Biospheric tafiyar matakai. A nitrogen sake zagayowar a cikin yanayi

A sinadari da atomic lamba bakwai da aka denoted ta N (Nitrogenium). Its sunan - "Zot" - daga Girkanci nufin "m". Wannan lokaci, daya ka'idar ta asali, da aka samarwa a 1787 Antuanom Lavuaze shekara, maimakon gabanin "phlogisticated", "washe" da kuma cikin iska "mefitichesky". A sa'an nan wata ƙungiya daga Faransa masana kimiyya, a cikin abin da Lavoisier ya tsunduma, tsunduma a cikin ci gaban da sinadaran nomenclature ka'idojin. Ko sa'an nan, shi aka lura nitrogen dukiya ba ya goyon bayan duk wani konewa ko numfasawa.

A cewar wani version da kalmar "nitrogen" ba ƙirƙira by Lavoisier da kuma abokan aiki. Yana auku more a alchemical adabi a alfijir na tsakiyar zamanai don bayyana abin da ake kira "primary da karfe abu", kuma shi aka dangana wa ba balle a kasa, da kuma dukiya "Alpha Omega" dukan kõme.

A yanayi, da nitrogen iya zama ba a matsayin mai sauki abu na dabara N2, shi ya ishe inert gas ne ba tare da dandano, launi da kuma wari. Uku fourths na cikin yanayin duniya kunshi nitrogen. Wannan kashi taka sosai muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rayuwar shuke-shuke da dabbobi. A cikin abun da ke ciki na sunadarai, ta kashi ne 16-18% by nauyi. Shi ne kuma wani ɓangare na tsarin nucleic acid, nucleoproteins, amino acid, chlorophyll, haemoglobin. A rayayyun tantani da yawan nitrogen kwayoyin halitta ne game da 2%, da kuma wani taro sulusi da murabba'i wannan bangaren ƙaruwa zuwa 2.5%. Sinadarin N mukamansu hudu a muhimmanci kan ainihin abubuwan da kwayoyin sunadarai - hydrogen, carbon da oxygen.

M da nitrogen sake zagayowar a cikin yanayi dangane da sinadaran halayen a cikin iska. Daga cikin su suna mamaye da hadawan abu da iskar shaka. Har ila yau, wani gwaji rabo daga cikin nitrogen interactions dauki sinadaran halayen a cikin biosphere. Main N2 a cikin yanayi - yana da yanayi. Kuma shuke-shuke da taka muhimmiyar rawa, a gaskiya, suka fara da nitrogen sake zagayowar a yanayi. A Flora na duniya tamu ayyuka kamar yadda mai gina jiki kira. Kamar yadda kayayyakin amfani nitrates da suke a cikin ƙasa. Madogararsa na halitta nitrate nitrogen ne aspirated da ammonium salts. The inji tana mayar da sauki abu a cikin hanyar samuwa ga assimilation da shuke-shuke, da ake kira nitrogen kam.

Akwai biyu bonding nitrogen percolation inji. A farko embodiment, wani adadi a lokacin walƙiya jini na nitrogen oxides. Diluted a ruwa, suka tsokane bayyanar nitric acid, wanda ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa bayyanar da ƙasa nitrates. A karo na biyu embodiment, akwai samuwar ammonia. Its sarrafa kwayoyin cikin nitrates, suka yawanci located in tushen nodules na tuberous shuke-shuke. More, wannan dabarar da aka kira nitrification.

Mutuwa shuka take kaiwa ga samuwar na ammonium mahadi. Sama da su yi aiki kwayoyin cuta, ta hanyar mayar da su a cikin nitrate nitrogen da kuma dawo da yanayi. Kam, nitrification da denitrification na nitrogen - gyara na wani hadadden tsari, dauke da nitrogen sake zagayowar a yanayi. Tuki da wannan tsari shi ne cewa akwai wani canji tsakanin nitrogen kam da denitrification.

Nitrogen kam faruwa a lokacin da shuka metabolize nitrogen mahadi daga iska, a cikin wannan tsari hannu da yawa kwayoyin da cyanobacteria. A kayayyakin na kayyade nitrogen ne ammonia, nitrates ko nitrites.

A nitrogen sake zagayowar a cikin yanayi tare da miƙa mulki ga mataki na gaba daukawa fitar nitrification na kam. Yanzu ammonia wuce zuwa nitrates da nitrites. A lokacin denitrification ƙare nitrogen sake zagayowar a cikin yanayi, da nitrates decompose zuwa nitrogen. Active hannu a cikin tsari na shan Pseudomonas, Bacillus kwayoyin da wasu kwayoyin.

A lokacin denitrification iya faruwa da dama tsakiya ba. A mafi muhimmanci daga cikinsu - nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas ne barga.

Fadada taken, yana da daraja da fahimtar ma'anar Concepts assimilation da mineralization. Assimilation ne a aiwatar da mi} a mulki daga inorganic nitrogen a cikin kwayoyin form. Karkashin mineralization ake nufi kwayoyin nitrogen fili maida inorganic. Antagonists assimilation da mineralization suna da muhimmanci form hira abubuwa abin da ya auku a lokacin da nitrogen sake zagayowar a yanayi.

Gabatar da rahoton a kan wannan batu mafi nasarar za'ayi amfani da allunan da Charts.