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Beekeeping masana'antu - cewa wajibi ne? Kayayyakin don beekeeping. beekeeping Darussan

A halitta, a cikin 1814 Rasha beekeeper P. I. Prokopovichem frame gidan kudan zuma sanya yiwu da aikace-aikace a yi na m kudan zuma ake tsare da hanyoyin. Wadannan kan daga farkon rabin karni na 19th, da sabuwar dabara na wucin gadi sakar zuma (I. Mehring, Jamus) da kuma extractor (F. Hruska, Czech Republic) ya bude hanya ga masana'antu beekeeping.

A takaice dai tarihi

A na gaba shekara ɗari, da firam gidan kudan zuma karshe hambarar da jirgin, bene da gida kwalaye. Promotion na ci-gaba hanyoyin da dabarun da hannu a wani fitaccen sunadarai AM Butlerov, beekeepers-masu goyon baya I. E. Shavrov, S. K. Krasnoperov.

A Rasha, masana'antu beekeeping fito a matsayin mai zaman kanta reshe na noma godiya ga kokarin da talented Oganeza, 'yar jarida da kuma malama Ibrahim Evlampievich Titova - da kafa, da kuma tsawon lokaci edita na "beekeeping kasuwanci." Wahayi zuwa gare ta rubuce-rubucen da kuma misali na America ta manyan pchelopromyshlennika Amos Akidar, a 1911 a kauyen Borshchagovka Kiev lardin Titov kafa na farko daular a cikin apiary-gandun daji. Kafin Oktoba juyin juya halin akwai game da 200 na beekeeping ƙungiyoyi, akwai 15 musamman periodicals.

The matasa Soviet Jamhuriyar Abram Evlampievich ci gaba da bincike da kuma samar da ayyukan a matsayin shugaban da Izmailovo gwaji apiary. Bisa ga aikin a 1929 a cikin Far East, na farko beekeeping gona da aka halitta. A m shekaru, wadannan kamfanonin suka fara aiki a Asiya ta tsakiya, Kabardino-Balkaria, a cikin Kuban.

yanzu jiha

Ba hanya mafi kyau shafi masana'antu rushewar Tarayyar Soviet. Giant na jihar gonaki da masana'antu da kamfanonin da aka shafe ta. Beekeeping masana'antu a Rasha wuya warke da rasa ƙasa, amma da iko da kuma fara aiki yayin da ba shi yiwuwa a ce.

An gaggawa bukatar inganta doka kariya da halittar wani babban-sikelin administrative tsari. Akwai karancin sosai m ma'aikata for beekeeping, tasiri da kuma m manajoji wanda zai iya numfashi sabon rayuwa a cikin masana'antu.

A bukatar m sabuntawa da abu da kuma fasaha tushe. Aikin a cikin apiary ya zama zai yiwu mechanized da kuma sarrafa kansa, cewa lalle ne, haƙĩƙa mai kyau tasiri a kan kara samar da kundin da m Rasha kudan zuma kayayyakin a kasuwannin duniya. A kasar yana da damar da albarkatun hambarar masana'antu Refayawa: Amurka, Australia, Canada.

Girman al'amura?

Kawai idan sikelin ne daban-daban daga mai son kasuwanci beekeeping? Amma ga kowane samar, ta babban maƙasudin ne mai matsakaicin fitarwa na kaya bukata ingancin (zuma da kuma related kayayyakin) tare da m abu da kuma lokaci ta halin kaka. A mafi muhimmanci factor inganta riba da kuma ci gaban - specialization da kuma natsuwa.

Maida hankali yakan haifar da kudan zuma gonaki tsawo ga ganiya girma. M gona dole ne dauke da wani m 500 kudan zuma mazauna.

Kwarewa ake tsare da yanayin zone:

  • A kudancin yankunan kasar - razvedencheskoe shugabanci (ceto kunshin ƙudan zuma, banza).
  • Far East, Urals District - zuma (zuma, da kakin zuma).
  • Far Arewa - pollination (pollinating amfanin gona a greenhouses gidaje), da sauransu.

Bugu da kari, duk sassa na aiwatar sarkar (abu da kuma kayan aiki, structures, hanyoyin da dabarun) an hõre m standardization da kuma daidaituwa. A fannoni da dama, nasarar da sha'anin dogara a kan daidai zabi na ƙudan zuma irin da m kiwo. Relations "mutum - a kudan" cikakken rationalized, akwai wani dakin "lyrics" - kawai kasuwanci lissafi.

beekeeping ci gaban yankin

Daga binciken da sanin da m girma na zuma hanya yankunan, ta amfani, daidai zabi na yankunan specialization na tattalin arzikin dogara a kan ta riba da nasara ci gaba.

A gandun daji na Tatarstan, Bashkortostan da Primorsky Territory ne babban zuma shuka daban-daban irin limes. A mafi m shekaru medosbor iya isa har zuwa 20 kg iyali. A gauraye gandun daji da kuma makiyaya ciyawa Turai Rasha gidan kudan zuma iya ba 3 kg na zuma da rana a kudancin yankunan kan amfanin gona da buckwheat, Attar al'adu - 6 kg. Forage tushe yanki dole ne a tabbatar da ba kawai da zuma tarin, amma kuma lokaci na tsanani ci gaba da kuma kayan haɓɓaka aiki na iyali ƙarfi.

Kadai zuma albarkatun ba da damar noma beekeeping a kan wani m sikelin. Abin yana bukatar canja a halaye da ayyuka?

masana'antu beekeeping fasahar

A amfani da m dabaru na kiwo ƙudan zuma mai yiwuwa ne kawai a manyan apiaries (500 iyalansu), inda da yin amfani da mechanization zai kawo kyakkyawan sakamako ba. A mafi iko duka tsarin gonaki apiary ne zuwa kashi tattalin arziki raka'a (500-600 amya) da kuma ga kowane gyarawa da wani m mataimakin, ware da zama dole kayan da kayayyakin aiki, (beekeeper kwat da wando, da wani nama, wani kurfi, da dai sauransu ..). Bayan wintering da tsarkakewa flyby na ƙudan zuma za'ayi a kan tushen da primary aiki naúra da kuma kwashe game a kan wani spring cin hanci (ba fiye da 100 amya da ma'ana). A cikin tsakiyar Estate iya kawai gyara naúrar (2-3 persons), da kuma hidima a cikin mai kyau yanayin hada da aiwatarwa da kuma kayan aiki ga beekeeping.

Domin duk na apiary ne guda kungiyar kula tare da tsarin rage yawan Nazarin lokacin kakar. SRI beekeeping kwararru yi da wadannan m aiki (ba zato ba tsammani masu hada karfi iyalansu ba uniformity):

  • Spring dubawa da kuma ciyar ƙudan zuma
  • samuwar cuttings,
  • saitin shagunan ko wasu gine-gine,
  • selection na marketable zuma, yanke ramummuka,
  • shiri domin hunturu.

Don saita kwanan wata for nazarin kawai 10-20 kudan zuma mazauna apiary, la'akari da shaidar da iko hive. Akwai hanyoyi da bedrock ƙudan zuma fi son kasa roylivoy sosai m, kuma mafi saba gida yanayi.

A lokacin da kakar, zai shirya akalla 3-4 sufuri apiary zuwa flowering melliferous ƙasashe, domin su kara samun riba.

Abu da kuma fasaha tushe

Ga tsakiyar gona zaba yankin tare da kayayyakin more rayuwa, tare da mai kyau damar hanyoyi. Farm gine-gine (babban samar da yanki, sotohranilische, winterer) ya kamata a sanya a cikin ra'ayi na sauki aiki, sanye take da mota tudun lodi da dagawa da na'urorin. Ikon Automobile da Hoor Park kamata samar da kamfanin bukatun a farm kai.

Lokacin sanye take da apiary mayar da hankali a kan ya zabi na amya. Dole ne su yi da misali girma da kuma m abubuwa (gidaje, shaguna, Frames ga beehives). Da bukatar karfi da kuma hur zane cewa za su iya jure maimaita handling jan a lokacin handling da kuma na hijira.

A dama yawa sayi beekeeping kayan aiki, kayan aiki domin mechanized yin famfo zuma, voskopererabatyvayuschee kayan aiki (presses, centrifuges, tururi janareto). Kungiyar ta mallaka sassaƙa shagon da kyau inji da kuma kwararru da sauri sama a kan zuba jari.

Abin baƙin ciki, mutane da yawa kayayyakin for beekeeping, gabatar a kasuwa a yau ne aka rabu amfani. Sau da yawa, injiniyoyi kamfanoni suna hagu zuwa remodel kuma hažaka data kasance kayan aiki. Alal misali, domin shiri na zuma-sugar talakawa amfani da masana'antu kneading inji for dispensing syrup - Canza pyatidesyatiramochnaya extractor, da dai sauransu ...

aiki kungiyar

A manyan beekeeping sha'anin ya yada bangaranci Hanyar a wadda kowane daga cikin apiary, dauke da daga 500 zuwa 1000 iyalansu, ma'aikata ma'aikata na 2-6 mutane da aka kulla. More gwani kuma gogaggen kwararru nada shugaban kungiya da kuma shi ne financially alhakin. Tare da nasarar yi biyu siffofin da aikin yi:

  • aiki tare. Lokacin dauke da fitar manyan-sikelin ayyukan (sufuri apiary, zuma famfo) don aiki da kuma ingancin yi raka'a hada kokarin.
  • Da rabo daga aiki. Kowane ma'aikacin zuwa automatism daukawa yi wani tsari (msl, ƙarfafa na m Frames) - ya haifar da wani tsallaka mayar da hankali. Don inganta yadda ya dace, kowane mahada an saita wasu dokoki ne m da la'akari da fitarwa, kaya da kuma kayan aiki. Advantageously gudanar da aiki da hada fasahohin da aikinsu (beekeeper direban tarakta; beekeeper - joiner, da dai sauransu).

Beekeeping masana'antu ne mai wuya ba tare da m horo da kuma maimatawar horaswa na ma'aikata. Production Darussan - mafi m nau'i na kamala. Suna gudanar a cikin hunturu m dabba m management da hannu malamai daga musamman makarantu.

A kan jinkiri dauka wani rukuni na dalibai a cikin beekeeping hanya (ka'idojin azuzuwan da yi) domin aikin gona Academy. Timiryazev Academy of fasahan ilimin halittu. Scriabin (Moscow) a Perm Pedagogical University Pskov Agronomy College.

Nau'in na kayayyakin da kuma sayar da al'amurran da suka shafi

A sakamakon da masana'antu ta aiki ya nuna cewa, a Bugu da kari ya samar, akwai mai yawa na tattalin arziki matsaloli.

Fiye da 80% na gonaki sami albashi daga sayar da marketable zuma, game da magani Properties da aka sani tun lokacin da. Kakin bukatar a matsayin albarkatun kasa a cikin metallurgical, Paint da bugu masana'antu, amma zaki ya share na samfurin (70%) ne ya koma zuwa ga masana'antu a cikin nau'i na wucin gadi sakar zuma.

Muhimmanci reserves na masana'antu riba ƙarya a inganta dabarun domin ajiya da kuma aiki na propolis, pollen, kudan zuma dafin da pollen, sarauta jelly da homogenate drone larvae cewa an yi amfani da kayan shafawa da kuma magunguna.

Bugu da kari, kamfanonin razvedencheskogo kwatance dukiya yi da kuma ga ƙudan zuma kansu - har zuwa 50% na riba tattalin arzikin na Kudancin Rasha daga sayar gadon da kuma kunshe-kunshe.

Baƙi zai taimake mu?

Domin waje kasuwanci Beekeeping ne halin high yawan aiki da kuma intensification na samarwa. Shari'a da kuma tafarkin yanayi ne m ga yin amfani da kuma kyautata misali iri fasaha da kuma kayan aiki, da kuma, a sakamakon - dukan tsananin yarda da} asashen duniya da kayayyakin. Beekeeping masana'antu a kasashen da dama samun tallafin daga m jihar, tana da cikakken goyon baya. Alal misali, gwamnatin {asar Amirka hõre tariffs a kan shigo da zuma (ga kasar Sin da kuma 180%, Argentina - har zuwa 60%). Amurka shigo gabce kudi zuma (har zuwa $ 300 miliyan a kowace shekara) sun kasu zuwa goyi bayan gida kera.

Domin da Rasha masana'antun zai zama da amfani kwarewa Canadian takwarorinsu. Performance kudan zuma mazauna a kasar sama da duniya talakawan sakamakon a fiye da sau biyu.

Dora muhimmanci ga kyautata da kuma fadada daga cikin kewayon kamfanonin samar da kayayyakin don beekeeping. A cikin kasuwar atomatik cell line bugu da kuma yin famfo zuma centrifuges da kuma tankuna, kayan aiki domin nazarin da inganci na zuma. Faranta hankali har zuwa trifles: kwat da wando beekeeper "Sheriff" na Danish kamfanin "Svente" wani babban mataki na kariya, ta'aziyya, karko.

Al'amurra na ci gaba. Innovation a beekeeping

Gasa da Western takwarorinsu na iya sa da ci gaban ma'aikata na Ryazan aikin gona University a fagen mechanization da sabon hanyoyin da aiki kayayyakin beekeeping masana'antu, ciki har da:

  • fasaha da kuma kayan aiki ga hakar da bushewa beebread,
  • hadaddun tsabtace kuma latsa na propolis,
  • Abinci fasaha a ciyar da pasty kakin harsashi.

Mafi yawa daga cikin kayan aiki An riga an yanã gudãna a samar. Technology rayayye gano kudan zuma gonaki.

Good al'amurra da alaka da amfani da wani wucin gadi roba saƙar zuma, m amya (daga fa] a] polystyrene da kuma wasu maki na kumfa), da amfani da Dabarar film domin kara karfin kudan zuma mazauna.

A juyin juya halin Musulunci samfurin tarin fasahar da aka gabatar ta Australian beekeepers. A zuciya na shi - a gaba daya sabon zane ga firam na kudan zuma amya da "gida". Lokacin da ciko da saƙar zuma zuma kamata bude famfo, da samfurin kadai gudana a cikin shimfiɗaɗɗu ne da damar a gidan kudan zuma.

Yana offers da yawa da ra'ayoyi da kuma dabaru, wani lokacin, kusan m. Wanne daga cikinsu zai dauki tushen da za su amfana da beekeepers da beekeeping, kawai lokaci zai gaya.

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