Istoniyanci tattalin arzikin: taƙaitaccen bayanin

Estonia ta tattalin arziki shi ne daya daga cikin mafi nasara misalai na kananan tattalin arziki. A sau da rikicin, jihar ya samu wani matsakaici ƙi idan aka kwatanta da sauran tsohon Soviet jamhuriyoyin, sa'an nan da sauri dawo dasu. Yau Estonia ne daya daga cikin m, maimakon kasashe masu tasowa.

A Brief History na Istoniyanci tattalin arzikin to karni na ashirin

Na dogon lokaci, da tattalin arziki na yankuna, inda ba-rana Estonia, dangane da cinikayya. Ta hanyar Tallinn (sa'an nan birnin da aka kira Reval) da kuma Narva suna da muhimmanci, cinikayya hanyoyi a haɗa da Rasha da kuma yammacin Turai. Narva River liaised da Novgorod, Moscow da kuma Pskov. Bugu da kari, a tsakiyar zamanai, Estonia ne mai babbar maroki na hatsi a cikin Nordic kasashen. A samar da masana'antu na wasu sassa (musamman katako da karafa masana'antu) ya fara kafin Accession daga Estonia da Rasha Empire.

Istoniyanci Tattalin Arziki da kuma Rasha ci gaba a tare da tare da daidai lokacin da ban sha'awa na Rasha Empire a cikin Baltic Sea fuskanci Swedish amfane shi. Accession da Rasha Empire, da yankin na zamani Estonia, wanda kafa Revel da Livonia, kazalika da zargin sabon babban birnin kasar (St. Petersburg) ya rage kasuwanci muhimmancin Tallinn da Narva. Tasiri a kan tattalin arzikin kasar da ta agrarian garambawul na 1849, bayan da aka yarda ka sayar, ko haya ƙasar ga manoma. By ƙarshen XIX karni da masu ko sufurin na ƙasar sun kasance game da 50% na manoma a arewacin kasar da kuma 80% a kudu da kuma a tsakiyar ba-rana Estonia.

A 1897, fiye da rabin yawan (65%) aka aiki a cikin harkokin noma, 14% yi aiki a masana'antu kansu da kuma wannan adadin da aka tsunduma a harkokin ciniki, ko kuma sun yi aiki a cikin sabis na kansu. Ilimi, tattalin arziki da siyasa Elite na Istoniyanci jama'a sun Baltic Jamus da Rasha, ko da yake da rabo daga Estonians a cikin kasa abun da ke ciki ya 90%.

A farko m matakai a cikin tattalin arzikin

A Istoniyanci tattalin arzikin da ya wuce na farko gwajin ga yiwuwar gudãnar da ciki dakarun gwamnati a cikin 1920s - 1930s. 'yancin kai na jihar sanya shi dole ya nemi sabon kasuwanni, yi gyãra (da matsaloli na tattalin arzikin a lokacin ya isa), yanke da yadda albarkatun ana amfani. A sabon tattalin arziki siyasa, qaddamar da nan ministan na Istoniyanci tattalin arzikin Otto Strandman, aka yi niyya ga ci gaban masana'antu, mayar da hankali a kan kasuwannin gida, da kuma aikin noma, da nufin fitarwa.

Independent ci gaban jihar da tattalin arziki da gudummawar da wadannan dalilai:

• m Gwargwadon wuri.
• kafa a Rasha Empire samarwa tsarin.
• ci gaba na cibiyar sadarwa na hanyar jirgin kasa gama kasuwannin gida.
• taimakon kudi daga Soviet Rasha a cikin adadin miliyan 15 rubles a zinariya m.

Duk da haka, akwai quite 'yan matsaloli:

• kusan duk na kayan aiki daga masana'antu da aka kwashe a lokacin yakin duniya na II.
• rushe da huldar cinikaiya, kasar ta rasa wata kasuwa a Gabas.
• Amurka tsaya samar da Istoniyanci abinci a sakamakon da Tartu Aminci.
• Estonia ta koma fiye da 37 dubu 'yan asalin wanda ake bukata gidaje da kuma jobs.

A tattalin arzikin na Istoniyanci Soviet Socialist Jamhuriyar

Taƙaitaccen bayanin da Istoniyanci tattalin arzikin a cikin Tarayyar Soviet fara ƙidaya lalacewar ta wurin ayyukan sojojin a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A lokacin da Jamus zama na 50% na na zama gida da kuma 45% na masana'antu da kamfanonin da aka lalata a cikin ƙasar. A total lalacewar da aka kiyasta a 16 biliyan rubles a pre-yaki farashin.

Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, Estonia shi ne na farko wuri a cikin darajar zuba jari da capita cikin dukan Soviet jamhuriyoyin. A Istoniyanci tattalin arzikin da aka gabatar a cikin wadannan shekaru:

1. Masana'antu hadaddun. Bunƙasa kamar hakar ma'adinai (shi aka mined mai shale, phosphorite, kuma peat), kazalika da masana'antu. na karshe kansu hada da aikin injiniya, karfe aiki, sunadarai, yadi, da abinci masana'antu.
2. Energy. Yana da yake a Estonia ta farko gazoslantsevy shuka a duniya da aka gina, da kuma a nan gaba, da kuma a duniya, most samar da wutar lantarki shuka a shales. Energy hadaddun gaba daya na samar da bukatun da jamhuriyar kuma yarda ka canja wurin wani ɓangare na samar da makamashi da ke arewa maso yammacin Tarayyar Soviet.
3. Harkokin noma. Istoniyanci noma a cikin shekaru na Tarayyar Soviet qware a kiwo da kuma naman sa da kuma aladu. Suka ci gaba Jawo noma, kudan zuma-kiyaye, kaji noma. Girma fasaha, forage da amfanin gona.
4. Transport tsarin. Tun bayan kwanaki na Rasha Empire ya zauna da ci gaban da Railway cibiyar sadarwa a kasar. Bugu da kari, masu tasowa, hanya da kuma teku kai.

Restoration of 'yancin kai da kuma tattalin arziki da sake fasalin

A lokacin da maido da 'yancin kai, Estonia ta tattalin arzikin ne halin da taƙaitaccen sake fasalin. A karshen za a iya raba hudu kungiyoyin: walwalar, tsarin kuma hukumomi suka gyara, da dawowar nationalized dukiya zuwa ga abõkan, da karfafawa. A mataki na farko na canji da aka halin da miƙa mulki ga wata farashin tsari ne kawai a wutar lantarki, da kuma dumama jama'a gidaje.

A tsanani matsalar shi ne babban kumbura. A shekarar 1991, da adadi shi 200%, da kuma ta 1992-Mu tashi zuwa 1076%. Savings, wanda aka sa a rubles, hanzari depreciated. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na sabon tattalin arziki siyasa da aka kuma gudanar da baya da zarar nationalized dukiya masu. By tsakiyar 1990s, da sayar da kamfanonin tsari ya kusan gama. A lokaci guda Estonia na daga cikin na farko kasashen a duniya da cewa sun soma wani lebur samun kudin shiga da haraji tsarin.

Jobs kuma load Estonia kai hanyoyi tabbatar da cinikayya da kuma sufuri na kaya daga Rasha Federation. A sufuri sufuri lissafta ga 14% na} asashensu. Mafi yawa daga cikin Istoniyanci jihar kasafin kudin (game da 60%) aka kafa a kudi na Rasha sufuri.

Ci gaban tattalin arziki bayan Estonia ta Accession da EU

A Istoniyanci tattalin arzikin bayan shiga cikin kungiyar EU ya samo asali a hanya mai kayu. A kasar ne jawo gagarumin yawa na kasashen waje zuba jari. By 2007, Estonia aka ranked farko daga cikin tsohon Tarayyar jamhuriyoyin GDP da capita. A daidai wannan lokaci, alamu na "zafi fiye da kima" ya fara bayyana a cikin tattalin arzikin: dattako da kudi na kumbura tafi sake, da cinikayya gaira karu da 11%, kuma akwai abin da ake kira farashin kumfa a cikin gidaje kasuwar. Saboda haka, ci gaban tattalin arziki fara samun koma baya.

Raguwar na tattalin arzikin tsakiyan rikicin kudi na duniya

Korau trends dangantaka da rikicin kudi, da kuma bayyana a cikin Istoniyanci tattalin arzikin. Masana'antu samar fadi a 2008, kasafin kudin gaira karo na farko yarda, kuma GDP fadi for uku da rabi da cent. Duk da haka, a 43% raguwa a dogo zirga-zirga zuwa 8.3% karu da hauhawar farashin kaya ya ragu sakamakon bukatun cikin gida da kuma rage shigo da.

Nazarin gudanar da aiki kungiyar na Jami'ar Tartu, ya nuna cewa Istoniyanci tattalin arzikin da aka tasowa bisa ga Greek labari. A kasar mamaye cinikayya da kuma hotel sabis, kazalika da gina kananan sikelin-, ba masana'antu, kudi intermediation kuma high-karshen kasuwanci da sabis. A rikicin ya ƙwarai shafi Istoniyanci tattalin arzikin, wanda ya yi magana game da rushewar data kasance raya model.

A halin yanzu tsarin da Istoniyanci tattalin arzikin

A Istoniyanci tattalin arzikin an ta aita ta cikin wadannan rassan:

1. Industry (29%). Rayayye tasowa sinadaran, masana'antu, ɓangaren litattafan almara da kuma takarda, man fetur, samar da makamashi, inji aikin injiniya. A gagarumin rabo na GDP ne yi da kuma dukiya.
2. Agriculture (3%). Babban rassan da noma ne nama da kiwo shanu, aladu. Noma, aka yafi tsunduma a cikin namo abinci da kuma masana'antu albarkatun gona. Yana tasowa da kuma kama kifi.
3. Services (69%). M girma a Estonia ne fuskantar mai yawon shakatawa, musamman likita. A cikin 'yan shekaru, muhimmanci da karuwar adadin teku IT-kamfanoni. An muhimmanci na tattalin arziki ne da sufuri ta ƙasar jihar - wannan shi ne saboda da rawar da Estonia a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya. Alal misali, sufuri da asusun domin 75% na dogo zirga-zirga.

Regional fasali na tattalin arzikin

Estonia ta tattalin arzikin da aka tarwatsa geographically. Saboda haka, a cikin arewa-maso-gabashin ɓangare na jihar-raya masana'antu kansu, da yankin samar uku cikin hudu na kerarre kaya. Babban masana'antu cibiyoyin na kasar ne da kewaye na Tallinn, Narva, Maardu, Kohtla-Jarve, Kunda. A kudancin Estonia ne yadu raya aikin gona, da kuma yammacin ɓangare na kasar ne halin da suka ci gaba kiwon kifi, da kuma ci gaban dabba husbandry da kuma harkokin yawon shakatawa.

Finance, bankuna da kuma waje bashi na jihar

The hukuma kudin ne Yuro a Estonia, da miƙa mulki ga Turai kudin tare da Kroon kammala da farkon shekarar 2011. Jamhuriyar banki ayyuka a kasar ya cika da Turai Central Bank da kasa dalĩli alhakin overseeing, ne Bank of Estonia. The ayyuka na karshen ne don gamsar da bukatun da yawan jama'a a tsabar kudi, kazalika da tabbatar da aminci da kwanciyar hankali na dukan banki tsarin.

game da goma bankunan da ke aiki a Estonia. A wannan yanayin, fiye da kashi biyu cikin uku na kudi dukiya suna gudana ta biyu manyan 'yan wasa na kudi kasuwa - Sweden Swedbank da SEB banki. Barga ci gaban tattalin arziki na kasar ya sa ya yiwu domin fadada na banki na rance.

Jama'a waje bashi da Estonia ne mafi ƙasƙanci daga cikin kasashen na kungiyar tarayyar Turai, lissafin kudi don 10% na} asashensu kamar yadda na 2012. A cikin tsakiyar nineties adadi shi ne game da rabin na GDP, da kuma ta 2010 ya kai 120% na} asashensu. Fiye da rabin bashin ne kudi wajibobi na bashi cibiyoyin.

A tsarin da kasar waje cinikayya masana'antu

Estonia ta babban ciniki abokan su ne a arewacin makwabta, kazalika da Rasha da kuma Tarayyar Turai. Babban kungiyoyin kasashen waje cinikayya ne ma'adinai takin, habaka da kuma lubricants, kerarre kaya, kayan aiki da kuma kayan aiki, daban-daban ƙãre kayayyakin.

Income na yawan jama'ar, da aikin yi da mutum albarkatun

The most rabo na yawan na Estonia (67%) ne iya-bodied 'yan ƙasa - ba fama da rashin manpower zamani Estonia. Tattalin arzikin bayar manpower, duk da haka, da talakawan yawan marasa aikin yi ne 6%, wanda yayi dace da talakawan. Domin sa'a daya (a wurin aiki a kan wani hourly tushen), likita zai iya samun kadan fiye da tara kudin Tarayyar Turai, jinya - biyar kudin Tarayyar Turai, jinya, nannies da ma'aikatan aikin jinya - uku Tarayyar Turai. A talakawan albashi kafin haraji kai 1.105 Tarayyar Turai. A albashi ne, sunã daidaita da 470 Tarayyar Turai da watan.