Budget - shi ne ... Shiri kuma amincewa da kasafin kudin

Kowacce jiha na da kasafin kudin. A definition wannan lokaci ne saba wa mafi yawan Rasha jama'a. A wasu lokuta, shi ne ake kira "Cif Financial Law" ko "daftarin aiki" na jihar. Duk da haka, akwai kuma yankin da kuma na birni kasafin kudi. Su aiki yana da fasali. Mene ne tsarin da kasafin kudin tsarin? Ta yaya ne "main" kasafin kudi doka na jihar?

A definition

"Budget" - yana da a cikin harshen Turanci, "jakar". Wannan shi ne wani ajiye, wanda a yau ne mafi sau da yawa gane kamar kudi. Suna da wani jihar, wani na memba a jihar, gari, iyali, ko mutum. Akwai kasafin kudin na kungiyar, wanda zai iya ba su da wani dangantaka zuwa jihar. A lokaci a tambaya - duniya. Kowane iya yi da kansa kasafin kudin tsarin. Hakika, lokaci ne yawanci amfani da sauti harkokin jama'a. Ta yaya za shi sauti daidai definition?

A Rasha masana bayar da wadannan yanayi. Budget - ne kõma up da gwamnatin kasar, yankin ko birni jerin samun kudin shiga da kuma halin kaka dangane da wani takamaiman lokaci, wanda aka amince da daidai da kafa dokar. Lissafi na kudaden shiga da kuma kudi ana kullum lasafta - daidai da mafi kusantar labari.

A Rasha da tattalin arziki, da rawar da gwamnati ke da muhimmanci. Wasu masana sun ayyana shi a matsayin gubar. Kuma saboda canje-canje a cikin external yanayi shafi da kudaden shiga da za a iya gani a matsayin mummunan dalilai na Rasha kasa tattalin arziki da kuma ci gaban da albashi.

kasafin kudin da matakan a Rasha

A cikin Rasha yi akwai da dama matakan na shirye-shiryen da kuma kisa da kasafin kudin - tarayya, yankin da kuma gida. A unitary jihohin yankin matakin za a iya tsallake. Wadanda wanda su ne musamman karfi al'adar jumhuriya, misali, a Amurka - ko da birni kasafin kudi za a iya raba daban-daban Formats.

Akwai bambance-bambancen a cikin abin da Figures ga kowane daga cikin matakan da Rasha kasafin kudin ƙara sama. Kafa na kowa sa na kudi Manuniya. A wannan yanayin, a karfafa kasafin kudin kasar. Ana amfani idan kana so ka hango ko hasashen ko lissafi macroeconomic.

Kudaden shiga da kuma kashe kudi ba

Wanne kafofin tsiwirwirin jihar, yankin ko Municipality? Menene babban kafofin da kasafin kudin? Samun kudin shiga haraji sukan ranked kamar yadda, excises, aikinsu da kuma sauran zargin alaka da su. Ana aika cikin taskar babu makawa domin. Ko da yake a wasu lokuta da Doka ta tanadi wani irin cire, a cikin abin da sunadaran mun gwada kusa a form to baya biya daga cikin kasafin kudin, duk da haka ana amfani.

Kudi hada da tsabar kudi, wanda, daidai da matsayin kafa dokar, aka yi nufi ga kuɗaɗen da ayyuka yi ta jiha da kuma na birni hukumomi. Hulɗar tsakanin mutum abubuwa kafin su sami wadannan kudi kira kasafin kudin sistemoy.Raskhody kasafin kudin za a iya kasu biyu na asali sharudda. Da fari dai, shi ne su sashe na akidar. Kudi a cikin wannan hali suna harhada dangane da rarraba appropriations dangane da takamaiman masu karɓa. Abu na biyu, kamar yadda yake zai yiwu da kuma tattalin arziki rarrabuwa. A wannan yanayin, halin kaka suna harhada dangane da yanayi, reshe fuskantarwa.

Ayyuka da kuma kasafin kudin darajar

Mun kammala definition of "kasafin kudin" manufar bayani a kan abin da babban ayyuka shi aikin. Da fari dai, shi ne mai gaskiya redistribution kudi albarkatun cikin tsarin na kasa samun kudin shiga. Gaskiyar cewa yankuna daban-daban na kasar, a lokacin da ta je Rasha, da iri dabam-dabam da matakan ci gaban tattalin arziki. Daga inda kudaden shiga da karin taimako ke zuwa inda akwai bukatar for taimakon kudi. Abu na biyu, da kasafin kudin karfafa ci gaban kasa da tattalin arziki da karfafawa 'yan kasa, aiki a hukumomin gwamnati, da sayen ikon. Na uku, shi na samar da ci gaban da key harkar muhimmanci duniyoyin - ilimi, magani, sojojin.

Tsarin da kuma matakan da kasafin kudin

Bari mu ga yadda tsarin da jihar kasafin kudin. Mun kira shi ayyuka. Don gyara su aiwatar bukatar da m tsarin solves matsalar redistribution na kudi da kuma iko a kan m da amfani. Saboda haka, kasafin kudin - shine wata dabarar, yawanci Karkasa, da kuma bayar da wani matsayi na batutuwa, shi ne amfani.

Ta yaya ne rarraba dalĩli game da ci gaban jama'a a] e da? Babban rawa a nan nasa ne Tarayya baitul. Ta yaya ne hulda tsakanin cibiyar da kuma batun na Tarayya a magance sashe manufofin? Saboda aikinsa a fagen ilimi shi ne alhakin ma'aikatar wajen yin iko a kan tsarin da ƙananan daraja. Hakazalika - a wasu sassan - Ma'aikatar Lafiya, ma'aikatar harkokin. kasafin kudin tsarin a cikin bangare na rarraba kudi tsakanin tarayya cibiyar da yankuna a Rasha ne kama da shugabanci model. Akwai yankin Office of Tarayya baitul. Don su, kuma aka kallafa tare da rarraba da tsabar kudi da kuma kasafin kudin gudanar da kudi gudana.

A kasafin kudin na yankin, ta haka ake ci gaba a cikin shakka daga kai tsaye hulda tsakanin hukumomin batun da baitul Tarayya. A lokaci guda, da dokokin ma'anar da tashoshi ta hanyar abin da na yankin za su iya cika nasu kudi reserves. Budget na yankin da kuma sauran batutuwa na Tarayya za a iya supplemented da yankin haraji, kazalika da hannun jari samu daga wasu irin tarayya zargin.

Ɗan daban-daban shi ne yanayin, idan mun yi magana game da birni matakin. City kasafin kudin da management ne sun fi mayar da m daga jihar iyawa. Kudaden shiga ga ƙari na gargajiya da ake kira don dawo da nasu. Babban albarkatun don wannan manufa - sayar da dukiya mallakar da birni ko gundumar, kazalika da biya sabis na hanyar gida hukumomin gwamnati. A wasu lokuta, da matakin na gida kasafin kudin samu wani ƙarin appropriation daga jihar. Har ila yau, na birni taskar da aka bayansa da ta levied daidai da haraji dokokin - kai tsaye, ko kamar yadda aka shimfiɗa ta dokoki na tarayya Tax Service of Tsarin maganganu. Zai yiwu ƙari birnin kasafin kudin a kudi na wasu iri jihar kudade cajin da bankuna da cewa suna aiki a kan ƙasa na da Municipality.

Kasafin kudi municipalities, kamar su tarayya analog iya karfafa format. Wancan ne, shi ne mai sa na samu da kuma asarar da, nuna raba yarjejeniya. Kasafin kudi wanda, bi da bi, na iya samar located a yankin ƙasarsu daga ƙauyuka. A ci gaba da wadannan gida kudi takardun za a gudanar a kan matakin kai gwamnati jikinsu.

The aiki na gargajiya - don samar da zama dole balance gida kasafin kudi, tare da yarda da dokokin kafa ta tarayya dokokin. Wannan ya hada da manufofin magance wani wanda bai isa kisa na kudi da tsare-tsaren da kuma bashi.

Babban yankin na hulda tsakanin municipalities da jama'a jikuna a yankin na kasafin kudi siyasa - na farko da rahoto a game da karshen. Da oda, wanda aka ƙaddara da dacewa da dokokin, municipalities aika zuwa yankin ikon tsarin rahoton kan yadda da gida kasafin kudin da aka kashe.

Gaira da ragi

A kasafin kudin na iya zama wanda bai isa ba, ragi da kuma daidaita. A cikin farko case, kudaden shiga don daidai wannan lokacin - m halin kaka. A karo na biyu idan - a kan m. A cikin uku daidaici an kiyaye (a ƙaramar tolerances). Daga cikin tattalin arziki, da yawa masana yi imani da kasawa na kullum (bayar da shi ne ba sosai babban). The shirya kasafin kudin ga tsoho a lokuta da dama kõma haka. Matsayin mai mulkin, da aka gudanar, m tattalin arzikin shi ne ko da yaushe wani abu ya cika. Me?

Da fari dai, shi ne saki iri-iri na Securities (yawanci gwamnatin shaidu). A zuba jari sayayya su, a musayar wasu irin takalifi (wannan ne yawanci biyan ban sha'awa, bayan dan lokaci), jihar - ta amfani da Saide rama kasafin kudin gaira. A Rasha, irin shaidu ma.

Abu na biyu, zai iya zama kasafin kudin rance. Wannan arziki, wanda za a iya samu daga yankin da kuma na birni kudi reserves.

Uku, da kasafin kudin zai iya taimaka Babban Bankin ta samar da kudi da ya kamata.

A bisa shirye-shirye sa up da kasawa ne ciki. Amma akwai kuma waje albarkatu. Wadannan sun hada da:

- sayar da shaidu a kasuwar kasa da kasa;

- jawo hankalin rance daga kasashen waje masu zaman kansu abokai.

- rance daga kasashen waje.

Sau da yawa ciki da waje sunadaran ana amfani lokaci guda. Kwararru da yawa imani da cewa mafi girma da amincewa a jihar ta tattalin arzikin a kasa da duniya da bashi, da ƙasa da tsoro na iya zama gwamnati game da kasafin kudin gaira. Saboda haka, manazarta yi imani da akwai kadan ma'ana mamaki cewa a da yawa suka ci gaba kasashe, ciki har da Amurka, bisa ga gwamnatin bashi wajibai daidai to 100% na GDP ko fi. Saboda haka masu ba da bashi ake isasshe amince da zaman lafiyar na tattalin arziki na kasar da suke suna sayen hannuwan jari. Ko da yake, akwai wani m ra'ayi. A ta biya zuwa kasafin kudin ta yi aron illa ma sha Allahu don samar iya ba. Jima ko daga baya jihar za ta kawo karshen albarkatun zuwa sabis waje basusuka.

Ta yaya ne Rasha kasafin kudin

Ka yi la'akari da abin da yake da kasafin kudin, da definition na lokaci, bincika yadda aka samu. A cikin misali na sunadaran aiki a Rasha. Da farko, da yadda budgeting faruwa.

A hanya a tambaya, ya shafi kayyade zama dole adadin kudi da suke da zama dole ga jihar, don gudanar da aikin na gawawwakin alhakin warware wasu matsaloli. The daftarin kasafin kudin da aka tasowa ma'aikatar kudi na Rasha. Matsayin mai mulkin, da aikin a kan kasafin kudin na musamman shekara fara riga a watan Janairu na karshe.

A mataki na farko, ma'aikatar kudi simulates daban-daban hanyar al'amura a cikin abin da tattalin arzikin zai iya ci gaba. Idan suna amince da gwamnatin, hukumar fara fadada kafofin samun kudin shiga da kuma kashe kudi alamu. Yana da muhimmanci a yi da lokaci ya yi da shi har sai 15 ga watan Yuli. Bayan - da daftarin kasafin kudin sake aika zuwa ga gwamnatin ga shawara. Ya na da wata fitar da yin shawarwari don kyautata na daftarin aiki. Bayan - kasafin kudin da ke zuwa jihar Duma. Wannan tsari faruwa a dama, saukarwa.

Na farko, da daftarin kasafin kudin na Jihar Duma wakilai, suna karatu da kansu. Wannan ma hannu masana da hannu a cikin Budget kwamitin. Wadannan, da daftarin aiki da aka aiko zuwa ga sauran tsarin Duma, Shugaba da kuma Counting bẽne, sabõda haka, Tsayawa akan matsayin da aka bai wa. Bayan wucewa duk wadannan matakai fara amincewa da kasafin kudin.

Kan aiwatar da kasafin kudin yabo

Wannan tsari, kazalika da shiri na babban kudi daftarin aiki na jihar, farko a jihar Duma. All dole tafi, ta hanyar hudu karatu.

A farko Jihar Duma su tattauna da ra'ayi na kasafin kudin, shi ne idan aka kwatanta da hasashen da na ci gaban kasa da tattalin arziki, kazalika da zuwa manyan al'amurra na haraji da manufofin. Ne nazari na asali halaye na daftarin aiki - kafofin samun kudin shiga, kudi, ko ba a cikin tsare-tsaren na gibi a kasafi.

A karo na biyu karatu amince da abubuwa na kashe kudi bisa ga kafa rarrabuwa makirci. An ƙaddara da darajar da Asusun ta goyon baya ga Rasha Federation. A lokacin a cikin wanda Jihar Duma kamata da lokacin da za a yi la'akari da kasafin kudin a karatu na biyu, tun lokacin yin farko - 15 days.

The uku karatu gano takamaiman labarin a kan kudi da kuma tsayayyen sassan da alhakin daidai yin amfani da kudi. A lokaci, wanda wajibi ne a hadu a jihar Duma na tallafi na daftarin aiki a karatu na biyu - 25 days.

Fourth karatu ya hada da la'akari da yiwu gyara ga kasafin kudin. Yana kuma ta binciko zaɓuɓɓuka saboda rarraba kudaden shiga da kuma halin kaka a kan wani kwata-akai.

Ya halartar duk matakai na tattaunawa a jihar Duma da daftarin kasafin kudin da aka aiko zuwa babba gidan na Rasha majalisar - Tarayya Council. Idan sanatocin yarda da daftarin aiki, shi ne ya aiko domin sa hannu ga shugaban kasar. Bayan - samu matsayi na dokar tarayya. An fara shekara ta gaba, da tattalinsu azurta cikinta an fara da za a aiwatar.

Aiwatar da kasafin kudin

Budget - shi ne dokar ya zama daidai kisa. Alhakin da ya sashi - Tarayya baitul, da lissafi ga gwamnatin. Wasu masana na nuna cewa a lokacin da kisan da kasafin kudin tsarin da zartarwa ba zai iya yin wani gyara ga daftarin aiki. Su ya kamata suna da matsayi na dokokin na tarayya, cewa an ma dauka tare da sa hannu na Jihar Duma, da Federation Council da kuma shugaban kasar. Budget - shi ne wani daftarin aiki, wanda shine tsoho aiwatar kwakwalwa a asalin siffan. Idan akwai bukatar a sake duba abubuwa na kashe kudi da babban kudi daftarin aiki na jihar (as mai mulkin, a irin haka muna magana ne game da rage su), da hanya na sequestration aka gane. A Rasha, ta babban alama ne da cewa, idan hukumomin za su dauki dace yanke shawara, da halin kaka a cikin kasafin kudin suna rage a kan duk kirga - a kowane wata tun tallafi na doka a kan sequestration har ƙarshen shekara.

Control yadda kasafin kudin da aka kashe a lokaci guda, biyu rassan gwamnati. Idan wannan shi ne wakilin Tsarin - shi ne mai tambaya na majalisar iko. Idan wannan hukuma, da lissafi ga gwamnatin - da m administrative dubawa ake magana a kai.

Aiki na majalisar kula da ake sanya wa majalisar na Lissafi. Hukumar na da ikon da za su gudanar dubawa - a cikin ma'aikatun, a cikin wa gininsu, kazalika da kamfanonin, wanda zai iya zama a wasu hanya da hannu a aiwatar da kasafin kudin. A duba bẽne, aka zamar masa dole ya yi biyayya kwata rahotanni da majalisu tsarin a kan yadda za a yi tasbĩhi game da babban jama'a kudi dokar. Har ila yau, majalisar jiki na samar da ra'ayin a kan rahotanni da generated da gwamnatin, wanda kuma ya shafi kasafin kudin kisa ci gaba.

Yadda za a yi irin wannan hanyoyin a yankin da kuma na birni matakan? A general, da hanyoyin ne kamar irin waɗanda za'ayi da tarayya ikon Tsarin batun yarda da RF Budget Code.

A mafi girma bambance-bambance za a iya lura a cikin hanyoyin da za'ayi a cikin birni matakin. Alal misali, a cikin wasu birane da kuma yankuna na Rasha da rawar da magajin gari - jagoranci, a wasu hanyoyi kama da matsayi na shugaban kasar na correlative tare da sauran hukumomi. Amma akwai garuruwa inda post na shugaban gwamnati - m maras muhimmanci. Akwai mafi girma irin rawa da na gida majalisar dokokin kasar.

A peculiarity na yabo da kuma nazari na birni kasafin kudi a gaskiyar cewa duk hujjojin bisa wannan tsari ya kamata a ƙa'ida buga. Wannan ya shafi dukan matakai na aikin da mulki a yankin. An fara daga yanke shawara cewa ta amince da kasafin kudin da kuma kawo karshen tare da wani rahoto a kan kisan da babban kudi daftarin aiki na da Municipality. Har ila yau, ga bayanai da za a sanya jama'a, sun hada da kwata yanayin bayani a kan yadda kasafin kudin da aka kashe.

Tallafin, subvention ko tallafin?

Hukunci da abin da yake da rawar da kasafin kudin da nazarin yanayin wannan sabon abu, shi zai zama da amfani a karanta wasu daga cikin sharuddan dacewa da babban kudi daftarin aiki na jihar. A Rasha kafofin watsa labarai masana, wasu daga cikinsu suna amfani da kai a kai.

Yana da amfani san abin da ya baka. By wannan lokaci da aka fahimta a Rasha kudi bayar da kasafin kudin na daya matakin zuwa wani. Tallafin da ake bukata a lokuta inda abu na samu ji da bukatar rufe da ainihin halin kaka. Wannan gwargwado aka bayar kasafin kudin tallafi for free.

Kalmar "tallafin" ne sau da yawa amfani da mahallin da "subventions". Wani lokaci ko da wadannan biyu Concepts an gano. Amma wannan ba gaskiya ba ne. A karkashin subventions a Rasha an fahimci matsayin hanyar zuwa cikin kasafin kudin na daya matakin zuwa wani kuma canja wurin kyauta, duk da haka, ga wasu takamaiman dalilai.

Dukansu sharuddan, aka ambata a sama, shi ne kusa da "tallafin". Amma bambance-bambance tsakanin shi, subventions da kuma tallafin da suke m. The abu da samun kudi na iya zama ba kawai wani daban-daban matakin da kasafin kudin, amma kuma na halitta mutane, ko kungiyar. A key rarrabẽwa a cikin wannan harka - asalin babban birnin jihar. Matsayin mai mulkin, da Grant - shi ne mai m reimbursement. An gane cewa da kudade da makaman ne ma wasu kafofin samun kudin shiga.

Akwai wani ban sha'awa sabon abu - kasafin kudin rance. Wannan arziki na jihar da taimakon kudi, bi da bi, a kan wani cikakken reimbursable akai.