Benthos - a ... Plankton, nekton, benthos

Plankton, nekton, benthos - uku kungiyoyin da za a iya raba duk na cikin ruwa tãlikai. Plankton algae tsari da kuma kananan dabbobi da cewa an iyo a kusa da ruwa surface. Nekton kunshi dabbobi da za a iya rayayye iyo da kuma nutse a cikin ruwa, yana da kifi, kunkuru, Whales, sharks da kuma sauransu. Benthos - ne kwayoyin da cewa rayuwa a magangara mafi ƙasƙanci yadudduka na cikin ruwa mazauninsu. Yana hada dabbobi, ecologically da alaka da kasa, da suka hada da mutane da yawa echinoderms, demersal kifi, crustaceans, molluscs, annelids , da sauransu.

Iri marine rayuwa

Marine dabbobi kasu kashi uku kungiyoyin: plankton, nekton, benthos. Zooplankton gabatar rugujewa, dabbobi da cewa yawanci kananan cikin size, amma zai iya girma zuwa quite babban size (misali, jellyfish). Zooplankton iya hada ta wucin gadi larval siffofin kwayoyin da cewa zai iya girma da kuma barin plankton al'umma da kuma shiga kungiyoyin kamar nekton, benthos.

Nekton aji sa up mafi girma ɓangare na dabbobi da suke zaune a cikin teku. A iri-iri na kifi, dorinar ruwa, Whales, eels, da dabbobin ruwa, da kuma squid - duk misalai na nekton. Wannan m-jere category hada da wani yawan sosai halittu daban-daban da suke da sosai daban-daban daga juna da yawa sharudda.

Mene ne benthos? The uku irin marine dabbobi da cewa ciyar da dukan rayuwarsu a kan teku bene. Wannan kungiyar hada lobsters, tarwada, daban-daban tsutsotsi, dodon kodi, oysters da yawa wasu. Wasu daga wadannan halittu, kamar lobsters kuma katantanwa iya matsar da kansa tare da kasa, amma su hanyarsa ta rayuwa da aka haka karfi hade da teku kasa, da cewa ba su iya tsira daga wannan yanayi. Benthos - ne kwayoyin da cewa rayuwa a cikin teku bene, kuma ya hada da shuke-shuke, da dabbobi da kuma kwayoyin.

Plankton - ya fi na kowa nau'i na rayuwa a cikin ruwa yanayi

A lokacin da ka yi tunanin rayuwar a cikin teku, shi ke yawanci duk ƙungiyoyi a wasu hanya da alaka da kifi, ko da yake a gaskiya kifi - ba ya fi na kowa nau'i na rayuwa a cikin teku. The most kungiyar ne plankton. A sauran kungiyoyin biyu - nekton (rayayye yin iyo dabbobi) da kuma benthic (rayayyun kwayoyin halitta inhabiting kasa).

Mai jinsunan plankton ne ma kananan ganin da ido tsirara.

Akwai biyu main iri plankton

• Phytoplankton, wanda ya fitar da abinci ta hanyar photosynthesis. Mafi yawansu ba su ne daban-daban algae.
• Zooplankton, wanda ciyar a kan phytoplankton. Yana hada da wani kankanin dabbobi da kifi larvae.

Plankton: general bayanai

Plankton - microscopic mazaunan pelagic yanayi. Su ne da muhimmanci aka gyara na abinci sarkar a cikin ruwa yanayi, kamar yadda suka samar da abinci mai gina jiki ga nektonic (crustaceans, kifi, da squid) da kuma benthos (tẽku soso). Su ma suna da wani tasiri a kan duniya da Muciya, a matsayin ma'auni na cikin yanayin duniya da aka gyara sun fi mayar dogara a kan su photosynthetic aiki.

Kalmar "plankton" ya zo daga Girkanci Planktos, wanda ke nufin "yawo" ko "rugujewa". Mafi yawa daga cikin plankton ciyar da zama, iyo da teku igiyoyin. Duk da haka, ba duk iri bisa ikon Allah, mutane da yawa siffofin iya sarrafa su ƙungiyoyi, da kuma rayuwa dogara kusan gaba ɗaya a kan 'yancin kansu.

Girma da kuma wakilan plankton

A size plankton dabam daga kankanin microbes tsawon wanda yake 1 micrometer zuwa jellyfish wanda gelatinous kararrawa iya zama har zuwa mita 2 a fadin, da kuma tentacles iya mika fiye da 15 mita. Duk da haka, mafi yawan planktonic kwayoyin ne dabbobi kasa da 1 millimeter a tsawon. Sun zama a kudi na gina jiki a cikin tẽku ruwa da kuma ta hanyar photosynthesis.

Wakilai na plankton ne mai fadi da dama kwayoyin, kamar algae, kwayoyin, protozoa, tsutsa daga wasu dabbobi da crustaceans. Mai planktonic protists ne eukaryotes, yafi unicellular kwayoyin. Plankton za a iya raba phytoplankton, zooplankton da kwayoyin (kwayoyin). Phytoplankton aikin photosynthesis da zooplankton wakilta heterotrophic masu amfani.

nekton

Wakilai daga nekton ne aiki swimmers kuma sau da yawa mafi sani kwayoyin a marine ruwaye. Waɗannan su ne babban da yara a mafi marine abinci sarƙoƙi. Bambanci tsakanin nekton da plankton ba ko da yaushe m. Mutane da yawa manyan dabbobi (msl, tuna) ciyar da larval mataki a cikin nau'i na plankton, alhãli kuwa adult mataki ne quite manyan kuma aiki nekton.

Mafiya yawa na nekton ne vertabrate wannan kifi, da abubuwa masu rarrafe, dabbobi masu shayarwa, molluscs da crustaceans. The most kungiyar kunshi kifi, total akwai kimanin 16,000 jinsunan. Nekton hadu da dukan zurfin da fadin teku. Whales, penguins, like ne da hankula wakilan nektonic a iyakacin duniya ruwaye. A mafi girma iri-iri na nekton da ake samu a wurare masu zafi da ruwa.

A mafi bambancin nau'i na rayuwa da kuma ta tattalin arziki da daraja

Wannan ya hada har da most dabbobi masu shayarwa a duniyarmu, da blue Whale, wanda ke tsiro zuwa 25-30 mita a tsawon. Wadannan Refayawa, kazalika da sauran baleen Whales ciyar a kan plankton da micronekton. The most wakilan nekton ne Whale sharks, wanda isa a tsawon 17 mita, kazalika da toothed Whales (orcas), da kuma babban farin shark, Tiger shark, bluefin tuna, da sauransu.

Nekton shi ne tushen kiwon kifi a duniya. Anchovies, herring, sardines ne kullum tsakanin daya-kwata to daya bisa uku na shekara-shekara girbi na teku. Tattalin arziki muhimmanci nekton ne ma squid. Halibut da cod ne demersal kifi, wanda da kasuwanci darajar a matsayin abinci ga mutane. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, suka mined ruwan nahiyar shiryayye.

benthos

Mene ne ma'anar kalmar "benthos"? Kalmar "benthos" ya zo daga Girkanci suna bentos kuma yana nufin "acan karkashin ruwa." Wannan ra'ayi da ake amfani a ilmin halitta don bayyana al'umma kwayoyin a kan seabed, kazalika da irin ruwa tare jikinsu kamar yadda tabkuna, da kõguna da kõguna.

Benthic kwayoyin za a iya classified bisa ga size. Don hada macrobenthos kwayoyin fi girma fiye da 1 millimeter. Wannan shi ne wani daban-daban gastropods, bivalves, teku furannin bi-rana, predatory teku taurari da kuma katantanwa. Kwayoyin da masu girma dabam jere daga 0.1 zuwa 1 mm ne manyan microbes rinjaye a kasa abinci, sarƙoƙi da yin rawar da biogenic sharar zafi, da farko kayayyakin da predator. A category hada microbenthos kwayoyin karami fiye da 1 millimeter, shi diatoms, kwayoyin, kuma ciliates. Ba duk benthic kwayoyin da suke zaune a cikin laka, wasu al'ummomi rayuwa a kan m substrates.

Akwai uku daban-daban na benthic

1. Infauna - kwayoyin da cewa rayuwa a cikin teku bene, aka binne a cikin yashi ko ɓoye a cikin bawo. Bã su da sosai iyaka motsi, da suke zaune a cikin laka da ake gittar da yanayi da kuma samun quite dogon rayuwar jama'a. Wadannan sun hada da teku bawo da kuma da dama Shellfish.
2. Epifauna iya rayuwa da kuma motsi game a farfajiya na seabed, to, wanda ake yi a haɗe. Suna zaune by attaching to kankara ko sediments motsi tare da surface. Yana Sponges, oysters, dodon kodi, tarwada da kuma crabs.
3. Kwayoyin da cewa rayuwa a cikin teku bene, amma kuma iya iyo a cikin ruwa sama da shi. Wadannan sun hada da taushi kasa kifi - puffers, zurfin amfani da crustaceans da tsutsotsi a matsayin abinci Madogararsa.

A dangane tsakanin pelagic da benthic yanayi

Benthos - kwayoyin wanda ta taka gagarumar rawa a cikin marine nazarin halittu al'umma. Benthic jinsin su ne wani bambancin kungiyar, wanda shi ne babban mahada a cikin abinci sarkar. Su tace ruwan a search na abinci adibas ne kawar da kwayoyin abubuwa, game da shi, yanã tsarkake da ruwa. A kasa na tekuna da kuma tẽkuna aka ajiye sauran kwayoyin kayan, wanda aka sa'an nan sarrafa da kuma mayar da su zuwa benthic kwayoyin a cikin ruwa shafi. Wannan tsari na mineralization kwayoyin halitta ne wani muhimmin tushen gina jiki da kuma muhimmanci ga tabbatar da wani babban primary samar.

Concepts na pelagic da benthic muhallin suna m on yawa sharudda. Alal misali, pelagic plankton ne wani muhimmin tushen abinci ga dabbobi da cewa rayuwa a kan m, ko stony kasa. Anemones da barnacles bauta a matsayin halitta tace kewaye ruwa. Formation pelagic yanayi ne da za'ayi a kasa ta hanyar moulting crustacean kayayyakin da musayar matattu plankton. A tsawon lokaci, da plankton suranta marine sediments kamar burbusai, wanda ake amfani da sanin da shekaru da kuma asalin na kankara.

Na cikin ruwa kwayoyin suna classified bisa ga mazauninsu. Masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa mazauninsu na wadannan dabbobi yana da tasiri sosai a kan su ci gaba. Bugu da ƙari, mafi yawansu suna da kyau saba da rayuwa a wata musamman yanayi da suka zauna. Mene ne babban bambanci tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu, da ake kira plankton, benthos da nekton?

Plankton - microscopic ko kananan dabbobi a kwatanta da sauran iri biyu. Nekton ne da yardar kaina iyo dabbobi. Mene ne benthos? Wannan ya hada da yadda za a motsa da yardar kaina, da kuma waɗanda kwayoyin cewa ba wakiltar su zama ba tare da teku bene. Me game da kwayoyin da cewa rayuwa mafi yawa a kan kasa, amma kuma zai iya iyo - dorinar ruwa, sawfish, zurfin? Irin wannan siffofin rayuwa iya da kyau a kira nektobentosom.