Hanyar kimiyya abstraction. Hanyar kimiyya abstraction a cikin tattalin arzikin

Tattalin arzikin da aka dauke su daya daga cikin tsofaffin kimiyyar. Ko m mahaukaci da tushen fahimtar a cikin wannan yanki: da wasu fahimtar ka'idojin noma, a kan kunno kai dangantaka tsakanin duk mambobi ne na al'umma a cikin aiwatar da samar da rarraba kayayyaki da kuma musayar daga cikin samfurin samu. Duk da haka, wadannan ra'ayoyi ba su sõyayya a cikin wani m filin na ilimi.

Tarihi na tattalin arziki Theory

Aukuwa tattalin arziki da tunani halin pre-masana'antu (m) lokacin da zamantakewa da ci gaban da kuma maida hankali tsoho wayewar kamar Roman Empire, Girka, da dai sauransu ... (IV dubu BC -... V a AD ...). Ta aka hankali lauye a cikin wannan zamanin na addini akida da siyasa da kuma doka views.

Daftarin aiki da tattalin arziki da hanyar tunani da aka bayyana mafi yawa aiki matsaloli, kazalika da m kungiyar na kasuwanci da kuma aikin yi, shugabanci da kuma nauyin da dukiya. Wadannan rubuce-rubucen su ne: doka lambobin, nassoshin Tsoho da Sabon Alkawari, daban-daban kwangila, zamantakewa da kuma falsafa treatises na mutane.

Bugu da ari juyin halitta daga cikin tattalin arzikin shiyyoyi da aka kashe a na da sau: .. Yammacin Turai - V-XVIII ƙarni, ciki har da bourgeois juyin juya hali, Rasha - IX-XIX ƙarni, mafi daidai, da gyare-gyare na 1861. Wannan zamanin da ake dangantawa da kunno kai ra'ayoyi game da matsaloli, da kakanni, da rarraba samun kudin shiga, ƙasar da ikon mallakar, da kamfanoni irin Hadin (birane ƙungiya, m guild makwabtaka da al'ummomi, craft shagunan, kuma Knights da Convent umarni m. p.). Siyasa ikon mallakar wadanda mutane da kuma ecclesiastical mulkin gargajiya giji (ƙasar masu), gagarumin matsayi ajiye hadisin, haka ma, rinjaye addini ganewarsu.

Duk da yake fara nuna sha'awa, da nufin kayayyaki-kudi a tsakaninsu. Babban theorists sun malamai, da kuma advantageously tattalin arziki aro ra'ayoyi daga heresies, misali daidaitaka, hukunci sayarwa indulgence, da wajibi aikin da t. D.

A cikin mahallin da zargin jari hujja dangantakar da Lalacewar feudalism taso farko makaranta na tattalin arziki etiology - mercantilism (XV-XVIII ƙarni.). Saboda haka, shi ne wannan lokaci ne halin da ji na tattalin arziki kamar yadda m kimiyya saboda zargin da farko tsarin tattalin arziki ra'ayoyi, da tsakiyar to wanda shi ne matsalar ba daga dũkiya.

Hasashe kan tattalin arziki: definition, babban kwatance da kuma sassan

Yana umurni ne da horo na tattalin arziki, da kuma shi ne mai falsafa da kuma ka'idojin tushe, kunsha da dama yayi da kuma makarantu. Hasashe kan tattalin arziki, da definition abin da aka gabatar a sama, za a iya supplemented da cewa shi ne da farko nazarin aiwatar da informed zabi na mutane da kuma al'umma da hanyar yin amfani da} arancin albarkatun da suke da Multi-manufa.

Hasashe kan tattalin arziki ya hada da wani yawan sassan:

• hanya tattalin arziki.
• microeconomics.
• macroeconomics.
• kasa da kasa tattalin arzikin.
• econometrics.
• wasan ka'idar.

Shi ne yanzu zai yiwu ware wadannan kimiyya makarantu da kuma kwatance na tattalin arziki ka'idar:

• neo-Keynesianism.
• sabon hukumomi tattalin arziki.
• monetarism.
• neuroeconomics.
• sabon siyasa da tattalin arziki.
• Austria School.
• tattalin arziki da kuma dokar.

Wannan hidima a batun kimiyya a tambaya?

Amsar wannan tambaya shi ne da mahara ma'anar. Saboda haka, tattalin arziki da ka'idar karatu:

1. Ayyukan da suka shafi tafiyar matakai na rayuwa da kasuwanci ma'amaloli da ya faru a tsakanin mutane.

2. yau da kullum kasuwanci rayuwa aiki mutane, kazalika da haifuwa da kuma rarraba kudaden da ake bukata domin abincinsa.

3. A halin halaye na mutum da kuma kungiyoyin na mutane a cikin tsarin na samarwa, rarraba, musayar kuma amfani da kayan dukiya.

4. The ikon bil'adama mu jimre wa da kunno kai kalubale a fannin samar da amfani.

5. richness a sakamakon adam dangantaka.

6. Hakoki hukumar samar, musayar kaya kaya a dace matakai na ci gaba da jama'a (Engels).

7. Dũkiya da ihisani cewa so hasken dake fitowa to mutum aiki, kazalika da sabubban da 'yan adawa (A. Marshall) da kuma sauran fassarori abin da tattalin arziki ka'idar karatu.

Keynesian ka'idar ci gaban tattalin arziki

A halin yanzu koyarwa da dangantaka da post-yaki lokaci. A haƙiƙa bukata kafun ga da ya faru ne matakai da faruwa a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya a karshen na XX karni. Wadannan sun hada da:

1. A girke NTR.
2. A gagarumin karuwa a cikin kudi na ci gaban tattalin arziki a cikin gurguzu kasashen.
3. Unevenness a cikin ci gaban da jari hujja kasashen, da sauransu. D.

By waccan mujalla da muka matakai sun bayyana matsalar daga accelerating girma da kuma ya kai ga dama theories na ci gaba, a cikin abin da mawallafa sun mayar da hankali a kan samun manufa dalilai na tsari.

Yana da aka ware ka'idar Harrod (England) da kuma E. Domar (USA), wanda dogara ne a kan cikar admissibility na ci kudi na ci gaban tattalin arziki a matsayin da ake bukata kafun ga wani mashahurin ma'auni jihar da tattalin arziki, da barin cimma cikakken amfani da duka biyu samar iya aiki da kuma manpower.

Wani arziki na Harrod-Domar model aikin fitarwa sigogi haƙuri zaton: talakawan babban birnin kasar yadda ya dace da kuma rabon tanadi a total kudaden shiga.

The uku overall matsayin kasance da sanarwa cewa, domin cimma ci girma da kuma tsauri ma'auni ne yiwu godiya ga aiki jihar baki a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar.

A mawallafa kammala: azurta barga babban birnin yawan aiki da kuma kudi na jari ne barga da kudi na girma na kasa samun kudin shiga ( "tabbas girma kudi"). A fili yake cewa da wuya a tabbatar ma'auni a cikin tsarin na kasuwar sojojin, wato rashin atomatik abubuwan da zai taimaka ga farkon dawo daga baya sosai balance.

A gagarumin drawback na Keynesian model ne cewa shi watsi Harrod Domar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki tsarin da data kasance jari hujja jama'a, yana da tasiri kai tsaye a kan muhimmancin macroeconomic Manuniya.

New hukumomi tattalin arziki

Ta An karatu da hali na tattalin arziki da abokai. Wannan shi ne wani sabon shugabanci, wani ɓangare na asali tattalin arziki ka'idar. Tasowa amfani hukumomi model aka alaka yunkurin da nufin shawo kan wani yawan preconditions da suke da halayyar neoclassicism (m gasar, da axiom na cikakken rationality, da ma'auni jihar ta yin amfani da farashin inji), da bincike na tattalin arziki matakai a cikin hadaddun, tare da tasowa bukatar nazarin sababbin mamaki, dangantawa da STR.

A tanadi na tsarin

Na farko, da cibiyoyin gabatar da hali na tattalin arziki da jamiái.

Abu na biyu, suna kyan gani ta fuskar exerted su da tasiri a kan yanke shawara riƙi da tattalin arziki jamiái.

Uku, da yawa daga cikin abubuwa ba su hade da "black kwalaye", watau kungiyar (gwamnati, gidaje, kamfanonin), ana riskarsa kamar wani tsarin da ciki tsarin amfani.

Huxu, gwama hukumomi zabi zuwa juna, ba kawai tare da cikakken version of abubuwa.

Biyar, a mafi duniya m na ma'ana da halin da ake ciki tare da gaisuwa ga zabi a cikin hukumomi model, wanda damar zuwa shakata hani a kan hanya na kamanta statics.

Shida, wannan shugabanci ne da nufin kawo uniformity da tattalin arziki m.

A mafi muhimmanci Hanyar ilimin kimiyya

Sun yarda da hanyar da kimiyya abstraction. A tattalin arziki, shi ne ya wakilci da tsarkakewa na bincike abu daga wucin gadi da kuma bazuwar dalilai, kazalika da definition na wani hali, sosai mutum da na yau da kullum fasali.

Tattalin arziki mamaki ba shafar da littattafai da ta kida, don haka a matsayin babban hanyar nazari amfani da wani abstraction, ko wajen wani shagala daga dukan abubuwan da ba dace da yanayin da abu bincika.

Yana iya ze cewa wani kimiyya abstraction take kaiwa daga real darajar tattalin arziki na abu da ake bincikar. Duk da haka, shi ne tushen daidai ba ƙarshe. Ta, a daya hannun, kusa da gaskiya bayyananen, ya ɓuya a tari na da yawa na ɓangare na uku events da kuma mamaki.

Da muhimmancin wannan hanya a cikin tattalin arziki analysis

Shi ne ya rage wuya da aiwatar da bincike na tattalin arziki mamaki. kimiyya abstraction Hanyar tabbatar da cewa duk sauran abubuwan da suka faru, fãce waɗanda suka yi karatu a wannan mataki, kasance canzawa.

Hakan, a gaskiya, wata m abstraction da simplification. Saboda haka, kimiyya abstraction aka fassara a matsayin wani zaɓi na mafi muhimmanci illa na gwajin da kuma kubuta daga kome mai haɗari da sakandare.

Ainihin dabaru na wannan hanya

A tattalin arziki ka'idar, da masu bincike suna yadu amfani, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, da hanyar da abstraction, wanda yana da manyan hanyoyi biyu wanda shi ne ya aiwatar da - cire da kuma shigar da.

Kuma sunã bautã wa karin, ba su yi hamayya da hanyoyin da gudanar da bincike. Tsara dangane da wadannan shiriritar ne ga tattalin arziki mai irin nasa tarihin a cikin tsari na tattara empirical data. A iri-iri na gabatar da gaisuwa ga wasu facts da kuma duniya a manyan ne a bukata kafun ga m ma'ana hukuntanka.

TAKAITACCEN liyafar data

Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, da hanyar kimiyya abstraction na tattalin arzikin da aka wakilta hanyoyi guda biyu. Saboda haka, shigar da (batu) - da hanyar da tattaunawa, wanda dogara ne a kan wani kira na wasu abubuwa. By wannan dabara samar da wani da ake kira miƙa mulki daga zaman kansa bincike (naúrar) mamaki ga general karshe da ka'idoji.

Har ila yau, da kimiyya Hanyar abstraction ya shafi wani hanya domin nazarin abu a matsayin cire (shagala) - da tattaunawa da abin da jarrabawa ne gwada wani real facts. Wannan hanya da ke sa samuwa miƙa mulki daga masu zaman kansu zuwa janar karshe.

Hanyar kimiyya abstraction, ya nuna m tunani, shi damar da hankali bayyanãwa jigon tattalin arziki mamaki. Wannan na bukatar wasu nau'i ma'ana Concepts, nuna a full da gaskiya tattalin arziki gaskiya.