Bayani tsarin: iri. Rarrabuwa da kuma iri na bayanai tsarin

A amfani da bayanai da tsarin iri-iri yada a da yawa daban-daban yankunan al'umma, gwamnati da kuma tattalin arziki. A key factor a baya da wannan Trend - walwa, wanda ya shiga cikin mafi sassa na kasa da tattalin arziki. Menene Information Systems? Wadanne ma'auni ga rarrabuwa na wannan irin kayan aikin?

Bayani tsarin: definition

Daga cikin na kowa a cikin Rasha gwani al'umma ma'anar abin da "bayanai tsarin", za ka iya kula da wadannan halitta. Shi ne ban sha'awa da farko saboda an yi amfani da wasu daga cikin kafofin da dokar, sabili da haka, ta na asali ra'ayin, in general, gane al'umma.

A daidai da wannan halitta, an bayanai tsarin da aka fahimta a matsayin sa na takardun da kwamfuta kayan aiki amfani da wani mutum tare da wani ra'ayi zuwa tsara da kuma inganta yadda ya dace da wadanda ko wasu matsaloli. Akwai sauran ma'anar. A daya daga cikinsu, da bayanai tsarin - misali sarrafa kwamfuta (ko hade da dama) sanye take da zama dole software, sakamakon shi a halin yanzu aiki autonomously ko canja wurin bayanai kayan aiki.

A sharudda ga rarrabuwa da tsarin

La'akari da hanyar da classified bayanai tsarin, iri abubuwa da cewa samar da masu bincike. Lura cewa kowa sharudda ne masana ba saniyar ware. A sakamakon haka, da Rasha kimiyya al'umma bayyana da dama hanyoyin da yadda za a rarraba bayanai tsarin, su iri. Daga cikin na kowa - da samfurin a cikin wanda ake dauka la'akari da matakin na hadewa matakai, data iri, musamman aikace-aikace kansu, da administrative matakin na amfani, kazalika da iri-iri ayyuka. By nazarin abin da suke bayanai tsarin, su iri, bisa ga kyautar sharudda tare.

A matakin na aiwatar hadewa

A yawan masu bincike fi son rarraba da tsarin dangane da yadda ake hadedde key tafiyar matakai. Ware, saboda haka cewa iri uku mamaki karkashin shawara.

Da fari dai, shi ne mai cikakken hadedde tsarin. Sun yi aiki a kan kowa ka'idodinta database tsara, mafiya yawa daga cikin bijiro da batun kafa abubuwa alaka da sauran. Wannan na iya zama jama'a bayanai tsarin, tafiyad, misali, da kirgawa na kuri'un da aka kada a zaben. Kowace daga ta Tsarin - a matakin yankin tashoshin zabe, shiyya da kuma tarayya gundumar - suna hade a wata guda model.

Abu na biyu, da bayanai tsarin da ake sarrafa. Su tsarin da aka wakilta dama raka'a cewa yin wasu takamaiman aiki. Sadarwa a tsakanin kowane daga gare su, kamar yadda mai mulkin, bayyana, a wani na kowa manufa, amma ba a cikin bangare na samar da sarƙoƙi. Wannan na iya zama kamfanin da bayanai tsarin a samar, gabatar naúrar alhakin dauke da fitar da wani mataki samar.

Na uku, masana ware rududdugaggun bayanai tsarin. Su, kazalika da baya irin mamaki wakilta raba aikin tubalan, duk da haka, kungiyar ga wani nufi ko a cikin bangare na kama na ayyuka, kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi ne mai rauni. Za a iya hada su, misali, da alama sunan manufacturer software ko hardware.

Company-developer na IT-kayayyakin za a iya samar, kamar yadda wani bambance-bambancen da asali bayanai tsarin tsara don zama flagship na tallace-tallace. Kuma a lokaci guda a karkashin wannan alama - kara kayayyakin. Wannan lamba na siffofin za a iya dangana ga irin wannan samfurin, kamar yadda wani bayani da tsarin. Ko da yake iri ayyuka yi da kowanne daga cikin mafita zai zama mabanbanta.

data type

Wani rarrabẽwa, za a iya classified a matsayin bayanai tsarin, iri su - kagaggun da irin bayanan da aka sarrafa a cikin tsarin na dacewa hardware da software Algorithms. Modern masana ware haka shirin tsarin da kuma gaskiyane. Na farko da kungiyar hada da waɗanda a cikin abin da aiki da bayanai a rubutu format ko a cikin nau'i na hotuna. Na biyu kungiyar - waɗanda a cikin abin da data kõguna suna amfani, gina a mai ma'ana jerin wasu facts. Daga cikin wadannan na iya zama, misali, a database. Duk da cewa sun ayan hada da rubutu da kuma wani lokacin graphics fayilolin - kawai karkashin wani lissafi mai tsauri gaskiyane bayanai a su iya zama wani darajar. Dalilin da bayanai tsarin - daidai nuna da kuma fassara su ga mai amfani.

A iyaka tsakanin cikin takardun da gaskiyane jerin a lokaci guda zai iya zama sosai sabani. Saboda haka, tsarin na rarrabuwa rarrabẽwa ba karbuwa a duniya da masana. Wasu manazarta yi imani da cewa kowane daftarin aiki yana da wata hanya BAYANIN. A kalla a matakin da tsarin da Magnetic kafofin watsa labarai, ko girgije ajiya, inda suke located. Ko da kuwa abin da aka nuna a cikin wani musamman hoto ko yin fim a wani video fayil zai yi takamaiman adireshin, shi za a halin da ƙarfi, quality Manuniya. Wannan shawara ne sau da yawa amfani da manazarta a matsayin wata hanya bayyana su ra'ayi a tattaunawa da masana suka yi ĩmãni, misali, cewa wasu daban na fayiloli - hotuna, videos - ba za ka iya ko da yaushe a iya bayyana a matsayin yan dako shirya a cikin tsarin na tsarin na facts.

masana'antu-takamaiman

Wadannan rarrabẽwa na rarrabuwa na bayanai tsarin - yi amfani a cikin wani musamman ga tattalin arziki, da Sphere na mamaye harkokin siyasa ko zamantakewa. A musamman, kamfanoni bayanai tsarin, kamar yadda mai mulkin, saba da bukatun musamman segments na kasuwanci, masana'antu ko sabis iri. Wasu dace yanke shawara iya zama da yawa.

administrative matakin

Wanda ke nufin cewa rarrabuwa sharudda? A nan, kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi ne mai kai tsaye misalin da ka'idojin kungiyar na da a tsaye daga ikon da mamaye harkokin siyasa. Masana haka ya zama ruwan dare mamaki kamar Tarayya Information System, yanki ko, misali, birni. All game da wannan a matsayin shared iko. Regional bayanai tsarin ayyuka lõkacin da ta je Rasha, a matakin tarayya batu. Municipal - a wani yanki ko Locality.

Duk da haka, da bambance-bambancen a cikin abin da bayanai tsarin ne kuma wani irin shiri za a iya classified a matsayin wani ɓangare na rahoto sharudda. Wannan shi ne hali da manyan kamfanoni, yanar gizo brands. Suna iya samun wasu irin Karkasa management tsarin, wanda zai yi aiki da bayanai tsarin da wannan matakin, kazalika da ofisoshin lardi, wanda aiki a daban-daban irin bayani.

aiki irin

Wani rarrabuwa rarrabẽwa - da irin ayyuka da tsarin. A daidai da shi, da masana gano, misali, kwamfuta bayanai tsarin, da takamaiman ayyuka wanda - da aikace-aikace, yafi, domin manufar ilmin lissafi Algorithms kirga wasu adadi rungumar statistics management ta wasu abubuwa ta amfani da lissafi software dokokin. Wani irin correlative tsarin da qa'idar na rarrabuwa a matsayin irin ayyuka - management. Su yi aiki mafi yawa ana mayar da hankali a kan aiki a cikin filin of management a cikin kasuwanci, dabaru, zuba jari aiki.

Sharudda ga rarrabuwa na bayanai tsarin, kamar yadda muka gani a sama, akwai da yawa. Wasu masana nuna, ga misali, a tsarin saba da irin mai amfani. Saboda haka, akwai mafita gida, office, bincike. Akwai wadanda cewa an saba da takamaiman kwararru ko mutane a wani musamman iko. Alal misali, masana sun gano dabarun bayanai tsarin da zai iya mafi kyau a saba da yafi ga saman manajoji, aikin - for tsakiyar matakin manajoji, kazalika da aiki, da aka yi nufi ga kwararru.

Iyakar tsakanin sharudda ga rarrabuwa na bayanai tsarin shi ne sau da yawa sosai matukar. A wasu lokuta, da m mai amfani da nadi na wani samfurin zuwa musamman kungiyar can ba sosai dangane da ayyuka da aikata wani kimiyya ko msar tambayar karshe, alal misali, don marketing dalilai. Wannan shi ne guda software IT-kamfanin iya fitowa a cikin biyu bambancin ga takamaiman kasuwar segments. Bisa ga ƙa'ida - shi zai zama daban-daban bayanai sistmy. A gaskiya - guda.

Yana iya kuma a lura cewa wasu bayanai tsarin classified bisa ga wasu takamaiman sharudda, kamar yadda mai mulkin, za a iya halin da na ma zuwa wasu Categories. Madadin, saba, misali, ka sadu da kalubale a cikin masana'antun man fetur na iya zama a ta core, cikakken hadedde aiki gaskiyane data, m management ayyuka.

cika tsarin

Ka yi la'akari da al'amari na ciki, ko da bayanai arziki na bayanai tsarin. Me ya sa za a muhimmanci? A gaskiya wannan tsari, wasu masana sun yi imanin istinbadi rarrabẽwa ga yan kungiya da wani musamman hanya zuwa ga bayanai tsarin. Sama mu lura da cewa, daidai da daya daga cikin fassarorin a cikin tsarin dole ne m. Wanda, a cewar manazarta, za a iya gano a cikin bangare na bayanai tsaro.

Masana sun yi aiki da fadi da kewayon sharuddan kwatanta wannan tsari. Alal misali, kamar "content." Yana da wani msar tambayar yawan hangen nesa za a iya samun irin wannan halaye kamar yadda girma, yanzu kuma dacewa. Specific tashoshi ta hanyar da bayanai tallafawa bayanai tsarin, ana tsare da su bayani dalla-dalla. Ko, a madadin, na ga daya daga cikin sama Categories. Alal misali, kafofin da bayanai tsarin da cika, da ke aiki a wani musamman kansu, na iya zama cikin yanayi na lissafin bayanai, bayanai nuna da matakai, ko, misali, da taki na tallace-tallace na kayayyakin.

Yandex, Google - bayanai tsarin?

Za a ce da mafi m a Rasha search engines a kan Internet - yandex, Google, koma zuwa bayanai? A juyi na wasu masana - a. Duk da haka, manazarta ce, yandex da Google zai zama daidai ga rarraba shi a matsayin bayanai gyara tsarin. Tun da key manufofin, nuna su amfani, hade da farko tare da gano da hakkin data a iri-iri located a kan Internet.

Yana da a wannan ra'ayi cewa yandex, Google, kuma su analogues ãdalci daukarsa sun fi mayar da search engines, amma ba bayani. Me ya sa? Cewa wadannan Web albarkatun, manazarta ce, shi ne wani algorithm, wajen heightened kan wasu bayanai da tsarin - tsarin da site, da sabobin. Search injuna kansu, masana sun ce, ba su shiga a cikin samuwar ciki, ba cika shafukan. bayanai arziki aiki ba a yi da su, sakamakon wani m yandex da Google tsarin, mukaddashin a kan manufa da mulkin kai, ba quite daidai kira.

Kariya na bayanan harkokin

Tsaro na bayanai tsarin a mafi yawan lokuta - mafi muhimmanci al'amari na m amfani. Matsaloli warware ta wannan irin kayan aikin yawanci unsa wasu irin tsare sirri, damar matakan, kasuwanci da masana'antu ta asĩri. A muka ambata a sama a matsayin misali na jihar bayanai tsarin, sakamakon zaben aka lasafta, - abu, a gaskiya, na kasa muhimmanci. A yadda yake aiki da kuma qualitatively, ba ko kadan, yana kare dogara da daidaitar da kirgawa na kuri'un da aka kada a zaben na shugaban kasar, wakilai, na Jihar Duma - Rasha key cibiyoyin siyasa.

Masana sun gano biyu main fannoni na kariya da bayanai tsarin: fasaha da kuma zamantakewa. Game da farko - AMINCI Algorithms bayar hana samun dama marar izini ga albarkatun da software da kuma hardware kayan aikin. Wannan ne, da tsarin da aka kare yafi by masu sana'a hackers - .. waɗanda suka yi daban-daban wajen cutar da cutar kwakwalwa a cikin tsarin, na'urorin tsammani kalmomin shiga, Scanners, katin masu karatu, da dai sauransu Tare game da wani al'amari, da tsaro na bayanai tsarin da aka bayar da gabatarwar Algorithms cewa rage yiwuwar mutum kuskure a cikin iko da damar yin amfani da albarkatun. Matsayin mai mulkin, muna magana ne game da amfani da wadanda mutane suka yi nufin su shiga cikin tsarin, wasu loopholes cin hanci da rashawa, collusion, cin hanci da rashawa gyara tare da na yau da kullum kayan aikin na samun albarkatun.

Development of bayanai tsarin, sabili da haka, dole ne ya yi la'akari da follow-up a cikin yankunan da gani da wadannan fannoni na tsaro. Wannan na iya nufin, misali, cewa IT-kamfanin, ya idar da dacewa mafita a kan kasuwar, ta jajirce wajen sa a cikin code na ta kayayyakin lissafi mai tsauri don gudanar da taimaka tsarin daga watse a bisa ka'idar cewa an ƙaddara da maigidan da kare hanya. Ko, a madadin, domin nuna a shirye su hada-ci gaba m lissafi mai tsauri kashe samun dama marar izini.

Bayani tsarin - wani tsari da kullum na bukatar mai girma da yawa na juna hadewa da developer da m mai amfani da daidai yanke shawara, musamman a lokacin da ta je hukumomin gwamnati. Yana da wuya ya faru da cewa samfurin zo a cikin wani boxed format - kamar yadda wani anti-virus, ko, misali, wani ofishin suite. Bayani tsarin ci gaban sau da yawa fara da wani bincike na musamman kasuwanci abokin ciniki kamfanin ko ayyuka da za a yi amfani da halitta hardware da software. Kuma kawai bayan da IT-kamfanin ya fara sa da ya dace Algorithms - karkashin takamaiman sharudda na abokin ciniki.

Tsaro na bayanai tsarin kada ta kasance zuwa ga kanta na babban ayyuka da cewa an sanya wa irin wannan software da kuma hardware mafita. A cewar wasu masana, babu wani daga cikin matakan da data kariya, ko ta yaya amince da shi zai iya zama, ba gaskata kansa, idan karshen mai amfani da IT-kayayyakin ba za su iya zuwa cikakken amfani da siffofin da ka bukatar mafita.