Kimiyya Tarihin ga asali, samuwar, da na raya

Statistics, da tarihi na wanda za a yi la'akari da mu a yau - shi ne mai kimiyya, wanda yana da dogon tarihi. Yana yana da saiwoyinsa a tsufa. Ilimin kididdiga yi ya bayyana saboda da samuwar jihar. Domin ga shi ya tashi, ya wajaba a yi bayani a kan ƙasar, da yawan mutanen da suke rayuwa a cikin su, game da kudi matsayi, kazalika da sauran abubuwa. Kuma shi ya da tarin da kuma bincike na statistics hannu. A tarihin fitowan da kuma ci gaban ta gabatar a cikin labarin ya shafi duka duniya da kuma na cikin gida kimiyya. Bari mu fara da waje, sa'an nan kuma motsa a kan zuwa Rasha statistics bayanin.

A Brief History of the Development of Statistics

Kamar 'yan shekara dubu da suka wuce, records na ƙasar da kuma yawan jama'a, kazalika da dama data game da shi da aka gudanar a zamanin d Misira, Roma da kuma China. Daga zamanin da ya fara tattara bayanai da suka shafi wannan filin na ilmi, kamar yadda statistics. A tarihin ta ci gaba, kamar haka yalwa Millennium. A wani lokaci daga baya, da data fara da za a sarrafa da kuma bincikar, kuma ba kawai saduwa, cewa shi ne, akwai fitowan da statistics a matsayin kimiyya.

A makaranta na siyasa ilmin lissafi, da kuma biyu kwatance na statistics a aikinsu

siyasa ilmin lissafi a Ingila School wakilta irin wadanda suka kafa a matsayin D. Graunt (shekaru na rayuwa - 1620-1674), E. Halley, wanda ya rayu daga 1656 zuwa 1742, W. tausayin (1623-1687). Biyu trends za a iya gano a cikin ayyukan da wadannan malamai. Na farkon su - alƙaluma (Halley da Graunt) da ciwon nuna bambanci zuwa ga al'amurran da suka shafi inshora. Na biyu shugabanci - ilimin kididdiga da tattalin arziki, wanda aka wakilta W. tausayin. D. Graunt shi ne na farko don gane dokokin da zama a cikin taro mamaki na al'umma. Ya nuna yadda za a bincika da kuma aiwatar da primary abu. Graunt sanya farko ƙoƙari ƙirƙirar tebur na mace-mace.

Turanci falakin E. Halley (ya hoto da aka gabatar a sama) da shawarar cewa dokar na manyan lambobi. Ya kuma yi amfani da hanyoyin da kawar sabawa (bazuwar). B. tausayin - wani masanin kimiyya ne da ya za'ayi da dama da muhimmanci kimiyya ayyukan da suka alama da tarihi na ilimin kididdiga ci gaba. A cikin wadannan ayyuka, ya nẽmi kimanta musamman wannan ko cewa sabon abu, ko da idan akwai wani rashin lamba data.

Masana kimiyya aiki a fagen siyasa ilmin lissafi, yi kokarin faye hali numerically jihar na al'umma kuma ta ci gaba, fahimta da alamu na daban-daban mamaki a cikinsa, wanda ya bayyana a cikin taro abu. Goals da kuma manufofin da suke bi, kusa da na yanzu fahimtar kimiyya kamar statistics. A tarihin ta kara ci gaba da halin da sabon aukuwa. Mu ci gaba da su jarrabawa.

Ilimin kididdiga da kuma ilmin lissafi shugabanci

A farkon rabin karni na 19th, wani na uku shugabanci - ilimin kididdiga da kuma ilmin lissafi. Scientist A. Quetelet (shekaru na rayuwa - 1796-1874, da hoto gabatar a sama) ya yi wata musamman taimako zuwa ga ci gaba. Statistics ya kira zaman kimiyyar lissafi, watau, da kimiyya da karatu da dokoki na al'umma tare da yin amfani da gwada yawa hanyoyin. Ketle substantiate da ra'ayin da ake ji alamu samu daga cikin taro lokuta, kamar yadda wani muhimmin kayan aiki tare da wanda wanda zai iya sanin wani haƙiƙa gaskiya.

Kara ci gaba da na West Stats

Statistics Tarihi kasashen waje a cikin karni na 19th an supplemented da sabon sunayen da nasarori. F. Galton (shekaru na rayuwa - 1822-1911) da kuma K. Pirsons, wanda ya rayu daga 1857 zuwa 1936 - Birtaniya masana kimiyya suka yi wani gagarumin taimako ga kara raya wannan filin na ilimi. A farko daga gare su tsanani jawabi matsalar na gadar hali. Galton (ya hoto ne da aka sama) da aka zarar amfani da su ta hanyoyin da bincike statistics, wanda ya ba da sakamako mai kyau.

R. Fisher (shekaru na rayuwa - 1890-1962) ne mafi kyau a san yammacin malamai a yankin na sha'awa a cikin karni na 20th. Ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 50. Da yawa karatu Fisher gagarumin tasiri a kan kara raya wannan filin na ilmi, kamar yadda statistics.

History of Ancient Rus Statistics

Amma ga kasar mu, a Rasha, ko da a cikin 10-12 ƙarni, bayanai da aka tattara game haraji. A lokacin da sake fasalin na Bitrus I aka shafa kusan dukan fannoni na al'umma. Wannan bukata da wani sa na m ilimin kididdiga bayanai game da rajistar masana'antu da kuma shuke-shuke, hatsi farashin, yawan birane da yawan jama'a, da girma na kasashen waje cinikayya da sauransu.

siffatawa makaranta

A kasar mu, a siffatawa Trend ne tasowa cikin sauri, da kuma a kan tushen da wannan kafa tarihi na statistics a Rasha. The most wakilan siffatawa makaranta - irin kimiyya a matsayin MV Lomonosov (shekaru na rayuwa - 1711-1765), IK Kirillov (1689-1737), K. F. Jamusanci (1767-1838), kazalika da VN . Tatischev (ya hoto ne da aka ba a sama), wanda ya rayu a zamani daga 1686 zuwa 1750.

Aiki Kirillov - daya daga cikin na farko a cikin kasar da kuma tattalin arziki Gwargwadon kwatancin bayar systemically. A m tarihi na ci gaban statistics alaka da sunan masanin kimiyya a matsayin Tatishchev, wanda ya yi babban taimako ga wannan filin na ilimi. Ya ɓullo da wani cikakken shirin cewa ba ka damar samun bayanai da cewa ya zama dole ga tari na jihar labarin kasa tare da cikakken bayanin irin yadda tattalin arzikin kasar.

Taimako University a Statistics

A tarihin ci gaban statistics a cikin kasar da aka fi mayar da dangantaka da sunan wani babban masanin kimiyya Mihaila Vasilevicha Lomonosova. A 1755 ya rubuta wani littafi da ake kira "The kalmar yabo ga Sarkin sarakuna Peter Mai girma." Yana kiyasta da aiwatar jim kadan kafin Bitrus duba. Mikhail shãfe a cikin rubuce-rubucen wasu batutuwa da an hade tare da kudi, yawan, albarkatun kasa, da sauransu.

Inganta Hanyar shiri da kuma binciken data kwatanta yawan jama'ar, labarin kasa da kuma tattalin arzikin jihar a cinikayya, aikin gona, sufuri, masana'antu da sauransu. Dauke musamman abin yabo University. Wannan shirin da aka ɓullo da farko V. N. Tatischev. Yana da aka tsara don "Rasha Atlas". A cewar wannan shirin, kananan hukumomi ba, da biranen da aka aika zuwa na musamman siffofin jarrabawa. Na dogon lokaci da kayan isa a makarantar kimiyya. Sun iya aiwatar bayan mutuwar Mikhail Vasilyevich.

A ci gaba da statistics a Rasha a cikin karni na 19th

A tarihin kimiyya statistics a cikin kasar da aka alama ta wani yawan nasarori a cikin karni na 19th. A adadin manyan ayyuka a ka'idar wannan filin na ilimi, ya bayyana a farkon wannan karni. K. F. Jamus a cikin littafinsa mai taken "The Universal Theory of Statistics" kayyade ainihin kwatance, wanda fahince wannan kimiyya. A muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tarihi na ci gaba ban sha'awa mana ilimi da masana'antu nasa ne da ayyukan K. I. Arseneva (shekaru na rayuwa - 1789-1856). Wannan masanin ya yi imani da cewa ilimin kididdiga kimiyya iya mayalwaci bayyana halin da ake ciki a jihar.

Scientist D. P. Zhuravskomu, wanda ya rayu a zamani daga 1810 zuwa 1856, wani muhimmin nasara - wata sanarwa da msar tambayar tushe na statistics na tsarin. Ya bude manufa cewa ingantaccen da kuma gwada yawa bincike ya kamata a gani a matsayin daya.

A halayyar siffa daga cikin wakilan da ilimi makaranta na kimiyya da cewa hankalin mu shi ne so don tabbatar da cewa binciken na jihar don maye gurbin karatu na al'umma. Domin ta kafa hada E. Yu Janson (1835-93), {ungiyar AI, Chuprov (shekaru na rayuwa - 1842-1908), NA Kablukov AA Kaufman. Masana kimiyya aiki a fagen ilimi statistics, sun yi yawa domin cin gaban kimiyya ban sha'awa mana a Rasha. Da ayyukan da wani tasiri a kan aikin na daban-daban na ilimin kididdiga hukumomin. A kan ci gaban ilmin lissafi sciences a cikin kasar, da wani babban tasiri samar waɗannan ayyukansu Rasha lissafi kamar yadda PP Chebyshev, A. A. Markov kuma A. M. Lyapunov.

Modern kalubale da kuma ilimin kididdiga hukumomi a kasar

A cikin ayyukan V. I. Hotimskogo, V. N. Starovskogo, V. S. Nemchinova, B. S. Yastremskogo, A. Ya. Boyarskogo, LV Nekrasha da sauran statistics tarihi da aka takaita a taƙaice. Sun tattara da gwaninta na Rasha masana kimiyya a cikin wannan filin. Yau a kasar mu tana aiki don inganta tsarin, kazalika da canja wurin da hanya na lissafin kudi ka'idojin soma a duniya yi daidai da bukatun da dokokin na tattalin arzikin kasuwanci.

Jihar Statistics kwamitin Rasha a yau ne tsakiya jiki na jihar statistics tsarin a cikin kasar. Yana da wani tarayya jiki na zartarwa iko. jihar statistics tsarin a kasar mu wakiltar sauran kungiyoyi. Wannan shi ne ta gabobi a cikin jamhuriyoyin, yankuna, m yankuna da larduna, yankuna da birane, kazalika da su ƙarƙashin hukumomin.

A halin yanzu abinda ke ciki na "Statistics" Concepts

A ci gaba da wannan kimiyya, fadada daga cikin yankin na ta m aikace-aikace ya kai ga gaskiya cewa abun ciki na ta Concepts sun canza. Yau, da kalmar "statistics" da aka yi amfani da wadannan uku dabi'u.

1. Yana nufin da masana'antu yi na mutum aiki, wanda yana da manufar taro kuma aiki na taro data a kan sassa daban daban na rayuwar al'umma, kazalika da m bincike da kuma ɗaba'ar. "Statistics" a cikin wannan ma'ana shi ne synonymous da irin wannan phrases matsayin "ilimin kididdiga records."
2. A gaba darajar - dijital abu da ake amfani da su fahince daya ko wani fanni na zamantakewa mamaki ko amfani da lokacin da la'akari da rarraba wasu daga cikin Manuniya cikin sharuddan ƙasa.
3. Statistics ma ake magana a kai a matsayin wani reshe na ilmi, mai raba kimiyya horo, kazalika da ilimi batu, wanda aka sanar da a sakandare da kuma mafi girma makarantu.

Saboda haka, za mu taƙaice bayyana ilimi da masana'antu kamar statistics. A tarihin fitowan da kuma ci gaba da shi da aka gabatar a wannan labarin. Ya kamata a jaddada cewa, wannan kimiyya ne har yanzu tasowa. History of statistics, takaita a cikin labarin, za ta ƙarshe za a supplemented da sabon aukuwa.