Art al'adun Japan: ci gaba da kuma iri daban-daban

Mene ne m al'adu na Japan? Yadda ake da shi tasowa? A wadannan da sauran tambayoyi za mu amsa a wannan labarin. Japan al'adu ne dimbin yawa da tarihi motsi, wanda ya fara a lokacin da Japan koma daga babban yankin zuwa tarin tsiburai da aka haife Jomon wayewa.

A halin yanzu fadakarwa na mutane karfi da ya rinjayi Turai, Asiya (musamman Korea da kuma China) da kuma Arewacin Amirka. Daya daga cikin alamun da Japan al'adu ne ta dogon lokaci ci gaba a wannan zamanin na jimlar kadaici jihar (manufofin sakoku) daga dukan sauran al'ummai karkashin mulkin na Tokugawa Shogunate, wanda dade har zuwa tsakiyar XIX karni - farkon Meiji zamanin.

sakamako

Yadda yana da m al'adun kasar Japan? A wayewa da wani gagarumin tasiri raba yankin wuri na kasar, yanayin da kasa siffofin kazalika da na halitta mamaki (typhoons da m girgizar ƙasa). Wannan ya nuna a cikin m halaye ga halitta kamar yadda halitta mai rai. A peculiarity na Japan kasa hali ne da ikon zuwa sha'awan da kyau na yanzu duniya, wanda aka bayyana a cikin da dama iri-zane na wani kananan kasar.

Art Japan al'adun da aka halitta a ƙarƙashin rinjayar addinin Buddha, Shintoism kuma Confucianism. Wadannan trends rinjayi da kuma fadada ta ci gaba.

da haihuwa kwanaki

Yarda, Japan art da al'adu ne mai girma. Shinto aka kafe a zamanin da. Addinin Buddha ne guda, ko da yake akwai BC, ya fara yada kawai daga na biyar karni. Heyanskaya lokaci zuwa (8-12 ga watan cc.) An dauke su da zinariya zamanin Japan gwamnati. A daidai wannan lokacin, da picturesque al'adu na wannan kasa ya kai ta tsororuwar.

A 13th karni akwai Confucianism. A wannan mataki, kuma akwai wani rabo na Confucius falsafa da kuma addinin Buddha.

hieroglyphics

Hoton kasar Japan ta m al'adu na aiwatuwa a na musamman da versification, da ake kira mai haiku (haiku). A kasar ne ma sosai raya art na rubutun, wadda bisa labari, ya zo daga sama Allah image. Su hura rai cikin rubuta da harshen, don haka mutane irin su kowane hali a cikin kuskure.

An yayatawa cewa Japan al'adun da aka gabatar haruffa kamar yadda akwai hotuna da suke kewaye da rubũtacce. Dan kadan daga baya a fara zanen da bin m dangane abubuwa da waka a yanki daya.

Idan ka yi nazarin Japan littafin, za ka iya samun cewa a cikin aikin ƙunshi iri biyu haruffa. Wannan rubutun kiwon - buga waqoqi Colof da kuma wasan kwaikwayo. A daidai wannan lokaci na sami wani yawa shahararsa Kabuki wasan kwaikwayo. Wani nau'i na wasan kwaikwayo - amma - fi son kagaggun sojoji. Samurai Japan, su mai tsanani da kuma zaluntar yana a kan, amma wani karfi da tasiri.

zanen

Art al'adun da na da Japan karatu da kwararru da yawa. A babbar rawar da samuwarsa buga zanen Kaiga cewa a Japan na nufin wani zane ko zanen. Wannan art Ana daukarsa a matsayin mafi nau'i na art na jihar, wanda aka ƙaddara da mai girma yawan mafita da kuma siffofin.

A da shi na musamman wuri ne shagaltar da yanayi, wanda kayyade farkon na alfarma. Rabuwa da zane-zane a kan sumi-e da kuma Yamato-e da aka kafa a karni na goma. A farko style ya samo asali kusa da goma sha huɗu karni. Shi ne mai irin monochrome watercolor. Yamato-e - yanã yin ƙunci horizontally littattafan, wanda ana amfani da zane na ayyukan adabi.

A kadan daga baya, a cikin 17th karni, akwai bayyana buga a kan faranti - ukiyo-e. Masters Zagayawar shimfidar wurare, geishas, kabuki 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da aka sani. Wannan irin zane a cikin 18th karni, yana mai karfi da tasiri a Turai art. A kunno kai Trend to suna "Japonism". A tsakiyar zamanai, Japan al'adun ya tafi fiye da kan iyakoki na kasar - ya fara amfani da shi a cikin zane na mai salo da kuma gaye ciki a duniya.

rubutun

Ah, yadda kyau art al'adun Japan! Fahimta daga jituwa da yanayi za a iya gani a kowane daga cikin segments. Mene ne zamani Japan rubutun? Shi ne ake kira Shodo ( "hanyar sanarwar '). Rubutun, kazalika da wata wasika a Japan makarantu ne wajibi batu. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa akwai wani art zo tare da Sin rubuce.

Af, da tsoho mutum al'ada aka hukunci da ya ihisani akan rubutun. Yau akwai babban adadin rubuce-rubuce styles, da kuma ci gaba su Buddha da sufaye.

sassaka

Yadda ya yi da Japan al'adun? Ci gaba da kuma iri daban-daban na wannan yanki na mutum aiki za mu koyi yawa daki-daki. Sassaka ne mafi tsoho irin Japan art. A zamanin da, mutanen wannan kasar suna sanya daga yumbu figurines daga gumãka kuma kayayyakinsa. Sa'an nan mutane suka fara kafa mutummutumai a kan kaburbura Honeyview halitta, daga hadayun lãka.

Development of sculptural craft cikin zamani Japan al'adun hade tare da yaduwar addinin Buddha a kasar. Daya daga cikin mafi tsoho wakilan Japan Monuments dauke da za a sanya a cikin haikali Dzenko-ji-mutumi na Amitabha Buddha, aka yi da itace.

Sculptures sukan yi na allon, amma da suka duba sosai arziki: iyayengijinsu aka rufi da lacquer, zinariya da haske launuka.

Origami

Kada ka so Japan art al'ada? Fahimta daga jituwa da yanayi zai kawo ba za'a iya mantawaba kwarewa. A halayyar alama na Japan al'adu ya zama da ban mamaki kayayyakin Origami ( "folded takarda"). Wannan fasaha da aka tilasta ta hanyar da ya faru a kasar Sin, inda, a gaskiya, da aka kirkiro takardar.

Farko "folded takarda" a yi amfani da addini da kuma bikin. Wannan art iya karatu kawai na sama aji. Amma bayan yakin duniya na biyu, Origami ya fita daga gidaje manya, suka sami Raya Makon a duk faɗin duniya.

ikebana

Kowa ya san abin da m al'adu na Gabas. Japan ta kashe mai yawa aiki a ci gaba. Wani bangaren na al'adu na wannan ban mamaki kasa ne Ikebana ( "rai furanni", "New Life of Flowers"). Japan - magoya ilmi da kuma sauki. The ayyuka suna sa waɗannan halaye. Sophistication na hotunan da aka samu ta hanyar m amfani da halitta kyakkyawa da ciyayi. Ikebana, kamar Origami, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin wani bangare na addini bikin.

yan hotuna

Kila, mutane da yawa sun gane cewa m al'adu na zamanin d China da kuma Japan suna a hankali lauye. Kuma abin da wani bonsai? Wannan shi ne wani Japan musamman ikon noma kusan daidai dada version of a real itace.

Japan kuma mika samar da netsuke - kananan sculptures, waxanda suke da wani irin fara'a. Sau da yawa wadannan Figures a cewa damar da aka haɗe da tufafi da Japan, wadda ba a Aljihuna. Su ba kawai ado da shi, amma kuma yi aiki a matsayin wani rarrabe counterweight. Ayaba aka sanya a cikin siffar wani key, 'yar jakar, wicker kwanduna.

Tarihi na zanen

Art al'adun zamanin da Japan na amfani ga mutane da yawa. Arts a cikin wannan ƙasar ta samo asali a lokacin Japan Paleolithic da kuma ci gaba kamar haka:

• Yamato lokaci. A cikin kwanaki na asuka da Kofun (IV-VII karni) lokaci guda tare da gabatarwar haruffa, halittar Sin model na jihar gwamnatin da popularization na addinin Buddha zuwa Japan daga kasar Sin da aka kawo da yawa ayyukan art. Bayan da cewa, Japan fara yi wasa da wasan kwaikwayo kayayyakin a kasar Sin style.
• Nara lokaci. A VI da kuma VII cc. Addinin Buddha ya ci gaba da halittu farfadowa a Japan. A wannan batun, shi ya fara yi yabanya mai addini zanen, amfani da su yi ado da yawa haikalin ginin da aristocracy. A general, a cikin Nara lokaci taimako ga ci gaban sassaka da art ya fiye a cikin zanen. A farkon zane-zane na wannan sake zagayowar hada da zanen da ciki ganuwar da haikalin Horyu-ji Haikali a Nara Prefecture, gaya game da rayuwa na Buddha Shakyamuni.
• Heian lokaci. A Japan zanen, dating daga X karni, ya zama ruwan dare Trend Yamato-e, kamar yadda muka ambata a sama. Irin wannan hotuna ne a kwance littattafan, wanda aka kwatanta a cikin littafin.
• Muromachi zamanin. A XIV karni a style Soupy-e (monochrome watercolor), da kuma a farkon rabin XVII. artists fara buga zana rubutu a kan allunan - ukiyo-e.
• zamanin zanen Azuchi-Momoyama lokaci tsaye a kaifi bambanci tare da zanen da Muromachi lokaci. Ta shi ne muhimmi a polychromatic style tare da m amfani da azurfa da zinariya ganye. A wannan lokacin, girma girma da kuma daraja dadin makaranta Kano. Its kafa ya Kano eitoku wanda fentin da rufi da zamiya kofofin zuwa raba dakunan. Irin wannan Figures ƙawata gidãje da manyan gidãje daga cikin soja nobility.
• Maydzi zamanin. Tun da na biyu da rabi daga cikin XIX karni, art aka raba gasar gargajiya da kuma Turai style. A lokacin zamanin Maydzi Japan ya halartar babban zamantakewa da siyasa canje-canje a cikin tsari na zamani da kuma Europeanization, shirya da hukumomi. Alamar rahama matasa artists aka aiko kasashen waje don karatu, da kuma kasashen waje artists zo Japan don ƙirƙirar makaranta art shirye-shirye. Duk abin da ya, bayan na farko fashe da son sani ga m style na West Pendulum ya sauya ra'ayi suka mara a gaban shugabanci, da kuma na gargajiya Japan style aka farfado. A 1880, da kwastan na Yammacin art da aka dakatar a hukuma nune-nunen da aka sharply soki.

shayari

Art al'adu na zamanin d Japan karatu har yanzu. Ta alama ne versatility, wasu roba hali, tun lokacin da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar addinai daban daban. An sani cewa Japan na gargajiya shayari fito daga rayuwar yau da kullum, mukaddashin cikin shi, da kuma cewa da earthiness wasu har kiyaye a cikin gargajiya siffofin wannan versification - uku-line waqe da haiku pyatistishiya tank, abin da ya bambanta furta taro hali. Ba zato ba tsammani, shi ne ingancin da su daban-daban daga gravitating ga elitism na "free ayar", ya bayyana a farkon karni na 20th a Japan a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da wakoki na Turai.

Shin, ba ka lura da cewa matakai na raya kasa na Japan ta Multi-faceted m al'ada? Shayari a cikin al'umma da wannan kasa taka musamman rawa. Daya daga cikin mafi mashahuri nau'o'i - haiku, fahimta shi ne kawai zai iya zama Mai ƙididdigewa ta tarihi.

Ya fara bayyana a cikin Heian lokaci, ya kama da style renga, wanda ya sifar wani kanti don kasida wanda ya so ya dauki hutu daga Waha babban shayari. Haikai zama mai zaman kanta Genre a cikin 16th karni, kamar yadda renga zama ma tsanani, kuma haiku dõgara a kan magana da harshen da kuma shi ne har yanzu m.

Hakika, da Japan art al'adu ne a takaicce aka bayyana a cikin da yawa ayyuka, amma za mu yi kokarin gaya game da shi a more daki-daki. An sani cewa a tsakiyar zamanai daya daga cikin shahararrun Japan wallafe-wallafen nau'o'i wani tanki ( "laconic song"). A mafi yawan lokuta wannan pyatistishiya kunsha na biyu daga ayoyi da tsayayyen yawan syllables: 5-7-5 syllables a farko uku Lines na aya, da kuma 7-7 a karo na biyu biyu layuka. A cikin sharuddan da abun ciki, a cikin tanki da aka yi amfani da wadannan makirci: na farko stanza wakiltar wani takamaiman halitta hanya, yayin da na biyu ya nuna da amo mara sa a tare da hanyar da mutum ji:

• A cikin m duwãtsu na Kurãme
  Pheasant tailed barci -
  A doguwar dare
  Shin, zan barci kadai? (Kakinomoto-amma Hitovaro, farkon 8th karni, Sanovich translation.)

Japan drama

Mutane da yawa jayayya da cewa kasar Sin da kuma Japan art da al'adu ne m. Kada ku ji dadin yin zane-zane? Traditional wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Japan ne zuwa kashi jōruri (yar tsana gidan wasan kwaikwayo), wasan kwaikwayo Noh (kyogen da okoku), Kabuki wasan kwaikwayo da kuma singeki. Kwastan na art la'akari da biyar na asali Theatrical nau'o'i: kyogen, amma Bugakov, kabuki da bunraku. All biyar daga cikin wadannan hadisai ne ba a yau. Duk da bambancin, suna nasaba da kowa ado ka'idodinta Japan art dogara ne. Af, da Japan wasan kwaikwayo ya fara a kan mataki, amma.

Kabuki wasan kwaikwayo bayyana a cikin 17th karni da kuma kai da ganiya zuwa karshen 18th. Kafa domin lokacin form dangana ajiye a kan zamani mataki na Kabuki. A wasanni na wasan kwaikwayo, da bambanci ga al'amuran, amma mayar da hankali a kan kunkuntar da'irar Raya Makon na zamanin d art, tsara don wani taro masu sauraro. Tushen Kabuki basira Kwatsam daga ideas barkwanci - artists na kadan farces, almara, wanda kunshi rawa da tsarkakewa. Kabuki Theatrical basira a kai tunawa abubuwa jōruri da Ho.

Bayyanar da Kabuki wasan kwaikwayo ne da alaka da sunan ma'aikata na addinin Buddha wuri mai tsarki na O-Kuni a Kyoto (1603). Ya Cooney ya yi a kan mataki tare da addini raye-raye, wanda aka hada da a cikin motsi jama'a dancing nembutsu-odori. Ta wasanni aka cike da koyaswa comic plays. A wannan mataki, inda kodayaushe yudzo-kira Kabuki (Kabuki courtesans), O-Cooney Kabuki-ko-Onna Kabuki (Kabuki Ladies).

zana rubutu

A baya karni, Turawa, Russia, sa'an nan kuma, ta hanyar engraving fuskanci sabon abu na Japan art. A halin yanzu, a cikin mafitar Sun jawo a farko shi ba su yi la'akari da ikon a kan itacen, amma shi da dukan halaye na taro al'ada - low cost, amfani, wurare dabam dabam. Masana sun ukiyo-e su iya cimma high tsabta da kuma sauki, kamar yadda a cikin embodiment batutuwa, kuma a cikin selection.

Ukiyo-e ya na musamman art makaranta, saboda haka ba ta iya sa a gaba a yawan fice artists. Saboda haka, tare da sunan Hisikava Moronobu (1618-1694 gg.) Haddasawa matakin farko na ci gaba da scene zana rubutu. A tsakiyar karni XVIII farko gwani aiki multicolor kwafi ta Suzuki Harunobu. Babban sabubban aikinsa ne lyrical scenes a cikin abin da biya da hankali ga wani sakamako, kuma da canja wurin da moods da kuma juyayinsu: soyayya, tausayi, bakin ciki. Kamar dadi tsoho art na Heian lokaci, virtuosos na ukiyo-e farfado a sabunta birane yanayi m daba na kyakkyawa mai ladabi mace.

Iyakar abin da bambanci shi ne, maimakon heyanskoy m aristocrats a zana rubutu depicting m geishas daga cikin nisha gundumomi na Edo. Artist Utamaro (1753-1806 gg.) Shin yiwuwa musamman a cikin tarihi na zanen kwararru misali, zuwa cikakken nutsu da ya halitta na da image na Ladies a daban-daban shirya kai da kuma toilets, a daban-daban rayuwa yanayi. Daya daga cikin mafi kyau da ayyuka da engraving "Geisha Osama", wanda aka adana a cikin Moscow, a Museum of zanen Pushkin. Artist unusually mugun wayo ake bayyana hadin kai na karimcin da yanayi, fuska.

Manga da kuma Anime

Mutane da yawa artists na kokarin gano ma'adanin na Japan. Kuma abin da ke cikin anime (Japan animation)? Yana daga sauran nau'o'i na animation ne mafi cikin yanayi na fara tasawa masu sauraro. A nan muna da wani m division cikin styles for musamman manufa masu sauraro. , kawar da awo a cikin ni'imar jinsi, shekaru, ko kuma m hoto na moviegoers. Sau da yawa sosai, da anime ne zuwa fim mai Japan manga, wanda kuma ya samu da yawa kira bisa.

Ainihin ɓangare na manga yi nufi ga adult masu kallo. Kamar yadda na 2002, game da 20% na Japan littafin kasuwar gudanar manga Comics.

Japan ne geographically kusa da mu, amma, duk da haka, na dogon lokaci kasance m da m duniya. A yau mun san da yawa game da wannan kasar. Long son rai kadaici ya kai ga cewa ta al'ada ne gaba daya daban-daban daga cikin al'adun wasu kasashe.