Mene ne sphragistics? A kimiyya na like

Answers zuwa ga tambaya: "Abin da yake sphragistics?" Fara shi aza a 1709. M. Geynektsy. Sphragistics - da kimiyya da cewa na nazari akan latsa. Domin Geynektsiem bi ya ba da wannan kimiyya ta ba sunan Iogann Geymann sa'an nan Gatterer, Gerken, Ledebour, Hohenlohe-Waldenburg, da sauransu. Seyler kasance a cikin mafi kyau 'yan ayyuka a sphragistics.

A ci gaba da kimiyya na like

A cikin XVIII karni fara dauki siffar kamar yadda wani sphragistics Diplomatique sashen. Its a raga a lokacin sun ga Dating na daftarin aiki, kazalika da kafa da amincin. A nan gaba, da ra'ayi cewa irin wannan sphragistics, an mika. A kimiyya amfani a karshen na XIX karni aka gabatar da yawa bugu, rasa sadarwar da daftarin aiki (mutumin Kaldiya, tsoho Masar, Old, Parthian, tsohuwar India da sauransu.). Su da aka samu a lokacin rami. Tun wannan lokacin sphragistics - da kimiyya da nazarin, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, da tarihi na ci gaba da kuma samuwar na zamanin d cibiyoyin da ke jihar a kan tushen da rarrabuwa na da like, wanda detects canje-canje a sandarsa. A Tarayyar Soviet, akwai wani alama Yunƙurin na wannan kimiyya. Wannan ya hade da wani gagarumin karuwa samu a lokacin tono a cikin Pskov da Novgorod kayan.

A Rasha adabi, tare da togiya na musamman babi a littafin Lakier "Rasha Heraldry", abin da ya bayyana bugu da kuma bayar da amsa ga tambayar da abin da sphragistics lokaci mai tsawo a cikin wannan kimiyya sun kawai kadan da fragmentary bayanai. Yanin ta wallafa a shekarar 1970 a biyu-girma nazari mai suna "Takardu a kan aure buga Ancient Rasha". Wannan masanin kimiyyar ya magaji na NP Likhachev hali, wanda aka dauke kafa na Soviet sphragistics. Yana Likhachev ya zama wani mažalli adadi a cikin nazarin gãdon Ancient Rasha bayan Novgorod yarjejeniya da aka kafa a farkon XX karni. A kimiyya na like a yau ba sosai aiki, amma har yanzu gwamnatin. Akwai sabon nazarin a cikin wannan yanki.

Communication sphragistics zuwa numismatics da heraldry

Saboda haka muka koyi cewa sphragistics - da kimiyya da cewa na nazari akan latsa. Bari yanzu mu, tare da wasu bangarorin ilimi shi yana cikin mafi girma da connection. Wannan kimiyya ne kai tsaye alaka numismatics, kuma heraldry. Tare da na karshe - cewa na farko da aka yi amfani da kawai a kan like na da yawa images ana sa'an nan ya wuce ya shiga hannun. Buga ta amfani da takamaiman sarakuna. Su ne alama na gado a cikin abin da suka yi mulki da aka nuna. Bayan wani lokaci, wadannan isharori sukan kunshe a cikin dasu ba na makamai. Wannan ya faru, misali, Prince Golitsyn (alama Duchy na Lithuania).

Sphragistics alaka numismatics cewa sau da yawa a kan tsabar kudi minted buga na Prince, wanda a lokacin da dokoki. Sai dai idan da rubutu a kan tsabar kudi, bisa ga logo a kan buga iya samun ta asali.

tsoho buga

Domin mafi fahimtar abin da sphragistics, bari mu juya zuwa tarihi. Very haihuwa ne da yin amfani da al'ada kan sarki. Tuni a zamanin da, da mutanen gabas sa hatimin. Wannan al'ada da aka prevalent yafi a Babila, Persepolis da kuma Misira. Seals sun sa'an nan wuya a canza launin duwatsu da suke a cikin nau'i na beetles, cylinders, kuma haka a. G. Daban-daban alamomi da aka sa a kan su.

A wurare da dama a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki za a iya samu ambaci like. Alal misali, a Babi na III XXI Sama'ila, a Babi na XIV Daniel, a babi na XXXVIII Farawa. A al'adar shan daga mutanen gabas aro da Romawa da Girkawa. A Romawa amfani da saba buga-zobba. Suka aikata buga wani image, da ake ji da shi a cikin daban-daban iri ayyukan. Zauna a ƙasar da Roman kabilan koya wannan aiki, wanda duk da haka ya zama tartsatsi da kowa ba a baya fiye da XII karni.

Tamanin da al'ada da kuma yadda ake amfani da kan sarki a tsufa

Na dogon lokaci, bugu maye gurbin sa hannu, don haka shi ne mai daraja. Daban-daban riƙi shirinsu da aka yi amfani da rigakafin na zamba. Wannan shi ne manufar asali aiki a matsayin kimiyya da cewa na nazari akan latsa. Tare da babban solemnity faru da aka makala don su muhimmanci ayyukan. Kamar Jamus da kuma Romawa, shi, al'ada ce a sa su a kabarin da matacce da hatimi-zobe. Wani lokaci ana sawa a wuyansa, matsaranta na jama'a da kuma na sarauta like.

Iri na zamanin d like

Don Sabunta karni, amfani da mafi yawa daya mai gefe. Duk da haka, bayan da karni biyu, da suka fara da za a maye gurbinsu da biyu cewa makale a cikin takarda, takardar, ko sun rataye a kan madaurin. Akwai leaden bugu (in ba haka ba - Print-sa, ta samo sunanta ne daga gubar da bukukuwa, wanda aka dukan tsiya fitar da image), da azurfa, da zinariya (wuya), da tagulla, da kakin zuma, da kuza, da kakin zuma. Da ban da kakin zuma da kuma kakin zuma, suka duka rataye. A yammacin sphragistics irin wannan kan sarki aka kira sigilla, ko sigilla pendentia. Su jimlar kasa na da haruffa, nan da nan bayan da sa hannu, a kan siliki ko lilin igiyar ko guda na fata, ko takarda. Idan akwai 'yan like, a lõkacin da suka suna sanya bi da daraja da kuma matsayi na masu.

Ya sosai bambancin nau'i na like, sun kasance zagaye (mafi tsufa), oblong, m, square, triangular, kyakkyawan, da sauransu.

A launi darajar like

By yanayin harkokin da mutunci na mutane da na rarrabe launuka da kakin zuma. Na wa sarki, kazalika da mutane da musamman gata, ba da dama a yi ja kakin zuma hatimi. Yawancin baki kakin buga haruffa da sarki na Konstantinoful. Azure ko blue color aka dauke a cikin XVI, kuma XVII karni da gata.

jihar bugu

Seals aka nuna sanya masu tambura, inscriptions a cikin nau'i na dokokin, umarnin, image masu rãyukansu ba. Alamun ko da isharori sun musamman bambancin. Musamman a jihar like sun samuwa a kowane jiha. Sun kasu kashi uku main iri: kananan, matsakaici da kuma manyan. Manyan aka tsara don mafi muhimmanci takardun, mafi yawa na kasa da kasa treatises da kuma dokokin. Kananan kuma matsakaici amfani ga kasa muhimmanci takardun da haruffa zuwa ga sarakuna. Don keɓaɓɓen amfani da shugabanni a wasu jihohi sun musamman irin zaman manema (musamman a cikin Netherlands da kuma Ingila). tsaron jihar hatimi ga mafi part ne ma'aikatar ko da Ministan Shari'a da kuma ma'aikatar harkokin waje (Sweden, Württemberg, Bavaria da Netherlands), kuma ma'aikatar na Jihar (Prussia).

Qazanta da iyali gashi na makamai da hatimi na da Paparoma. An haɗe zuwa papal treatises da charters. Special bugu sun ma suna da sakataren harkokin na Paparoma. Tsayawa jihar hatimi a Switzerland da za'ayi a ofishin kungiyar Tarayyar Board.

A farko Rasha bugu

A farko ambaci labaru a Rasha ne kwangilar Svyatoslav da Igor da Helenawa. Daga cikin daftarin aiki 945, mun koyi cewa mu jakadu sun yi amfani da zinariya hatimi, da kuma 'yan kasuwa (baƙi) - azurfa. Vladimir a 1006 shirya for free cinikayya tsakanin Rasha da kuma Bulgaria, fatake. Ya bayar da biyu cewa da wani musamman bugu a matsayin wata ãyã daga cikin sarkin ta izni. Sun yi aiki a matsayin title na takardar shaidar fatake.

Danna rarraba a Rasha

Da hakkin ya sami farko bugu kawai mallakar zuwa Grand Duke. Duk da haka, tare da fragmentation a kan gado Rasha shi ma ya yadu zuwa sarakuna. Fitar da tare da administrative ci gaban kasar mu karfe m hidima mutane daga dukan nau'i. Umarni da kuma birane ma da su. Na iri biyu sun ya'yan sarakuna ba bugu: sirri, masu zaman kansu (print-zobba) da kuma jama'a na aikin. Wadannan da misali na farko-haife boyars ya fara yin bugu a gida. Sun kasance karfe - azurfa, da zinariya, da azurfa, kai gilded. kakin (yellow, baki, ja da duhu launin ruwan kasa); voskomastichnye cewa saboda mafi ƙarfin da kakin aka maye gurbinsu. Print guduro ko kwalta (sosai rare), kazalika da kakin zuma, wanda ya shiga cikin amfani a karshen da XVII karni. Madaurin na launi daban-daban - hemp, siliki da kuma worsted - jimlar karfe bugu. Sauran waliyai da kuma wani lokacin da aka rufe da takarda ga mafi aminci. Saboda wannan, su zama sananne a karkashin like Custodio.

Images a kan kan sarki

A mafi tsoho ya'yan sarakuna ba bugu, ya sauko mana da - da azurfa, da zinariya, wanda a gefe daya ne wanda aka nuna fuskar Yesu Almasihu, da kuma a kan sauran - bugawa maciji Arhangela Mihaila. Wannan hatimi priveshen bã shatan zuwa Mstislav Vladimirovich (Prince) da kuma Vsevolod (dansa). Yana Dates baya ga 1125-1132 shekaru. Bugu da kari a wadannan hotunan, a baya sarakunan like hadu St. Nicholas, Alexander, da Saminu, Ioann Predtecha, da sauransu. Sarakuna hotuna, daban-daban da isharori, kazalika da wani rubutu cewa shi ne cikamakon wani yarima. A yawa na tsoho model, shi da aka samu daga like XIV-XV ƙarni. sphragistics kimiyya da kuma a yau aka tsunduma a su gudanar da bincike. Sun bayyana wa an dauka daga Rum. A wadannan kan sarki labarun mythological al'amuran.

A mafi tsoho na birnin hatimi, wanda sun kai mu, - Novgorod, game da 1426. Ta aka haɗe zuwa contractual takardun na Novgorod da Tver Prince Borisom Aleksandrovichem. Yana siffanta wata dabba tare da wani doki ta kai, kafafu da kuma butt zaki Gudun tare da wani ya tashe wutsiya. Igiya kamar yadda reins za a iya gani tsakanin wuyansa, kuma kai. A baya ne wani rubutu, wanda ya karanta: "A hatimin Novgorod." A Novgorod like daga baya aka nuna damisa ko damisa zaune a kan kujera na mace adadi, biyu mikiya, Bear et al.

Pskov tarihi bi Novgorod. Babbansu ya Dates zuwa 1510. Yana siffanta wani damisa gudu tare da tashe wutsiya, protruding harshe da kuma fika mĩƙaƙƙu. Around buga da rubutu: "Print Gospodarstwa Pskov". Gina a cikin XV da XVI ƙarni, birnin samu daga gwamnatin firintar. Yana sau da yawa kari kuma canza su. Daban-daban bugu da aka yi amfani da har 1702, sa'an nan - mafi yawa tare da biyu-gangarawa mikiya.

Duk wadannan iri na cikin gida da sphragistics nazarin yau. [Aukaka {ara zuwa ga tarihin taimaka wajen gano irin wannan halayya a cikin wannan kimiyya. Rasha sphragistics, musamman, na taimaka wa fahimta da ci gaban jihar, wanda ya ba da muhimmanci bayanai labaru.