Mene ne kwayoyin code: kayan yau da kullum

A wani cell, kuma duk siffofin na jiki ilimin Halittar Jiki, morphological da kuma aikin hali ƙaddara da tsarin sunadarai, wanda suke kunshe a cikinsu. Hereditary dũkiyar kwayoyin ne da ikon haduwa takamaiman sunadaran. A jigidar halittar DNA na amino acid shirya a polypeptide sarkar daga wanda ya dogara a kan nazarin halittu halaye.
Kowane cell ne halin da jerin nucleotides a sarkar polynucleotide na DNA. Wannan shi ne kwayoyin code na DNA. Ta hanyar da ya rubuta bayanai game da kira na wasu sunadarai. Wannan shi ne kwayoyin code na da kaddarorin da kwayoyin bayanai rufe a wannan labarin.

A kadan tarihi

Da ra'ayin cewa watakila akwai kwayoyin code, an tsara da kuma Dzh.Gamovym A.Daunom a tsakiyar karni na ashirin da. Sun bayyana cewa a jerin nucleotides cewa shi ne alhakin da kira na wasu amino acid, qunshi akalla uku links. Daga baya tabbatar da daidai adadin uku nucleotides (a naúrar na kwayoyin code), wanda aka kira a triplet ko codon. A cikin duka, akwai sittin da hudu nucleotides, saboda kwayoyin na acid, inda kira na gina jiki ko RNA, aka hada da hudu daban-daban nucleotide sharan.

Mene ne kwayoyin code

Hanyar amino acid jerin sunadaran gina coding jerin ta hanyar nucleotides ga kowa da kowa da rai Kwayoyin da kwayoyin. Wannan abin da kwayoyin code.
A DNA, akwai hudu nucleotides:

• adenine - A.
• Bibyun - G;
• saitosin - C;
• taimain - T.

Suna sanya ta babban birnin kasar haruffa a Latin ko (a Rasha adabi) Rasha.
The RNA ma ya ƙunshi hudu nucleotide, amma daya daga cikinsu shi ne daban-daban daga wani DNA:

• adenine - A.
• Bibyun - G;
• saitosin - C;
• uracil - W.

All nucleotides ana shirya a sarkar, wanda aka samu a cikin biyu Helix na DNA da RNA - guda.
Sunadaran suna dogara ne a kan ashirin amino acid, sunã ana shirya a wani jerin ƙaddara da ta nazarin halittu Properties.

A Properties daga cikin kwayoyin code

Triplet. Naúrar kayyade code kunshi uku haruffa, shi ne wani triplet. Wannan yana nufin cewa data kasance ashirin da uku amino acid sauya ta wasu nucleotides, kira codons ko trilpetami. Akwai sittin da hudu haduwa da cewa za a iya halitta daga hudu nucleotides. Wannan adadin shi ne fiye da isa ga encode da ashirin amino acid.
Degeneracy. Kowane amino acid yayi dace da fiye da daya codon, tare da banda methionine da tryptophan.
The musamman da suka bambanta. Daya codon encodes guda amino acid. Alal misali, a cikin wani gene na da lafiya da mutum tare da bayani game da manufa haemoglobin beta triplet gag da GAA encodes glutamic acid. Kuma duk wanda ya kasance marasa lafiya tare da lauje-cell anemia, daya nucleotide ana maye gurbin.
Collinearity. A amino acid jerin ko da yaushe yayi dace da nucleotide jerin wanda ya ƙunshi wani gene.
A kayyade code shi ne ci gaba da kuma m, wanda ke nufin cewa ta aikata ba "da alamun". Wancan ne, da suka fara a wata musamman codon ne a ci gaba da readout. Alal misali, AUGGUGTSUUAAUGUG a karanta kamar: Aug, GUG, TSUU, AAC, GUG. Amma ba Aug, ugg da sauransu, ko kuma in ba haka ba.
Versatility. Shi ne daya cikakken ga duk nazarin sasannin kwayoyin, daga mutane su kifi, fungi da kwayoyin cuta.

tebur

Tebur ba gabatar dukkanin amino acid. Hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, phosphoserine, iodo tyrosine, cystine, da kuma wasu wasu ba su da samuwa, domin su an samu daga sauran amino acid sauya ta mRNA da kuma sakamakon gina jiki bayan gyara a sakamakon translation.
Saboda kayyade code ne da aka sani da kaddarorin abin da yake iya daya codon tsarinsa daya amino acid. A togiya ne ƙarin ayyuka da kuma tsarinsa valine da methionine, kwayoyin code. MRNA, yayin da a farkon wata codon, shiga cikin tRNA cewa daukawa formylmethionyl-. Bayan kammala na kira, kuma shi ne cleaved kanta kama ga formyl m, ya canza kama zuwa methionine saura. Saboda haka, a sama codons ne initiators kira sarkar polypeptides. Idan sun kasance ba a farkon, kai ne ba daban-daban daga wasu.

kwayoyin bayanai

A karkashin wannan ra'ayi yakan haifar da shirin Properties, wanda aka ruwaito daga kakanni. Shi ya ta'allaka ne a gadar hali a matsayin kayyade code.
Aiwatar a gina jiki kira kayyade code RNAs (ribonucleic acid) :

• Bayani da RNA.
• kai tRNA.
• p-ribosomal RNA.

Bayani yana daukar kwayar cutar feedforward (DNA-RNA-gina jiki) da kuma juyi (da matsakaici-furotin-DNA).
Kwayoyin iya samu, store, canja wuri, da kuma amfani da shi a lokaci guda mafi yadda ya kamata.
Ana canjawa wuri ta gādo, da bayanai kayyade ci gaban wani kwayoyin. Amma saboda hulda da yanayi na karshe dauki aka gurbata, kuma ta haka ne juyin halitta da kuma ci gaba. Kamar wancan jiki da aka aza a cikin sabon bayani.

Lissafin lokuttan da dokokin ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu da kuma gano kwayoyin code sun kwatanta cewa shi ne dole a haɗa halittar jini da ka'idar Darwin a kan tushen da cewa akwai wani roba ka'idar juyin halitta - wadanda ba na gargajiya ilmin halitta.
Gadar hali, bambancin da zabin Darwin taimaka genetically ƙaddara da selection. Juyin Halitta da aka aiwatar a kayyade matakin da bazuwar maye gurbi da kuma gādo, mafi muhimmanci da halayen da aka fi saba da yanayi.

Dikodi mai mutum code

A cikin nineties, sun kaddamar da wani aikin Human genome, sakamakon biyu-dubu sun gano wani ɓaɓɓake daga cikin genome, dauke da 99,99% na 'yan Adam da kwayoyin halittu. Zauna ba a sani ba, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa cewa ba su shiga a cikin kira na sunadaran da aka ba shigar wanda ke aiki. Rawar da suka taka da ya rage ba a sani ba.

Recent binciken a 2006 chromosome 1 ne mafi tsawo a cikin genome. Fiye da uku da ɗari da hamsin cututtuka, ciki har da ciwon daji, suna lalacewa ta hanyar cuta, kuma maye gurbi a cikin shi.

Rawar da irin wannan nazarin ba za a iya overestimated. Lokacin da ta bude, wanda shine kwayoyin code, shi ya zama sananne dokokin shi ne ci gaba, kafa a matsayin morphological tsarin, haukan, predisposition zuwa wasu cututtuka, metabolism da lahani na mutane.