Da nisa daga Railway ma'auni a Rasha da kuma sauran kasashe

Rail sufuri - daya daga cikin manyan iri sufuri na daukar fasinjoji da kaya. 'Yan mutane tunani da lura da nisa, a zaune a cikin jirgin kasa. Ko m mutane suka san abin da wadannan sigogi ake shibtarsu. Domin daban-daban dalilai, da layin dogo hanya hanya yana da muhimmanci bambance-bambance a wasu kasashe.

A kadan tarihi

Almarar kimiyya marubuci daga Ingila Gerbert Dzhordzh Uells ce da hanya ya kamata a sized dangane da nisa tsakanin ƙafafun na talakawa doki kuraye. Bayani za a iya samu a cikin aikinsa "tanadi".

Development of dogo kai ne a tsakiyar karni na 19th. Sai giant kamfanoni a wannan fannin kamar yadda zai yiwu kara da tasiri a cikin kasuwanci da'irori. Hakika, a lokaci guda rubuta gagarumin ci gaba a cikin masana'antar.

A farko locomotives aka gane a matsayin madadin su horsepower. Su sigogi ne Mafi m tare da girman da crews. Wannan shi ne abin da shibtarsu da girman da farko dogo da kuma lura da nisa (1,435 mm).

Ba duk na farko hanya da aka aza a kan tushen da kullum yarda norms. Ga misali, da nisa daga Railway waƙoƙi a kan hanya Dublin Drogheda (Ireland) ya 1600 mm.

A gwagwarmayar da ma'auni size

Izambart m Brunel, wanda ya rayu a cikin shekaru 1806-1859, ya ko da yaushe bayar da shawarar da tsawo na da waƙa. A 1835 an kammala gina Great Western Road. A nesa tsakanin reluwe ya 2135 mm.

Bambancin ra'ayi a kan batun a matsayin abin da yake da nisa daga Railway ma'auni za a dauka a matsayin misali, shi ci gaba har 1845. A lokacin shawarwari da muka kasance a hankali karatu wasan kwaikwayon na daban-daban na hanyoyi. Domin yin kadai daidai yanke shawara a Ingila halitta na musamman majalisar hukumar, wanda ya kafa wani uniform size na Railway hanya. Saboda haka, a cikin 1845 akwai wata dokar on gina hanyar jirgin kasa da waƙa ma'auni na 1.435 mm. Amma akwai hanyoyi da ba su yi daidai da wannan bayanai, muna da za a kerata. Warware fuskanci wani lafiya na £ 10 ga kowane mile ta 1 ranar da wanzuwar doka hanyoyi.

Yanayi na musamman domin Ireland

Great Western Road aka tilasta gina wani, wani na uku dogo. Domin Ireland, gwamnatin Birtaniya sanya wani togiya (hanya nisa nan kuma sai yanzu 1600 mm). A cikin kasar a cikin 40s na karni na 19th nasarar zamani ma'auni na shida nagartacce. Don matsalar da aka warware fairly, gwamnati ta gano guda misali, yin lissafi da talakawan.

Iron hanya USA

A Amurka, jihohi sun nemi su ware kansu zuwa yakin basasa. Hakika, wannan ya kamata a nuna a kai. A farko hanya ne sosai bambance bambancen nesa tsakanin reluwe. A New York City dokar shi an tabbatar da cewa haramta sauran rassan haɗa ta hanyoyi (ma'auni su kasance 1524 mm).

Daga 1865 zuwa 1886 akwai wata kungiya daga American karauka. States fara neman hanyoyin mu'amala, misali Turanci ne mafi zama da kuma karin magoya baya.

Kawai a Fabrairu 1886 soma da "Yarjejeniyar", wanda yake kunshe da gabatarwar guda waƙa a Amurka. 21.000 km tsawon hanya aka pereshito a kawai kwana biyu. A shirye-shiryen da ya dauki 79 days. Da nisa daga cikin United States Railway hanya an rage zuwa 1.435 mm. A wannan size a Railways a Canada.

Turai Railways

Turanci ma'auni (1435 mm) da aka mika wa kasashen Turai. Shar'ance wannan size da aka soma a kasashe daban-daban a daban-daban sau: a Bavaria a 1836, Prussia a 1837, da dukan Jamus TC - 1850.

Tun da ma'auni Railway a Turai, soma a Ingila, dauka a matsayin tushen da kuma shi ne ya fi kowa.

Duk da haka, asalin wadannan sigogi ya kamata a nemi a zamanin d Roma. A waɗannan kwanaki, domin ya hana m lalacewar karusai, an yanke shawarar kirkiro wagon da wannan nesa tsakanin ƙafafun (da shi ne daidai to 1.435 mm).

m ma'auni

Baya daga Ireland, da fadi da hanya (1600 mm) ana amfani da kasashe irin su Australia (partially tun 1854) da kuma Brazil. A fadi (1676 mm) da aka gabatar a Spain a 1848, a Portugal - a 1854, a Argentina - a 1857-m, kuma ko da daga baya - a India, Chile, Ceylon.

A duk wadannan kasashe soma sa'an nan ma'auni har yanzu ya kasance rinjaye.

Abin da ke a cikin Rasha

ma'auni Railway a Rasha ya fiye da Turanci. Daga cikin Figures a 1829 mm hõre ta a hanya da Tsarskoye Selo, kasar ta koma kan size of 1524 mm. Yana da aka halayyar da karauka Moscow - St. Petersburg. A nan gaba wannan zaɓi kuma ya zama na kullum. A fili, da Rasha injiniyoyi sun aro da adadi a Amurka. A lokacin da American shawara da aka tsunduma cikin charting sabon hanyoyi.

Nisa 1524 mm an tabbatar da tattalin arziki lissafin. Idan ka ƙirƙiri waƙa gwamnati ta haifa da kudin ne kasa da m. Zai yiwu shi ne ma wani dabarun yanke shawara. Kamar yadda kasashe makwabta ba za su iya mamaye da kasar ta hanyar dogo kai hanyoyi.

A marigayi 60-ies waƙa da aka rage zuwa 1520 mm. Wannan ya yi domin saukaka wa lissãfi. Don kwanan wata, kai hanyoyi da waƙoƙi 1520 da kuma 1524 mm ne na biyu a duniya cikin sharuddan tsawon hanyoyi (total tsawon).

Da nisa daga Railway ma'auni a Rasha da kuma Turai da aka dauka a matsayin misali a daban-daban sau. Ga abin da dalilai da yankuna ba su zo da wani na kowa adadi, ba su sani ba bisa ga yaƙĩni.

Rasha subways

Da nisa daga Railway ma'auni a Rasha a duk metros ne guda kamar yadda a mafi yawan kasar railroads. Wannan kuma ya shafi duk da CIS kasashe. Rasha tram Lines ne kama da nisa tsakanin reluwe - 1520 mm. Akwai wasu biranen da suke daban-daban a wannan fagen. A Rostov-on-Don, misali, Turai aza hanya. Its nisa ne 1435 mm. A wasu Rasha abokai da kuma garuruwa na CIS domin motsi na trams amfani da kunkuntar hanya nisa na 1000 mm. Shi ne birane kamar Kaliningrad (Rasha), Pyatigorsk (Rasha), Lviv (Ukraine), Zhitomir (Ukraine), Vinnitsa (Ukraine) da sauransu.

Kasashen da Rasha ma'auni

Track nisa da Manuniya na 1520 da kuma 1524 mm auku more a wasu jihohi. Wannan shi ne yafi tsohon Tarayyar Soviet da kuma makwabta Finland, Mongolia, Afghanistan. Hakika, wannan ba ya nufin cewa sauran hanya a can ba su shafi.

Akwai wasu zaɓuɓɓuka lokacin da dama Railway canvases amfani, da nisa daga wanda yake daban-daban daga cikin yarda da misali. Alal misali, a Bulgaria ne karamin sashe na hanya a Varna a kan jirgin fito. A Jamus - a tashar jiragen ruwa na Sassnitz. Da nisa daga Railway ma'auni a kasar Sin a kan iyaka crossings tare da Rasha da kuma shi ne daidai size. Korea ta Arewa a shekarar 2011, a mayar da ƙasar a bakin kan iyaka Hasan - Tumen. Romania yana da wani layin cewa haɗu da Metallurgical Shuka da kuma Moldova. Har ila yau, wadannan gajerun hanyoyi suna samuwa a Slovakia, Sweden, Iran.

Duk da cewa da ma'auni Railway a Turai ne daban-daban daga mu sigogi, yankunan da Rasha ma'auni kubutar da kudi ga m sufuri na kaya daga masana'antu, da shuke-shuke da kuma manyan barga zirga-zirgar fasinja.

A amfani da kunkuntar ma'auni

Lokacin da kawai fara sa da reluwe a Ingila ta bayyana a cikin hanya tare da waƙa na 590 mm. Sa'an nan a jirgin hanya stele a Faransa, Belgium da kuma Scandinavia. A Rasha, kuma kunkuntar-ma'auni Railway (a 1871) da aka gabatar.

A wasu ƙasashe, irin hanyoyi har yanzu amfani. Alal misali, a cikin Cape Colony su tsawon shi ne don haka manyan (112,000 kilomita), sun kasance canzawa. A hanya ne ake kira - "Cape ma'auni", ta nisa - 1067mm.

A kasashe na Afirka ta Kudu da kuma Jamhuriyar Afirka, da Philippines, New Zealand, sassan Japan da kuma Australia ma da irin wannan kunkuntar w / w hanya. Da nisa daga cikin jirgin hanya a kan Sakhalin ma yana da girman 1.067 mm. Tun 2004 JSC "Rasha layukan dogo" reconstructs kara zirga-zirga kundin.

A Japan, domin high gudun horar da gini line zuwa nesa tsakanin reluwe 1435 mm.

Da nisa daga Railway ma'auni a Rasha kan iyaka da Poland da kuma Kaliningrad da wannan. Yanzu ta Kudu Station na gari don gabatar da dama daga wadannan tafarkin.

A Tarayyar Soviet, an yi amfani da matsayin hanya 750 mm a fadin. Wadannan hanyoyi su ne na biyu mafi mashahuri da kuma amfani da har 1980. A halin yanzu, sun canza ko dai a karkashin wani na kowa misali, ko kuma kawai rufe.

A wasu kasashen Turai amfani da 1000 mm hanya.

disadvantages na kunkuntar-ma'auni Railway

Kunci ma'auni aka yaushe zaba domin dalilai na tattalin arziki. kawai haske qagaggun kasance free to matsawa kusa da shi. Ya taimaka rage kudin da gina r / w zane-zane. Lissafi ya nuna cewa hanya zuwa Festinoge zai kudin sau uku a matsayin yawa idan shi da al'ada.

Abin takaici, wannan nisa ba zai isa ba don gamsar da duk bukatu. A cikin marigayi 19th karni, kasar ta fara rayayye matsawa zuwa fi girma masu girma dabam.

Duk da amincewa daga cikin magoya bayan kunkuntar ma'auni Railway da kuma son tabbatar da yiwuwa kuma practicality daga wadannan canvases, wadannan ra'ayoyi ba su yarda da rinjaye. Kuma 1435 mm-hanyar yada tare da babban gudun a kan hanyoyi daban-daban dabi'u.

Yanzu kunkuntar ma'auni amfani ga masana'antu sufuri a manyan masana'antu da kuma Mills, domin yawon shakatawa hanyoyi, a mahakar, a kan wasu Lines a cikin kasar domin kai fasinjoji.

Wasu statistics da kuma curiosities

Road da waƙa na 1.435 mm sun fi na kowa. Su gwargwado ne 75% na w / d fili. Fadi kewayon tsakanin 11% kuma NGR - 14%.

A tsawon w / e hanyoyi a duniya - miliyan 1.2 km. Mafi hanyoyi da aka aza a Amurka (kusan 240 kilomita dubu). A na biyu wuri Canada (90,000 km). Na uku wuri nasa ne Rasha (86,000 km).

A narrowest hanya nisa (0 mm) alfahari kashi w / w hanya a cikin Jamus inda daya dogo amfani. Wannan hanya sawa gwaji.

A widest hanya dogo hanya (3000 mm) ya gayyato Gaba Staff na Hitler ya dauki fitar da shagaltar da Ukraine da kuma sauran kasashen Turai raw kayan. Nasara a kan Nazis sanya wannan shirin ba zai yiwu ba. The uku-mita nisa na Railway ma'auni a Ukraine ya zauna kawai a kan takarda.

Mafi na kowa ma'auni

Track Nisa (mm)	Length (km)	hanya sunan	Kasashen inda aka yi amfani da
1676	42300	India	India, Chile, Pakistan, Argentina
1668	14300	Yaren Kasar	Spain da kuma Portugal
1600	9800	Irish	Ireland, Brazil da kuma Australia (m)
1524	7000	Rasha	Estonia da Finland
1520	220000	Rasha	a cikin CIS kasashe, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Mongolia (partially)
1435	720000	Turai	Turai, Canada, Amurka, China, da Australia, Korea, Arewacin Afrika, yankin gabas ta tsakiya, Kyuba, Panama, Mexico, Venezuela, Peru, da Uruguay
1067	112000	Cape	Afirka ta Kudu, Afrika ta tsakiya, Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan, New Zealand, Australia, Sakhalin (Rasha)
1000	95000	mita	Asia (kudu maso gabas), Indiya, Bolivia, Brazil, Uganda, Chile, Kenya

Matsalolin da yin amfani da daban-daban hanya widths

A amfani da yadudduka da daban-daban gauges a kasashe daban-daban Halicci iri-iri na inconveniences da harkokin sufuri na kaya da kuma fasinjoji. A wuri na "taron" wadannan hanyoyi da za a transplanted mutane (motsi dukiya). Har ila yau, amfani bogie musayar fasahar zuwa wasu manyan motoci.

Da nisa daga Railway ma'auni a Rasha da Turai ne halin da 85 mm. Saboda haka, duk iyakar crossings hade tare da ƙarin matsaloli. A mafi used matsayin - ne Turai da kuma Rasha ma'auni.

The most yawan haɗa da maki (15 guda) sun mayar da hankali a kan iyakar yankunan da Ukraine. Yana runduna a Poland, Slovakia, Hungary da kuma Romania. Da nisa daga Railway ma'auni a Rasha da kuma Ukraine guda. Duk da haka, duk da motoci da sake shirya. Wannan aiki daukan akalla sa'o'i biyu don fasinja kai. Sufurin kaya jirgin kasa na iya zama makonni a cikin jerin gwano zuwa yi permutation.

Wani fasahar ne atomatik ma'auni canji da aka ɓullo da a 1968. Wannan ya auku a low gudun ba da taimakon Railways ma'aikata.

Hakika, idan aka duba duk wadannan abubuwan, da yawa mutane fi son aika da dukiyõyinsu, a teku. Baltic tashoshin jiragen ruwa suna da cikakken ɗora Kwatancen. Wakilai na Turai Railway kamfanoni da gudanar da Rasha layukan dogo aka kullum tattauna yiwuwar inganta sadarwa hanyoyi a cikin atomatik yanayin.