Mene ne lissafin? Mene ne takardar kudi?

Hannun jari, shaidu, takardar kudi na musayar - ne Securities, kowanne daga abin da yana da halaye. Talakawa hannun jari, misali, kowa na da hakkin kada kuri'a, tare da sa hannu a cikin babban taron masu hannun jeri, da masu iya samun dividends. Kuma talakawa hannun jari, kamar yadda mai mulkin, suna wurinsu kyakkyawan zarafi a sama, idan wadannan Securities ake fili ciniki.

Bond - shi ne mai bashi kayan aiki da ya bada mariƙin da hakkin ya sami maras muhimmanci darajar da, a wasu lokuta, a coupon kamar yadda wani kaso daga cikin maras muhimmanci darajar. Ga wadanda kamfanonin da cewa bayar da jari, su ne a matsayin aro m. Ga waɗanda suka sayayya su - da ikon yin coupon biyan bashin, wanda wani lokacin ƙetare sha'awa a kan ajiya a banki. Hannun jari da kuma shaidu yawanci bayar a uncertificated form, a cikin hanyar shigarwa a cikin asusun, kuma suna ãdalci Securities.

Lokacin da masana magana a kan topic "Abin da yake a lissafin?", Sukan nuna yanayi na musamman. Shi ne Promissory bashi tsaro da aka ayi kasafi ado takarda daftarin aiki, wanda ya nuna cewa mai yi zamar masa dole ya biya wassu sharudda kayyade adadin (promissory bayanin kula). Wadannan Securities an bayar ne sau da yawa a kan musamman siffofin da cewa buga bugu da izni. Domin kariya, irin siffofin da m na musamman takarda, watermarks, polymer zaren, micro rubutu. Manyan bashi al'amuranda Securities tare da wani musamman zane da kuma ƙarin digiri na kariya.

Bugu da kari, akwai kuma wani sauki hira zaɓi cewa sadaukar. Mene ne wani promissory bayanin kula bayar a cikin wannan tsari? Yana presupposes da wanzuwar domin (shawara) daga mutum wanda samar da tsaro, a cikin adireshin don biyan bashin da na mai na wani adadin a wata ba tsawon lokaci. Domin irin wannan kudi da makami a amince abar kulawa a kasuwa, a issuer ta suna zama abin dogara "borrower", wanda ya cika da wajibai. Wani lokaci, ƙara da kyawawa da fuska, bar fitar da wadannan wajibai, shiga cikin wani janar yarjejeniya ko mai raba yarjejeniya (misali wani bashi ma'aikata), a cikin abin da kake availing na takardar kudi. Wannan aiki yana nufin cewa banki dole sãka da bashi da mutum abin dogaro ga jami'an tsaro.

Zai yiwu wasu za ku yi sha'awar sani cewa irin wannan doka daga tarihi hangen zaman gaba. Wannan daftarin aiki ya bayyana a Italiya a kusa da 12th karni. A kasar shi ne cibiyar kasuwanci, Kasuwanci zo nan daga sassa daban daban na duniya tare da su tsabar kudi. A iri-iri na kudin ya kai ga cewa shi ya dauki canjin kuɗi. Suka ɗauki kan aiki da kuma wasu sakamako rubũta ma'amala a cikin littafan su, wanda a lokacin daidaita zuwa notarization. Tare da karuwar cinikayyar da wani sashe kudi daga wannan garin zuwa wani da shi ya zama haɗari. Saboda haka 'yan kasuwa na bayar da kudi moneychanger banki, ya sanya wani shigarwa a cikin littafin, maimaita shi a wata takarda dabam, wanda zai iya samar da wani banki. Saboda haka akwai wani fassara version of wani kudi da makami.

Mene ne lissafin ga Rasha kudi tsarin? A cikin pre-perestroika lokaci wurare dabam dabam na wadannan Securities ya da farko da na waje da tattalin arziki hali. Da zuwan kasuwar dangantakar bayyana, kuma doka ayyukan. A farkon 90 ta, ba su yada saboda high kumbura, slowdown a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar. Nagari bashi da irin wannan shirin ya bayyana ne kawai a 1994-95. a fuskar manyan kamfanoni da kuma bankuna. Bayan da 1998 rikicin , lissafin amsa kamar yadda kayan aikin da tallafawa liquidity na kudi tsarin. A halin yanzu, ana yin su ne yadu, tare da sauran kadarori da dama biyan ma'amaloli da kuma kudaden shiga.