamman zuwa ga steppe kasar na cikin gida pool da rairayin bakin teku (yashi a cikin rufi wanda amfani da sanannen fari volcanic yashi daga Maldives).

Birtaniya. London. Airport "Stansted"

The zane na wannan gini da aka gina a cikin 50-kilometer nesa daga London, ya Ubangiji Foster ya sake asali. Ya farko ƙi dukan gargajiya canons na yi irin wannan wurare. Ya main m manufa - hadaddun sauki - sake bayyana kanta a cike. Musamman m rufin madubi da goyan bayan wani tsarin na bututu sassan, contours kama inverted dala kare a lokacin daga halitta ruwan sama. By zubar zamani gini m filin jirgin sama, kama wata babbar gilashin shigen sukari haytekovsky.

Birtaniya. Boston. Museum of Fine Arts

A girma yawan farfado daga cikin most gidan kayan gargajiya a Birtaniya ne ya halitta matsala. Shi ne ba da isasshen samuwa sarari ya saukar da su. Don taimaka latsa Baron Foster. A wannan yanayin, shi ne, ba tare da canje-canje zuwa data kasance gyarawa dukiya daga cikin gidan kayan gargajiya, gina wani mai fili zamani hudu-storeyed gini, wanda ya koma dukan lãbãri daga American Art. Matsalar sarari an amince ga gidan kayan gargajiya na shekaru masu yawa.

Jamus. Frankfurt. "Commerzbank Tower"

Don Frankfurt wannan gini yana da gine-gine da muhimmanci, kama da hasumiyar London ko Eiffel Tower na Paris. Kawai sa, wannan shi ne kasuwanci da katin birnin. Musamman triangular skyscraper aiwatar da manufar Turai muhalli ginin. Tu da shi a hudu benaye musamman karkace dasa gidãjen Aljanna: Rum, da North American, Asian. Mutanen da suka kasance a cikin gini, located in na musamman da yanayi-haytekovskogo.

rayuwa a nan gaba

Lalle ne, haƙĩƙa daya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa gine-ginen na lokacin mu ne Norman Foster. Ayyukan, Birtaniya Maestro da tsare-tsaren daga gine gaba lokaci. Shi ne wani bidi'a da juyin juya halin Musulunci a siffata da gine-gine da bayyanar birane a fadin duniya. Gine-gine da kamfanin "Foster kuma abũbuwan shirkinsu" kullum gina m da kuma musamman gini a Turai, a cikin New World, a Asiya. Characteristically, su ne bayan da erection saita mashaya tsawo matakin gine-gine, zama da maki na ci gaba na zamani da gina birane da kuma yankuna.

Shi ne mai baiwa. Ya gine-gine ne dacewa a da yawa daban-daban riƙa: ko shi ne na zamanintar da ginin gwamnati ko gyara na masana'antu gini, da gina wani na ra'ayi shopping mall ko manufa na birane kayayyakin more rayuwa: gada ko filin jirgin sama.

Don kwanan wata, ya aiwatar da ayyukan a 22 ƙasashe. Kamar yadda babban manajan ta nasara kamfanin har shekaru da yawa a gaba ya shirya aikin Norman Foster.

Ayyukan a Rasha - shi ne ba da mafi m sha'anin, amma shi ne muhimmi. Gaskiyar ita ce, bayan da ya yanke shawarar farko yin hadin gwiwa tare da mai gida, da Moscow gwamnati ya tafi kara da jinkiri ainihin aiwatar da ayyukan. Shi ne game da skyscraper, "Rasha" aikin, da tsawo na 612 da mita a cikin ƙasa na Moscow International Business Center "Moscow City". Wannan gini na 118 benaye a bãyan erection, zai zama mafi girma a Turai. An m adadin yi, wanda aka shirya a kan wani yanki na 520.800 murabba'in mita. Construction da aka fara a shekara ta 2007. Duk da haka, a cikin wadannan na aikin shafe ta da babban jari - kamfanin Shalva Chigirinsky, yana fuskantar kudi matsaloli. Sa'an nan zuwa ga kamfanin "Foster kuma abũbuwan shirkinsu" da aka samarwa don rage tsawo na ginin sau uku. Yana aiki a matsayin dalili, matsalolin kudi da kulab na Moscow gwamnati a rikicin. Sa'an nan, a watan Maris na shekarar 2012, ya shirya tsawo na hasumiyar da aka saita zuwa 360 mita. Kuma a karshe, aikin gaba ɗaya watsi da su. Yau a yi yanki da aka gina ta sha bamban tsari.

ƙarshe

Yau ya ke dauke da m na lamba 1 a duniya. A cikin kamfanin na 500 kwararru aiki a kan wani m-akai, da kuma wani 100, ya hires a shekara karkashin kwangilar. Maestro Asiri na nasarar da gine - a sirri kerawa, kazalika da iko core na tawagar, wanda ya hada da mutane daga ko'ina cikin duniya: David Nelson kuma Spencer de Gray.

A 'yan qasar na aiki-aji iyali ya m isa ya jira zuwa cikakken fahimtar da su gagarumar m m. Da ya gudanar ya shawo su jivintar Birtaniya gine-gine da ra'ayoyi, sa'an nan da sauran duniya. Architect Foster Norman rayayye aiwatar da birane da kuma kasashen halitta da kansa gine-gine style. Duk da daraja shekaru (Baron-m shekaru 80), ya ba su shiga cikin wasu inuwõyi, ci gaba da outpace rated duk da zamani gine-ginen na high-tech style.