Berlin Wall: tarihin halitta da halaka. A fall na Berlin Wall

A cikin wannan labarin, da Berlin Wall za a dauke. Tarihi na halitta da kuma lalata da hadaddun tsakanin super iko misalta abotar da kuma sigar embodiment na "sanyi yaki".

Za ka fahimci ba wai kawai cikin Sanadin wannan dodo da yawa kilomita, amma kuma samun su san ban sha'awa facts alaka da zama da kuma fall na "Anti-farkisanci tsaron gida bango."

Jamus bayan duniya na biyu

Kafin mu fahimci suka gina Berlin Wall, shi wajibi ne don magana game da yanayin da ake ciki a wancan lokaci a jihar.

Bayan da shan kashi a yakin duniya na II, Jamus da aka shagaltar da jihohi hudu. Its yammacin ɓangare sun shagaltar da Birtaniya sojojin, Amurka da kuma Faransa, da kuma biyar gabacin ƙasa sarrafawa da Tarayyar Soviet.

Next za mu yi magana game da yadda halin da ake ciki shi ne hankali mai tsanani a lokacin "Cold War." Har ila yau, tattauna me ya sa da ci gaban da kasashen biyu, tushen a yammacin da kuma gabashin bangarori na da tasiri, ya tafi sosai hanyoyi daban-daban.

gudun hijirar

Kamar yadda za mu gani kara, da tarihi na Berlin Wall nuna ba kawai wani wurin karo na gurguzu kungiyar da kuma kasashen turai, amma kuma a hankali a hankali rabuwa daga sassa na guda iko.

A watan Oktoba 1949, da Jamusanci Democratic Republic da aka kafa. Yana da aka kafa kusan rabin shekara bayan samuwar na FRG.

Gudun hijirar sun shagaltar da ƙasa na biyar ƙasashen da suke karkashin Soviet zama. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Brandenburg, Saxony, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.

Daga bisani, da tarihi na Berlin Wall zai nuna mashigar ruwa da cewa za a iya kafa tsakanin biyu takaddama sansani. Bisa ga memoirs na Sahaban, West Berlin ya daban-daban daga Gabas kamar yadda London a lokacin Tehran da kuma Seoul daga Pyongyang.

Jamus

A May 1949, tarayyar Jamus da aka kafa. Berlin bango shekara goma sha biyu raba shi daga da gabashin makwabcin. A halin yanzu, jihar da aka sauri mayar da taimakon da kasashen da sojojin da aka ajiye a kan karkararta.

Saboda haka, tsohon Faransa, Amurka da Birtaniya zama zones a cikin shekaru hudu bayan da na karshe na yakin duniya na biyu ya juya a cikin Jamus. Tun lokacin da sashe tsakanin sassa biyu na Jamus ya faru a Berlin, babban birnin kasar na sabuwar jihar zama Bonn.

Daga bisani, duk da haka, kasar da ake zama a batun shawarwari tsakanin gurguzu kungiyar da kuma jari hujja West. A shekarar 1952, Iosif Stalin samarwa da demilitarization na Jamus da kuma ta m zama a matsayin mai rauni, amma guda jihar.

Amurka ƙaryata aikin da tare da taimakon da Marshall Shirin jũya West Germany a cikin azumi-girma da iko. Domin shekaru goma sha biyar, tun 1950, a can ne mai iko albarku, wanda historiography kira "tattalin arziki mu'ujiza".
Amma abun cece kuce kara tsakanin tubalan.

Berlin rikicin a 1961

Bayan da ya faru na wani "narke" a cikin Cold War adawa fara sake. Wani dalili da aka harbe saukar a kan Tarayyar Soviet, an leken asirin Amurka, jirgin sama.

Bai yiba gaba da rikici, wanda ke haifar a cikin Berlin Wall. Shekara na yi wannan abin tunawa taurin kuma wawanci - 1961 th, amma a gaskiya ya wanzu na dogon lokaci, har ma idan ba a kayan jiki.

Saboda haka Stalin lokaci ya kai ga manyan-sikelin makamai tseren, wanda aka dan lokaci tsaya tare da juna sabuwar dabara na intercontinental ballistic makamai masu linzami.

Yanzu, a cikin taron da yaki, makaman nukiliya magabaci ya ba a cikin wani super iko.
Tun lokacin da Korean rikici, tashin hankali ya gina sake. Ganiya karfin juyi karfe Berlin da kuma Cuban harsashi crises. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na labarin, za mu kasance sha'awar na farko daya. Haka ya faru a cikin watan Agusta 1961, a sakamakon shi ya halittar Berlin Wall.

Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, kamar yadda muka ambata, Jamus da aka kasu kashi biyu jihohin - jari hujja da kuma gurguzu. A lokacin da musamman sha'awa, a 1961, Khrushchev wuce iko da shagaltar da kansu daga gudun hijirar a Berlin. Sashe na daga cikin guda gari, wanda take ta tarayyar Jamus, sun ziyarci Amurka kawancen da kawayenta.

Khrushchev ta ultimatum damu West Berlin. The shugaban kasar Rasha mutane wuya ta demilitarization. Yammacin abokan adawar na gurguzu kungiyar ce bambancin ra'ayi.

A halin da ake ciki ya kasance shekaru da dama a cikin igiyar ruwa. Khrushchev ya ziyarci kasar Amurka, ya zama kamar ma, ya zuwa karshen wannan halin da ake ciki. Duk da haka, abin da ya faru da ɗan leƙen asiri jirgin U-2 ya sa m giciye a kan yiwuwar sassauta da adawa.

A sakamakon haka shi da daya da rabi dubban ƙarin dakarun Amurka a yammacin Berlin da kuma gina garun, mikewa ta cikin birni da kuma ko bayan shi, a kan wani ɓangare na gudun hijirar.

A ranar shiri na "Anti-farkisanci tsaron gida bango" an dauke su Agusta 13, 1961.

The wall

Saboda haka, a kan iyakar da ke tsakanin jihohin biyu an gina Berlin Wall. Tarihi na halitta da kuma lalata abin tunawa taurin za a yi la'akari da kara.

A shekarar 1961, kwana biyu (daga Agusta 13 zuwa 15) aka miƙa barbed waya, ba zato ba tsammani sashe ne ba kawai kasar amma kuma cikin iyali da kuma al'adar kowa mutane. Wannan ya biyo ta wani dogon ginin da ya kare ne kawai a shekarar 1975.

Duk wannan shaft dade shekara ashirin da takwas. A karshe mataki (a 1989), da hadaddun hada da wani kankare bango game da uku da rabi mita tsawo da kuma fiye da dari kilomita. Bugu da kari, shi ya hada da wani mutum sittin da shida kilomita karfe raga, fiye da ɗari da ashirin kilomita sigina lantarki shinge da ɗaya da ɗari biyar kilomita na ramuka.

Har ila yau, da zane da aka sanye take da anti-tanki fortifications, iyaka gine-gine, ciki har da ɗari uku da hasumiya, kazalika da kula da tube, wanda aka kullum baje yashi.

Saboda haka, matsakaicin tsawon na Berlin Wall, bisa ga masana tarihi kimanta ya fiye da ɗaya da ɗari da hamsin da biyar kilomita.

Yana da aka kerata sau da yawa. A mafi m aikin da aka za'ayi a shekarar 1975. Abin lura shi ne cewa kawai sarari sun kasance a wuraren binciken ababen hawa da kuma a kan waɗansu kõguna. Su sau da yawa da farko yi amfani da mafi m da matsananciyar baƙi "a cikin 'yan jari hujja a duniya."

Su tsallaka iyaka

Da safe kafin idanu zata kome fararen hula gudun hijirar babban birnin Berlin Wall da aka bude. Tarihi na halitta da kuma lalata wannan hadaddun fili ya nuna hakikanin fuskar Zhanguo. Miliyoyin iyalai da aka raba dare.

Duk da haka, da shaft tsarin bai hana kara ƙaura daga ƙasar Gabas Jamus. Mutane yin su hanya ketaren kogi da aka haifar. A kan talakawan (kafin erection da shinge) kullum daga gudun hijirar da FRG koro domin dalilai daban-daban, game da rabin mutane miliyan. Kuma ga shekara ashirin da takwas tun da gina garun shi ne kawai nasara 5075 ba bisa doka ba crossings aka za'ayi.

A saboda wannan dalili waterways, saps (145 mita karkashin kasa), balloons kuma rataya gliders, kwantena a cikin nau'i na motoci da bulldozers, koma har ma da igiya tsakanin gine-gine.

An ban sha'awa alama ya na gaba. Mutane samu ilimi kyauta a cikin gurguzu wani ɓangare na Jamus, da kuma fara aiki a Jamus saboda akwai mafi girma Hakkin.

Saboda haka, tsawon na Berlin Wall ya yarda matasa don kiyaye hanya ta yashe yankunan da Tserewa. Domin fansho kamar yadda babu cikas a cikin mahada bai da wuraren binciken ababen hawa.

Wani yiwuwar samun zuwa yammacin ɓangare na birnin ne aiki tare a Jamus lauya Vogel. Daga shekarar 1964 zuwa shekarar 1989, ya sanya hannu a kwangila domin a total na 2.7 dala biliyan, saya daga gudun hijirar gwamnatin kwata na miliyan Gabas Jamusawa da fursunonin siyasa.

A bakin ciki gaskiya ne cewa mutane kokarin tserewa ba kawai ta kama, amma kuma harbe. Hukumance kidaya 125 wadanda ke fama, unofficially da lambar na karuwa ne muhimmanci.

Jawabin da Amurka shugabannin

hankali da ragewa da tsanani da motsin zuciyarmu bayan rikicin da kuma Caribbean kare mahaukaci makamai tseren. Tun wannan lokacin, wasu shugabannin Amurka fara yin yunkurin kiran Soviet jagoranci sasantawa da kuma zo a shiri na Sin.

Ta wannan hanyar, sun yi kokarin nuna wa waɗanda suka gina Berlin Wall, su erratic hali. A farko daga cikin wadannan jawabai ne jawabin da Dzhona Kennedi a watan Yuni shekarar 1963. The shugaban kasar Amurka ya yi magana a gaban babban-sikelin taron kusa da Rathaus Schöneberg.

Daga wannan magana har yanzu bar sanannen magana: "Ni - daya daga cikin Berliners." Dõmin karkatarwa translation, a yau American barkwanci sau da yawa fassara shi kamar yadda ya ce bisa ga kuskure, "I - Berliner." A gaskiya, kowane kalma daga jawabin da aka calibrated da kuma koya, da wargi dogara ne kawai a kan jahilci da tausasãwa na Jamus sauraro a wasu ƙasashe.

Kamar wancan Dzhon Kennedi bayyana goyon bayansa ga West Berlin yawan jama'a.
Biyu shugaba, ya bude wani theme shafi cikin Tir gadi zama Ronald Reagan. Kuma ya rumfa abokin gaba da aka Mikhail Gorbachev.

A Berlin Wall wani alãma daga haihuwa da kuma m rikici.
Reagan ayyana da babban sakatare na CPSU, cewa idan karshen yake neman walwalar na dangantakar da kuma wani farin ciki nan gaba domin gurguzu kasashen, yana da daraja don zo Berlin da kuma bude kofa. "Ku rushe garun, Mr. Gorbachev!"

Fall na bango

Jim kadan bayan da magana, a matsayin sakamakon da Maris na "perestroika da glasnost" na gurguzu kungiyar kasashen fara fada na Berlin Wall. Tarihi na halitta da kuma lalata wannan USAID ke dauke a cikin wannan labarin. A baya can, mu da aka tunãtar da ta yi da m sakamakon.

Yanzu za mu mayar da hankali a kan kawar da abin tunawa ga wawanci. Da zarar iko a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, Gorbachev zo, da Berlin Wall ya zama sanadin tuntuɓe. Tun da farko, a 1961, wannan birni ne dalilin da rikici a kan hanyar gurguzanci a kasashen yamma, amma yanzu da shaft hana karfafa aminci tsakanin zarar takaddama da rijiyoyin.

Na farko da kasar da cewa ya hallaka ta bangare na bango, ya zama Hungary. A watan Agusta 1989, a kusa da garin Sopron, a kan iyaka da jihar da kuma Austria, akwai wani "Pan-Turai Fikinik". A ministocin harkokin wajen kasashen biyu qaddamar da tsiyacewa na kufaifan.

A tsari ne riga yiwuwa a daina. Da farko, gwamnatin na Jamus Democratic Republic ta ki su goyi bayan wannan ra'ayin. Duk da haka, da zarar ta ƙasar Hungary a Jamus haye kwanaki uku da goma sha biyar dubu Gabas Jamusawa, yana ƙarfafa shi gaba daya superfluous.

Berlin Wall a kan taswira gudanar daga arewa zuwa kudu, tsallaka wannan birni. A cikin dare na tara a 10 ga watan Oktoba, 1989 a hukumance bude iyakar da ke tsakanin kasashen yammaci da kuma gabacin Jamus babban birnin kasar.

Wall a al'ada

Domin shekaru biyu, ya fara daga 2010, wani tunawa hadaddun "Berlin Wall" da aka gina. A kan taswira yana daukan game da hudu kadada. ashirin da takwas Euro miliyan aka kashe don ƙirƙirar wani tunawa.

A tunawa kunshi "Windows Memory" (a cikin girmamawa da Jamus, ya fado yayin da tsalle daga windows uwa titi Gabas Jamus Bernauer Straße, wanda shi ne riga a tarayyar Jamus). Bugu da kari, da hadaddun hada da Chapel na Sasanta.

Amma ba wai kawai cewa a cikin al'adun sanannen Berlin Wall. Photo misalta, mai yiwuwa ne mafi girma a tarihin rubutu a bango gallery karkashin bude sararin sama. Idan Gabas don ƙarfafa m ba zai yiwu ba, da yamma, duk ƙawãce fita sosai m zane titi artists.

Bugu da kari, taken "da mulkin kama karya na shaft" za a iya gano a cikin da yawa songs, wallafe-wallafen ayyukansu, fina-finan da kwamfuta wasanni. Alal misali, cikin yanayi na dare na tara a watan Oktoba 1989 an sadaukar da song "Wind na Change" kungiyar da kunamai, da fim "Good Bye, Lenin!" Volfganga Bekkera. Kuma daya daga cikin katunan a wasan kiran wajibi: Black ayyuka da aka halitta a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar abubuwan da suka faru a cikin zanga-zanga "Charlie."

facts

The darajar fall na Berlin Wall ba za a iya overemphasized. Wannan shãmaki a totalitarian gwamnatin da aka gani a fili maƙiya fararen hula, ko da yake tare da lokaci mafi murabus zuwa matsayi wannan tarihi.

Abin sha'awa, a cikin farkon shekaru na mafi m majalisar sun vostochnonemetskie sojoji mãsu tsarẽwa ga bango. Kuma akwai ba more kuma kasa - goma sha dubu sandarka.

Musamman kyau a cikin ashirin da biyar ranar ta tsiyacewa ya Berlin Wall. Photo nuna wani ra'ayi na haske daga sama. 'Yan'uwa biyu Bauder sanya ta tallafawa, wanda ya haifar da ci gaba da tsiri daga cikin haske fitilu na dukan tsawon na tsohon bango.

Kuna hukunta da zaben, fall na shaft sun gamsu kan gudun hijirar mazaunan fiye da Jamus. Ko da yake akwai wani babban kwarara a duka kwatance a cikin farkon shekaru. Gabas Jamusawa jefa Apartment, ya tafi zuwa ga wani aukaka da kuma harkar kare Jamus. Kuma enterprising mutane na tarayyar Jamus ya nema ya cheap gudun hijirar, musamman tun lokacin akwai yalwa da watsi da gidaje.

A lokacin da wanzuwar Berlin Wall a Gabas maki koda halin kaka shida sau kasa da a yamma.

A kowane akwatin tare da bidiyo game Duniya a Conflict (mai tara kaya ta Edition) sa wani yanki na bango da takardar shaida ingantuwa.

Saboda haka, a wannan labarin, muna matsahi na saba da buɗi na tattalin arziki, siyasa da kuma akida rabo na duniya a karo na biyu rabin karni na ashirin da.

Good luck zuwa gare ku, masoyi masu karatu!